Review of A Shrouded Wind Turbine For Low Wind Speeds

IDL - International Digital Library Of
Technology & Research

Volume 1, Issue 5, May 2017 Available at: www.dbpublications.org
International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017
Review of a Shrouded Wind Turbine for Low

Wind Speeds
Ajeet Kumar Yadav1, Devesh Kumar2
1, M. Tech Scholar, Mechanical Engineering Department, MMMUT, Gorakhpur, INDIA
2, Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, MMMUT, Gorakhpur, INDIA
ABSTRACT The worldwide increase in demand for energy and

the obligation to protect the environment further
The use of renewable energy is promoted rnecessitates the use of renewable energy. One such
worldwide to be less dependent on fossil fuels renewable energy resource that can be used iswind
andnuclear energy. Therefore research in the field energy. The use of wind mills to produce energy
is driven to increase efficiency of renewable energy from wind power dates back as far as 3000years.
systems. This study aimed to develop a wind From the late nineteenth century wind mills with
turbine for low wind speeds. The extent of power generators (wind turbines) have been used to
increase, or augmentation, the factors influencing generate electricity. [1]
shrouded wind turbine performance, the optimal As the demand for energy increased, it became
geometry and economical benefit remained clear that it will be necessary to locate windturbines
unanswered. at certain terrains and regions which previously
The most important matter at hand when dealing have not been considered suitable. Theseterrains
with a shrouded wind turbine is to determine if the and regions may have gust, turbulence and low
overall diameter or the blade diameter of the wind speeds or other physical
turbine should be the point of reference. As the constraints.Progressively more wind turbines tend
wind turbine is situated in a shroud that has a larger to be installed at such complex terrains [2]. Also,
diameter than the turbine blades, some researchers recently more efficient designs have been
believe that the overall diameter should be used to introduced for low wind speeds as well asfor urban
calculate the efficiency Theory was revised to use where turbulence, noise levels and appearance
determine the available energy in the shroud after needed to be considered and addressed [3]. Some
initial calculations showed that the power new designs propose that the turbine forms part of
coefficients should have been higher than the open a buildingand/or structures. Other designs apply
wind turbine with the same total diameter. A new turbines in conjunction with solar panels or other
equation was derived to predict the available types ofrenewable energy systems [4].
energy in a shroud.
2. CHALLENGES
1. INTRODUCTION Most of the wind turbines that are on the market
have been developed in countries that have higher
During the last years, significant progress has been mean wind speeds. The imported wind turbines are
made to understand the diffuser technology. Thus, designed to have high Cp values at higher wind
new ideas have emerged on the origin of those speeds. These wind turbines will not generate much
technologies due to the potential increase in energy except for the period of time that the wind
efficiency that diffuser devices produce in wind velocity is high. Also, a wind turbine that is
turbines, particularly for small wind optimized for high wind speeds usually have
turbines.Numerous investigations relative to reduced efficiency at low wind speeds. These wind
shrouded Wind Turbine, or shrouded wind turbines turbines will fail to start rotating at low wind
concept over the last century were done. speeds [5]. Locally designed wind turbines also
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face a similar problem. The design for low wind constraints [5]. In low wind speed regions it could
speeds also react on the performance at the be feasible to use them to increase the Cp values of
occasion the wind speed is high. Small wind a wind turbine. It should be noted that these
turbines do not have pitch adjustment and the blade shrouded wind turbines will probably be practical
will have no optimum angles of attack at wind a for micro and small wind turbines only. With a
speed that was not the design wind speed [5]. The small, low wind speed wind turbine there is an even
available energy at low wind speed regions is a greater expectation to improve the Cp value, as the
minimum; therefore the wind turbine should have energy available is already minimal. To conclude it
high efficiencies at a wide range of wind speeds. is evident that there is a definite need to improve
From this one can see the necessity for some new the feasibility of small wind turbines in low wind
designs to enhance the Cp values of a wind turbines speed conditions.
rotor for low wind speeds regions. One way to 3. Aerodynamics
increase the Cp value of the wind turbine is to use
structures like concentrators and diffusers. Both of Aerodynamic principles and condition are
these configurations are impractical to use in high explained through the figure below:
wind speed regions because of structural
Figure 2.1: Two dimensional airfoil with labelled terminology
Blade moving through the fluid develops different aerodynamics becomes more complex with all
aerodynamic forces; the component of force which instabilities and flow interactions (Jonkman
is acting perpendicular to the direction of moment 2003)[2].In order to understand the complexities in
is called lift force; and force acting in the direction wind turbine aerodynamics, there is need toanalyse
of motion is known as drag force.The accurate a simple one-dimensional model first. According to
models of aerodynamics aspects of wind turbines is thepast literature the flow velocity is an important
one of the major key points to a successfully factor that determines whether the flow is
designing and analysing wind energy systems. compressible or incompressible. Usually, as the
Wind turbines while operatesinduces phenomenon blade tip speed do not exceeded the value of 100
like cross-flow components (when a rotor is not m/s which is equivalent to Mach number of 0.3,
aligned with wind), where direction and magnitude and the flow around the rotor is supposed to be
relative to the rotor changes continuously as the incompressible (Schlichting, 1979).[3]
blades rotate.Moreover, in such cases, phenomena
like flow separation and other three-dimensional Drag on a 2-d aerofoil or body exerts a force in the
effects become more complex. Those instabilities direction of flow which can be divided into two
interacting with hub tip and blade affects the parts, namely pressure drag and skin friction drag.
overall flow field.Clearly, wind turbine The latter; drag caused byshear stress. For example


an infinite thin at plate with the flow parallel over
surface willexperience friction drag only. Pressure
drag can be understood as a plate oriented normal
to the flow, this drag is due to the normal stress on
the body. Thus total drag can be calculated as the
combination of these two with change of the angle
of attack (Shames 2003, 667) [4].
A lift force on a turbine blade can be calculated by

integration of the pressure force to the surface of
the blade (Bertin& Cummings 2009, 215 and 216)
[5].
From the figure 2.1,the chord length can be seen as

the distance between the leading edge to the trailing
edge. The angle of attack is the angle between the
chord line and the relative airflow. The camber is
known as the asymmetry between the upper surface
and lower surface of an aerofoil. Figure2.2 Actuator disk model for a wind turbine
Separation starts to occur when the fluid flow did Conservation of mass inthe stream tube.
not follow the boundary layer over an adverse
pressure gradient (Shames 2003, 666) [4] In case of = 1 1 = . . = . 2 . 2
an aerofoilwith high angles of attack flow it is
called to attain stall condition (Wood 2011, 60) [6] Here v1 is the speed in the front of the rotor, v2 is
The wind turbine blade is an aerodynamic body, in the speed downstream to the rotor, and thespeed at
which efficiency of the blade is excessively the disc is denoted as v. The fluid density is and
affected by the aerodynamic performance. the area of the turbine is given by S. The
forceexerted on the wind by the rotor:
4. Power Available
F = m .a = . . . (1 2 ) (2.1)
The maximum power that can be extracted from the
wind is explained below. This law is originated Net work done,
from the principles of conservation of mass and
momentum which is generally attributed to Betz dE =F.dx (2.2)
(1926)[7]
The power of the wind is
Incompressible, homogeneous, , steady state fluid

flow, No frictional drag ,An infinite number of = = . = . (2.3)

blades, Non rotating wake, Uniform thrust over the
rotor area, equal static pressure far upstream and Substituting the force into the power equation will
downstream are the assumptions which are yield the power extracted from the wind
considered in order to derive the maximum power.
= . . 2 . (1 2 ) (2.4)
Power can also be computed by using the kinetic

energy
1
= = . . (12 22 )
2
(2.5)
Put the value of m from equation 2.1 then


1 In order to extract energy from an air flow,a wake
= 2
. . . . (12 22 ) (2.6)
has been produced behind the rotor. This wake has
Equating the two power equation 2.4 and eq.2.6 somevelocity and pressure deficit relative to free
then undisturbed stream flow. In accordance (Igra 1981,
Van Bussel 2007)[12], augmentation of a DAWT
1 hasdirect consequences of the sub-atmospheric
= 2 . . . . 12 22 = . . 2 . (1 2 )
pressure around the exit plane of the shroud and
(2.7) rotor.
1
= . (1 2 ) (2.8) Shrouded rotors can combine with different
2
systems with objective to concentrate and
Put the value of v from eq. 8 in power based on accelerate the wind. Hollow structures can be
kinetic energy placed for surrounding a wind turbine to boost the
wind flow. As it is clear from Figure 2.3, nozzle
1 1
= . . (12 22 ) = . . . 1 + 2 . (12 model section decreases the inside cross-section, in
2 4
22 ) (2.9) cylindrical model section may possess constant
cross-section, and in diffuser model section can
1 2 2 2 have cross-section at downstream that expands
E=4 . . . 13 . (1 1
+ 1
(2 )3 (2.10) gradually (Ohya et al. 2008)[13].
1
E differentiating with respect to v1/v2find

maximum or minimum value of E.Value of E is
maximum when v1/v2 is equal to 1/3 putting this
value in eq. 10 then result get
16 1
= 27 . 2 . . . 13 (2.11)
From a cylinder of fluid with cross sectional area S

and velocity v1Theobtainable power is
1 Figure 2.3: Schematic representation of systems
P = . 2 . . . 13 (2.12) that concentrate and accelerate the wind,adapted
from Ohya et al. (2008).
The total power
1
The principle of increasing the mass flow in the
= 2
. . . 13 (2.13) wind turbine can be conjugated with the turbulent
mixing of the wake behind the rotor resulting in a
power augmentation (Ten Hoopen 2009)[14].
Power coefficient
A mechanism to enhance air flow can be achieved
by placing an annular lifting device around the
= (2.14)
rotor. This particular device is called a shroud or a
diffuser of annular wing. The increase in velocities
Maximum value of: Cp = 16/27 = 0:593
at diffuser exit plane combined with a decrement of
Eq. 2.13helps to determine total power availability static exit pressure and enhanced mass flow
in a concentrator or diffuser.This is proposed by consequently leading to a higher extraction of
Bernard Frankovic&Vrsalovic(2001)[8], Wang et energy potential from the wind.The principle
al. (2007) [9],Orosa et al. (2009)[10], ,and behind a DAWT supposed tobe the cause of the air
Ohya&Karasudani (2010)[11] where the wind flow inside the diffuser to accelerate. Moreover, the
turbine in the shroud there velocity is average suction is related with the lift of the aerofoil and
velocity on their measured and substituted on the according to the KuttaJoukowski theorem, which is
place of 1 in eq.13 to find out the total power related to the bound vorticity. The annular aerofoil
available. causes a radial lift force that creates a ring vortex,
based on Bio-Savartlaw it will induce a higher
5. Theoretical Analysis of Shrouded Rotor velocity in the suction side. Moreover, this higher


velocity increases the mass flow through the rotor condition, which is typical used in urban scenario
plane (Ten Hoopen 2009). It is well proven that if a (Kosasih&Tondelli 2012)[16].
bare wind turbine is operates at the maximum Betz
limit, the airflow is retarded to 2-3 of the free The flange is a ring-type plane structure with a
stream velocity.This flow retardationresults into variable height which may affect the shroud
pressure increase in front of the rotor that pushes a performance. Its kept attached vertically towards
small portion of the mass flow sideways around the the outer periphery of exit shroud (Ohya et al.
rotor (Ten Hoopen 2009)[14]. 2008, Kosasih&Tondelli 2012)[13][16].
The configuration of DAWT allows tip vortices to From Figure 2.4, the flange creates a low-pressure
create at the blade tips to be significantly less due region at near wake of the diffuser by vortex
to closer proximities of the diffuser wall. generation. Moreover, high mass flow is drawn
Therefore, mixing potential behind the exit plane of towards the inlet of shroud (Ohya et al. 2008,
a DAWT is assumed to be higher from the case of a Ohya&Karasudani 2010, Takahashi et al.
simple wind turbine (Ten Hoopen 2009)[14]. 2012)[13][11][17]. The flange induces vortices
formation, which enhances the pressure drop and,
The effect of mixing on diffuser leeward provides subsequently, increases the air speed at the outlet.
one wake flow with higher volume. Moreover, a An increment in the air velocity in the diffuser, is
larger wake volume will result into lower exit therefore, obtained (Mansour &Meskinkhoda
pressures behind the rotor and therefore inducing 2014).[18]
more suction effects (Ten Hoopen 2009)[14].
In Figure 2.4, the throat plane denotes the
diffuser cross section perpendicular to the
axisymmetric axis where the area inside the
diffuser is found to be minimum (Hjort& Larsen
2014)[19].
6. Numerical Simulation (CFD)
Computational fluid dynamics comprises of solving

the Navier-Stokes equations with governing fluid
flow equations using approximation method with
numerical means (Sumner et al. 2010)[27].
CFD solvers are based upon following three basic

fundamental conservations principles expressed in
terms of mathematical equations: Conservations
Figure 2.4: Representative illustration of the flow
mass; conservation of momentum and conservation
around the shroud, considering thepresence of
of energy (Sargsyan 2010)[21].
brim, adapted from Ohya&Karasudani (2010)[11].
Extensive implementation of simulations in
An important characteristic that can be described
aerodynamic features, applied on various manners,
from the application is a brimmed diffuser shroud.
ranging from Blade Element Momentum methods
Brim application assists the shroud tostay aligned
integrated by CFD solver to full 3D Navier-Stokes
towards the approaching wind. Another
models became an important factor to evaluate
characteristic verifies that at low-tip speed ratios,
performance of wind turbine (Sargsyan 2010)[21].
the vortex generated from blade tip becomes
suppressed throughout the interference with the In Versteeg&Malalasekera (2007)[22]explained
boundary layer in the diffuser shroud. Therefore, that one of the basic task of the CFD user is to
aerodynamic noise is significantly reduced (Abe et design a grid which present a suitability between
al. 2006, Ohya&Karasudani 2010)[22][11]. required accuracy and solution cost. Another
concern in the numerical simulations is moving and
Application of nozzle, with converging geometry at
stationary components that exists, that must be
inlet of shrouded wind turbine, will become
resolved separately (Bazilevs et al. 2011)[23].
advantageous in variable wind direction flow


Designing of wind turbine and aerodynamic Where, denote the mean velocity vector, p
performance is an important scientific field. In this represents modified mean pressure, is fluid
area, number of researchers has developed density, is a body force.
numerical codes to support aerodynamic
optimization to perform an upgrade to energy
generation of wind turbine (Lanzafame et al.
2013)[24]. 8. CFD Code Structure
Performing CFD calculations provides CFD codes are developed around numerical
enormousdetails information of the fluid flow, such algorithms that are constructed for resolution of
as pressure, velocities, temperature, turbulence, etc. various fluid flow problems. Aiming at providing
Further, several type of graphics are expected to intuitive tools for users of complex CFD codes,
obtain, performing results in flow lines, contour normally these are categorised in three elements: (i)
lines and iso-lines, etc. At this level, is considered Pre-processor, (ii) Solver, (iii) Postprocessor
by Castelli et al. (2013)[25], shows that these (Versteeg&Malalasekera 2007)[21].
results can be compared with that obtained in a
wind-tunnel study or an full-scale measurement. Generally the precision of solution are governed by
the number of cells in the grid. So higher the
3D CFD numerical codes are realistic, due to number of cells contained in grid domain, higher
solving throughNavier-Stokes equations. accurate will be the solution
Nevertheless, in order to achieve these solutions, (Versteeg&Malalasekera 2007)[22].
more computational times are needed. Also an
appropriate preparation of geometry is important. Solver is the principal element of CFD code. The
CFD codes are necessary mean to achieve core of CFD code works with discretization of
information which is impossible to reach through governing equations fluid flows. In this phase,
experimental measurements (Lanzafame et al. unknowns are solved with a resolution of algebraic
2013)[24]. system of equations (Versteeg&Malalasekera 2007,
Sargsyan 2010)[22][21].
7. Governing Equations
The pre-processor phase contains the introduction
The fluid dynamics involves complex relationships of physical flow model with the aim of converting
between the viscosity and how theflow develops, it into a mathematicalmodel (Sargsyan 2010)[21].
translating into mathematical models induces a The principle activities of users are: to define of
high level of complexity for some problems computational domain; grid generation;
(Massey 1996)[26]. physical/chemical modelling of phenomena (e.g.
turbulence models, relative heat transfer,
The true fluid flow passing through and around a combustion models); defining and specifying fluid
wind turbine is governed by the mainprinciplesof properties and boundary conditions of cells relative
Navier-Stokes equations. Unfortunately, these to another boundary (Versteeg&Malalasekera
equations are so complex thatanalytical solutions 2007)[22].
only have been found for simple cases. Although
numerical solutionspresents abilities to solve these At last, post-processor phase analyses the solution
equations (Jonkman 2003)[27]. results. With the development of CFD packages
results in a number of ways of conceptualization of
Major CFD models are based on the solver outputs. So it is possible to set contours and
incompressible Reynolds-Averaged Navier- graphs, perform domain and grid visualizations,
Stokes(RANS) equations derived from the main visualise vector plots and path-lines, and to perform
principles of conservation of mass and momentum also dynamic representations using different
Sumner et al. (2010)[20]: animations (Sargsyan 2010)[21].

=0 2.15 9. Finite-Volume Method

Most of the commercially viable CFD codes are
1
= + + + based on the method of a finite volume

discretization (Carcangiu 2008)[28]. The finite-
2.16


volume method is responsible for sub division of expresses conservation laws based upon the logic
the domain into a different finite number of of a closed control volume (Fleck 2012)[32].
continuous control volumes, and thus the
conservation equations are imposed to those control 10. Turbulence Modelling
volumes (Ferziger&Peric 2002).These methods
canhandleany type of grid, so it is justified for The flow field were defined with the Reynolds
complex geometries (Ferziger&Peric 2002). A averaged navies-stokes equation. the equation were
detailed explanation of the finite-volume method is completed with the use of additional turbulent
presented in Ferziger&Peric (2002)[29] models. This additional transport equation that was
solved along with RANS flow equation was the k-
To summarise, the control-volume technique turbulence or k- turbulence model.
applied by FLUENT consists in: Dividing the
domain into different discrete control volumes The flow layer k- model with standard wall
using computational meshing; integrating the basic function was used to obtain cell independence but
governing equation over the control volumes in near wall performance is unsatisfactory. Thus for
order to produce algebraic equations for the increase accuracy a k- model with a Gamma RE
discrete variables and use of linearization of the theta transition model was introduced after cell
discrete equations and solving them for the independence was reached. The model was
resultant equation system (Carcangiu 2008, implemental with afield function that defines the
Versteeg&Malalasekera 2007, Fluent free stream edge. The k- model required more
2011a)[28][21][30]. computing resources therefore cell independence
was initially reached with the two layer k- model.
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