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Interpretarea electrocardiogramei
1. Calibrare corect
2. Ritmul cardiac regularitate; origine
3. Frecvena cardiac
4. Orientarea vectorial (axa electric)
5. Msurarea intervalelor PQ, QRS, QT, PP, RR
6. Interpretarea morfologic
Hipertrofie atrial/ventricular
Tulburri de ritm
Tulburri de conducere
Anomalii sugestive de ischemie miocardic
Alte anomalii.
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Regularitatea ritmului
Ritm regulat:
Interval RR constant
Ritm neregulat:
Neregularitate periodic
Neregularitate absolut
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D II
Originea ritmului
Ritmul sinusal
Unda P preced fiecare complex QRS.
aVR
Unda P are mereu aceeai morfologie.
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Frecvena cardiac
Ritm regulat:
Metoda rapid.
Ritm neregulat:
Calcularea unei frecvene medii pe o poriune mai lung de traseu.
Ex: numr complexele QRS de pe 10 cm de hrtie milimetric (la viteza
de rulare de 25 mm/sec) corespunde unui interval de 4 secunde i
nmuleste rezultatul cu 15 pentru a obine frecvena cardiac
medie/minut.
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Frecvena cardiac
Frecvena cardiac
normal: 60 100 bpm;
Tahicardie: >100 bpm;
Bradicardie: <60 bpm.
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Axa electric
Axa electric a inimii
indic direcia global de
propagare a impulsului
electric prin cord.
Normal: +30 +60;
limite acceptate 0 +90.
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Axa electric metode de calcul
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Axa electric metode de calcul
DI aVF
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Axa electric metode de calcul
Se alege o derivaie n care
complexul QRS este
echidifazic;
Se caut derivaia
perpendicular pe aceasta;
Dac n derivaia respectiv
complexul QRS este
predominant pozitiv, axa
electric are aceeai
orientare ca a derivaiei
respective
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Dilataiile atriale
Dilataia atrial stng
Unda P mitral
Unda P:
durat crescut (> 0.12 sec);
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Dilataiile atriale
Dilataia atrial dreapt
Unda P pulmonar
Unda P:
durat normal;
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Dilataiile atriale
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Hipertrofii ventriculare
Hipertrofia ventricular stng
Criteriu voltaj:
Indicele Sokolow-Lyon:
S V1+ R V5 >35 mm.
Criteriu ax: deviaie axial stng.
Criteriu durat: creterea grosimii peretelui ventricular timp mai
lung de depolarizare.
Modificri secundare de repolarizare: subdenivelare ST i unde T
negative n V5-V6, D I, aVL; modificri de tip reciproc n V1-V3.
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Hipertrofii ventriculare
Hipertrofia ventricular dreapt
Criteriu voltaj:
Indicele Sokolow-Lyon:
R V1+ S V5 10.5 mm;
R/S >1 n V1.
Criteriu ax: deviaie axial dreapt .
modificri secundare de repolarizare: subdenivelare segment ST i unde
T negative n V1-V2.
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Aritmii
Extrasistola atrial:
Origine: stimul atrial ectopic;
Apare precoce fa de undele P
sinusale (interval PP < PP);
Morfologie diferit de cea a undei
P de baz;
Interval PQ variabil.
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Aritmii
Extrasistola ventricular:
Origine: focar ectopic ventricular;
Survine prematur fa de ciclul de baz;
Complex QRS cu morfologie i durat anormal;
Anomalii ale segmentului ST i undei T (polaritate opus fa de
complexul QRS).
Extrasistola joncional:
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Aritmii
Fibrilaia atrial
Unde f cu frecven de 400-
600/minut;
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Aritmii
Flutter-ul atrial:
Unde F mari n dini de ferstru;
Frecvena undelor F: 250-350/minut;
Transmitere la ventriculi: rata de obicei fix 1:1/2:1/3:1/4:1
interval RR constant;
Poate fi i variabil.
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Aritmii
Tahicardia ventricular
Origine: ventricular;
Debut i sfrit brusc;
Tahicardie regulat;
Frecvena: de obieci, 140-
250/minut;
Complexe QRS largi (>0.12 sec) cu
morfologie anormal;
Disociaie a.v.
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Aritmii
Fibrilaia ventricular
Oscilaii haotice de la linia izoelectric, de form i amplitudine variabil.
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Aritmii
Torsada vrfurilor
Form particular de tahicardie ventricular care apare, de regul, la pacienii
cu QT lung; oscilaii n armonic ale traseului ECG.
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Msurarea intervalului QT
Intervalul QT:
sistola electric ventricular;
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Tulburri de conducere
Blocuri atrio-ventriculare
Bloc atrio-ventricular de gradul I
Prelungirea PQ >0.20 sec;
Fiecare complex QRS este precedat de o und P;
Interval PQ constant.
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Tulburri de conducere
Blocul atrio-ventricular de gradul II
BAV gradul II Mobitz I BAV gradul II Mobitz II
Interval PQ variabil; PQ constant (cnd unda P este
condus;
Intervalul PQ se prelungete
progresiv pn la o und P care nu se Intermitent, unele unde P nu sunt
mai conduce (blocat) conduse.
Ciclul se reia.
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Tulburri de conducere
Blocul atrio-ventricular total
Disociaie atrio-ventricular (nu exist corelaie ntre activitatea electric
atrial i cea ventricular);
Daca exist unde P, intervalul PQ este variabil;
Undele P apar regulat (intervale P-P egale);
Intervalele PP sunt mai scurte dect intervalele RR;
Undele P se pot suprapune peste QRS;
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Tulburri de conducere intraventricular
Blocul de ramur dreapt
Ritm de baz atrial (sinusal, FiA,
FlA);
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Tulburri de conducere intraventricular
Blocul de ramura stng
Ritm de baz atrial (sinusal, FiA,
FlA);
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Boala coronarian ischemic
Ischemie:
Unde T negative n
derivaii n care ar trebui
s fie pozitive;
Pseudonormalizarea
undelor T;
Unde T simetrice;
Unde T ample simetrice.
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Boala coronarian ischemic
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Boala coronarian ischemic
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Boala coronarian ischemic
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Boala coronarian ischemic
Infarctul miocardic
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Boala coronarian ischemic IMA
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Boala coronarian ischemic IMA
Localizarea infarctului
Supradenivelare segment ST (imagine direct) n:
V1-V6: IM anterior;
V1-V4: IM antero-septal;
DI, aVL, V5-V6: IM lateral;
D I, aVL: IM lateral nalt;
V1-V6, D I, aVL: IM anterior extins;
D II, D III, aVF: IM inferior;
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Alte anomalii ECG
1. Sindroame de preexcitaie;
2. Diselectrolitemii - Hipopotasemia/hiperpotasemia;
3. Pacing-ul cardiac.
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Sindroamele de preexcitaie
Cale accesorie conducere
rapid;
Interval PQ scurt (<0.12 sec);
Unda depolarizare
ventricular precoce;
Modificri ST/T;
Prezena cilor accesorii
favorizeaz apariia unor aritmii
i, n unele cazuri, moartea
subit.
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Hiperpotasemie
Unde T ascuite (nguste i
ample);
Interval PQ prelungit;
Unde P de amplitudine
redus (pot chiar s dispar);
Asistolie n hiperpotasemia
foarte sever.
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Hiperpotasemie
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Hipopotasemie
Undele T sunt aplatizate i
pot deveni chiar negative;
Interval QT prelungit;
Unde U proeminente;
Predispune la aritmii
ventriculare.
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Hipopotasemie
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Pacing-ul cardiac
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Link-uri utile
www.lifeinthefastlane.com
www.emedu.org
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