IGCSE Chemistry - Ozone in the Atmosphere

IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Oxygen & Oxides)
(a) Complete the following table about atmospheric pollutants.

atmospheric
source of pollutant effect of pollutant
pollutant
carbon complete combustion of

greenhouse effect
dioxide fossil fuels
carbon
poisonous
monoxide
methane
sulphur
dioxide
[5]
(b) The graph below shows the concentrations of some atmospheric pollutants in a city over a
twenty-four hour period.
unburnt
hydrocarbons
0.5
0.4
0.3
concentration/ oxides of
ppm nitrogen
0.2
0.1
ozone
0
12 4 am 8 am 12 4 pm 8 pm 12
midnight noon midnight
(i) What is the maximum concentration, in ppm, of unburnt hydrocarbons?
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest the source of the unburnt hydrocarbons.
..................................................................................................................................
(iii) At what time of day is the concentration of ozone highest?
..................................................................................................................................
(iv) Ozone in the lower atmosphere is a pollutant. State one effect of ozone in the
lower atmosphere.
..................................................................................................................................
[4]
(c) Ozone also occurs in the upper atmosphere.

(i) Why is ozone in the upper atmosphere important?
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) State one type of compound that is responsible for ozone depletion.
.................................................................................................................................. [2]
Total /
11
Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. Carbon dioxide is given a greenhouse factor of 1. Other gases are
given a greenhouse factor that compares their effect with carbon dioxide. The greenhouse effect
increases as the factor value increases. The table gives some information about four different gases.
greenhouse percentage of gas

gas
factor in the atmosphere
CO2 1 0.036
CH4 30 0.0017
(a) State one possible consequence of an increased greenhouse effect.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Give one source of methane.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Why is an increase in the percentage of methane more worrying than the same
percentage increase of carbon dioxide?
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) What other environmental problem, beside its action as a greenhouse gas, is caused by
CCl3F?
......................................................................................................................................[1]
Total / 4
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Oxygen & Oxides, Calculations)
Coal-burning power stations produce sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen.

These two gases cause acid rain.
(a) Nitric oxide, NO, is made in a power station when nitrogen and oxygen react together.
Write the equation for this reaction.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Many coal burning power stations are now fitted with a flue gas desulphurisation plant which
removes sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide from the gaseous emissions.
In a flue gas desulphurisation plant, powdered calcium carbonate reacts with sulphur dioxide as
shown.
SO2(g) + CaCO3(s) CaSO3(s) + CO2(g)
(i) Suggest why the calcium carbonate is powdered. [1]
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii)
(i) Construct a balanced equation for this reaction.
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why, in terms of collisions between particles, the rate of this reaction increases
as the concentration of oxygen increases.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(iii) Explain why the rate of this reaction increases as the engine temperature increases.
...................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [4]
(b) Explain how carbon monoxide is formed in an internal combustion engine.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide in the exhaust gases react together in the catalytic converter of a
motor vehicle.
(i) Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why the catalyst should be in the form of a powder supported on a mesh.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [3]
Total / 8
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Oxygen & Oxides, Bonding)
A7 Graph 1 shows how the average temperature at the Earths surface may have changed over the last 150
thousand years.
Graph 1
20
18
average
average
temperature at
temperature of the
the Earths
Earth's
surface /C 16
surface C
14
12
10
6
150 125 100 75 50 25 0 (today)
time / thousands of years ago
Graph 2
0.040
0.035
percentage of carbon
dioxide in the
atmosphere 0.030
0.025
0.020
0.015
150 125 100 75 50 25 0 (today)
time / thousands of years ago

(a) Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. Scientists think that an increase in the ..........
greenhouse gases will result in global warming. ..........
..........
(i) Explain how graphs 1 and 2 support this statement. ..........
..........
.................................................................................................................................. ..........
. ..........
..........
.............................................................................................................................. ..........
[1] ..........
.
(ii) Describe two consequences of global warming. ............
....
................................................................................................................................... Ca
lcu
................................................................................................................................... lat
e
the mass of calcium carbonate needed to react with 8000 kg of sulphur
dioxide.
....................................................................................................................................
..
....................................................................................................................................
..
....................................................................................................................................
..[3]
(iii) Nitrogen dioxide also reacts with calcium carbonate. Suggest the name of
the solid product of this reaction.
(b)
Draw
.................................................................................................................................... a dot
..[1] and
cross
(c) In the air sulphur dioxide reacts with nitrogen dioxide forming sulphur trioxide. The diagra
reactions that take place are shown in the equations. m for
carbo
SO2 + NO2 SO3 n
+ NO dioxid
e.
2NO + O2 Show
the
2NO2 outer
shell
Suggest the role of nitrogen dioxide in these reactions. Explain your answer. electr
ons
...................................................................................................................................... only.
......................................................................................................................................
(d) Sulphur dioxide is used in the Contact process to make sulphuric acid.
Describe the conditions and name the catalyst in the Contact process.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
[1]
Tot
al / 10
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Oxygen & Oxides, diffusion, rate of reaction) [2]
The exhaust fumes from the internal combustion engines of motor vehicles contribute to the (
poor quality of air in many cities. The exhaust fumes contain atmospheric pollutants such as c
nitric oxide, NO, and carbon monoxide, CO. )
C
h
(a) Nitric oxide, NO, is formed when oxygen and nitrogen from the air react in
l
an internal combustion
o
engine............................................................................................................... [2]
r
o
fl
u
o
r
o
c
arbons, CFCs, are also greenhouse gases.
(i) Name one other greenhouse gas found in the atmosphere.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) State the origin of this greenhouse gas, named in part (i).
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) Describe how the presence of CFCs in the upper atmosphere increases the
amount of ultra-violet light reaching the Earths surface.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
Total / 9
River water contains many substances including minerals, dissolved oxygen, organic material,
nitrates and phosphates.
(a) Give one source of phosphates in water.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Excess dissolved phosphates in river water cause eutrophication.

Describe the process of eutrophication.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) (i) Describe a chemical test to show the presence of the nitrate ion.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Suggest why it might be difficult to test for the presence of the nitrate ion in a sample of
river water.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) The concentration of dissolved oxygen in river water can be determined by a series of
reactions that is summarised by the equation below.
2H2O(l) + O2(aq) + 4I(aq) 4OH(aq) + 2I2(aq)
When a 2000 cm3 sample of river water was tested, 0.508 g of iodine was liberated.
Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of dissolved oxygen in the river water sample.
[3]
Total / 10
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Manufacturing Chemicals, Identification Test)

A2 A fertiliser contains three compounds:
ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4,

iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4,
sand, SiO2.
(a) Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in ammonium sulphate.
.................................. % [2]
(b) Aqueous iron(II) ions and aqueous iron(III) ions can be distinguished by reaction with
aqueous sodium hydroxide. Describe what you would observe as a result of each
reaction.
observation with aqueous iron(II) ions ............................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
observation with aqueous iron(III) ions ...........................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Aqueous iron(II) ions can be oxidised by reaction with acidified potassium
manganate(VII), KMnO4. The colour change during the reaction shows that iron(II)
ions act as a reducing agent.
(i) Describe the colour change during the reaction.
..............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) In terms of oxidation numbers, explain the meaning of the term reducing agent.
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[1]
(d) The mass of iron(II) ions in a sample of fertiliser can be determined by the reaction between
iron(II) ions and acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4.
A student analysed a sample of the fertiliser. He dissolved the sample in 25.0 cm3 of dilute
sulphuric acid and titrated the solution formed with 0.0200 mol / dm3 potassium
manganate(VII).
The student used 22.5 cm3 of potassium manganate(VII) to reach the end-point.
(i) Calculate the number of moles of potassium manganate(VII) used in the titration.
................................ moles [1]
(ii) One mole of potassium manganate(VII) reacts with five moles of iron(II) ions.
Calculate the mass, in grams, of iron(II) ions in the sample analysed.
................................ g [2]
[Total: 9]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Oxygen & Oxides & Energy Changes)
B10 Oxides of nitrogen are atmospheric pollutants. Nitrogen monoxide, NO, is formed in an internal
combustion engine when nitrogen and oxygen react together.
N2(g) + O2(g)
2NO(g) The diagram shows the energy profile for this
reaction.
2NO(g)
energy
energy
energy
change
change
X
Z
N2(g) + O2(g)
progress of reaction
(a) Identify the energy changes X and Z.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) The reaction between nitrogen and oxygen is endothermic.
(i) Explain how you can tell from the diagram that the reaction is endothermic.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Explain, using ideas about bond breaking and bond making, why the overall reaction is
endothermic.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) The exhaust system of a motor car is fitted with a catalytic converter. When nitrogen monoxide
passes through the converter it reacts with carbon monoxide.
2NO(g) + 2CO(g) N2(g) + 2CO2(g)

The catalyst increases the rate of this reaction.
(i) Explain how the catalyst in the converter increases the rate of this reaction.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) During the course of a journey 2.4

ake a solid. Suggest the name of this solid.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Describe one environmental effect of acid rain.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide react together as shown in the equation.
SO2 + NO2 SO3 + NO H = +43 kJ/mol
Draw an energy profile diagram for this reaction.

Indicate both the enthalpy change and the activation energy on your diagram.
energy
reaction pathway
[
3]
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Oxygen & Oxides)

A5 One of the largest uses of phosphorus is in the making of safety matches. A safety match ignites
when it is rubbed against the striking surface of a match box.
The match head contains the following substances.

phosphorus, P4
potassium chlorate(V), KClO3
sulphur, S
a hydrocarbon wax
(a) The friction between the match head and the striking surface generates enough heat for the
phosphorus to burn.
Phosphorus burns to form phosphorus (V) oxide. This oxide is covalently bonded with a
molecular structure.
(i) What is the molecular formula of phosphorus(V) oxide?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Suggest one physical and one chemical property of phosphorus(V) oxide.
physical property ......................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
chemical property .....................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) The heat from the combustion of phosphorus provides enough energy for the
decomposition of potassium chlorate(V) to oxygen and potassium chloride.
Construct the equation for the decomposition of potassium chlorate(V).
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) The sulphur on the match head ignites.

Write an equation to show the combustion of sulphur.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) Finally the wax on the match head begins to combust.

One compound in the wax has the formula C18H38.
To which class of hydrocarbons does this compound belong? Explain your answer.
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 7]
A5 The reaction below is an example of a redox reaction.
F2(g) + H2(g) 2HF(g)
(a) (i) Identify the oxidising agent in the reaction.
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why this is a redox reaction
...................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) Some redox reactions can be used to propel rockets.

The following equations represent redox reactions used to propel rockets.
Reaction A
N2H4(g) + 2H2O2(g) N2(g) + 4H2O(g)
Reaction B 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g) dm3 of nitrogen monoxide was

produced by the engine.
Calculate the volume of nitrogen gas produced if all the nitrogen monoxide reacted in the
converter.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) In reality, only 1.0 dm3 of nitrogen was produced after the gases had passed over the
catalytic converter. Calculate the percentage of nitrogen monoxide that had reacted.
[2]
[Total: 10]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Oxygen & Oxides, Energy changes)
A6 Sulphur dioxide, SO2, and nitrogen dioxide, NO2, are both atmospheric pollutants formed during
the combustion of coal at a power station.
(a) (i) State another source of sulphur dioxide as an atmospheric pollutant.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) State another source of nitrogen dioxide as an atmospheric pollutant.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide both cause acid rain. They are removed from the flue
gases released from the power station by reaction with moist calcium carbonate in a process
called flue gas desulphurisation.
Calcium carbonate reacts with sulphur dioxide to make a solid called calcium sulphite and a
gas.
(i) What is the name of this gas?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Nitrogen dioxide reacts with calcium carbonate to

m
(i) Use these equations to complete the following table.
reaction number of moles of reactants number of moles of products
(ii) Reactions used to propel rockets need to produce large volumes of gas.
Use the information in the table to suggest why reaction A is more likely to be used to propel
rockets.
...................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) Explain why gas volumes measured at r.t.p. cannot be used in calculations for gases
produced in rocket engines.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Oxygen & Oxides, Structure)
A1 The diagram shows the structures of various compounds.

Na+ Br Na+ Br
S
O C O Br Na+ Br Na+
O O

Na+ Br Na+ Br
A B C
O2 O2 O2
Zn2+ Zn2+ H
Zn2+ Zn2+ Br H
2 2 2
O O O O2 O C
2+
H H Zn2+ 2+
Zn Zn
Zn2+ C
2
O 2 O 2
O 2
O 2
O H
Zn 2+ Br
H
D E F
(a) Use the letters A to F to answer the following.

Each compound may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(i) Which one of these compounds is most likely to contribute to acid rain?
............................................... [1]
(ii) Which one of these compounds is an amphoteric oxide?
............................................... [1]
(iii) Which two of these compounds have giant structures?
. and . [1]
(iv) Which one of these compounds when molten, releases a reddish brown gas at
the anode on electrolysis?
............................................... [1]
(b) What is the empirical formula of compound F?
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Carbon monoxide is a poisonous atmospheric pollutant.

State how this gas gets into the air.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
Total / 6
Zn2+
Zn2+
Zn2+
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Oxygen & Oxides, Atomic structure)
2 The diagram shows a statue in a park in an industrial town. The statue is made from
limestone.
iron pins
inside statue
statue when the same statue

first erected after 20 years
(a) State the name of the chemical present in limestone.
[1]
(b) Use ideas about the chemistry of atmospheric pollutants to suggest how and why the
statue changes over 20 years.
[4]
(c) Parts of the statue are joined together with iron pins. After 30 years, the arm falls off the
statue.
Suggest why the arm falls off.
[1]
(d) Iron has several isotopes.
(i) What do you understand by the term isotopes?
[1]
(ii) The table shows the number of subatomic particles in an atom of iron.
type of particle number of particles relative charge on the particle
electron 26
neutron 30
proton 26
Complete the table to show the relative charge on each particle. [3]
(iii) State the number of nucleons in this isotope of iron.
[1]
(e) Some isotopes are radioactive. State one industrial use of radioactive isotopes.
[1]
(f) Iron reacts with very dilute nitric acid.
Fe + 2HNO3 Fe(NO3)2 + H2
Write a word equation for this reaction.
[1]
[Total: 13]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Separation & analysis, Atomic structure)
4 The diagram shows a water treatment works.
aluminium sulphate
added
water in
chlorine
added
sedimentation tank
to homes
sand filter
(a) State one use of water in industry.
[1]
(b) Explain how the sand filter helps purify the water.
[2]
(c) The aluminium ions in aluminium sulphate cause clay particles to clump together.
Describe a test for aluminium ions.
test
result
[3]
(d) Why is chlorine added to the water?
(e) Chlorine is in Group VII of the Periodic Table.

When chlorine reacts with a solution of potassium bromide, the solution turns a reddish
brown colour.
(i) Write a word equation for this reaction.

[2]
(ii) Explain why iodine does not react
[2]
(v) Another fertiliser can be made by the reaction of ammonia with nitric acid.
State the chemical name of this fertiliser.
.....
[1] .....
.....
[Total: 9] .....
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Oxygen & Oxides, Identification test) .....
.....
A6 The diagram shows the inside of a firework rocket. .....
.....
.....
.....
.....
stars containing solid fuel and colour .....
agents .....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
rocket motor containing .....
black powder .....
fuse .....
.....
stick .....
.....
....
[1]
(a) Black powder is a mixture of charcoal, potassium nitrate and sulphur.
When black powder is ignited, the potassium nitrate decomposes to form (
potassium nitrite, KNO2, and oxygen. b
Write the equation for the decomposition of potassium nitrate. )
The oxygen liberated by the potassium nitrate oxidises the sulphur to sulphur dioxide.
State one harmful effect of sulphur dioxide on the environment.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) The gases produced by the burning charcoal and sulphur cause the rocket
to move upwards.
Explain why the charcoal and sulphur in the rocket motor are present as
small grains rather than as large lumps.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(d) Sodium sulphate is often used in fireworks to give yellow sparks.

Describe a test for sulphate ions and give the result.
test.....................................................................................................................
result.............................................................................................................[2]
(e) Potassium chlorate(V), KCl O3, is often used in fireworks to produce flash and noise
effects.
(i) An aqueous solution of potassium chlorate(V) is a good oxidising agent.

Describe a chemical test for an oxidising agent and state the result.
test ...........................................................................................................................
result ....................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) When potassium chlorate(V) reacts as an oxidising agent, the chlorate(V) ions are
reduced to chloride ions.

Cl O3 + 6H+ + 6e Cl + 3H2O
How does this equation show that the chlorate(V) ion gets reduced?
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 9]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Miscellaneous)
2 Clean air contains a number of different gases.
(a) State the names of the two gases which make up most of the air.
[2]
(b) A sample of air is drawn through the apparatus shown below.
to
air suction
pump
heated copper
white (anhydrous) limewater

copper sulphate
(i) When the air is drawn through the apparatus, the lime water turns milky. Which
gas turns lime water milky?
[1]
(ii) The white (anhydrous) copper sulphate turns blue. State the name of the
substance which turns white copper sulphate blue.
[1]
(iii) Oxygen is removed from the air by passing it over heated copper.
Complete the equation for this reaction.
2Cu + CuO [2]
(c) Pure air contains about 1% argon.
(i) In which Period of the Periodic Table is argon?
[1]
(ii) State the name of the Group of elements to which argon belongs.
with a solution of potassium bromide. [1]

[1]
(f) When chlorine reacts with sodium to form sodium chloride, energy is released.
(i) State the name given to a reaction which releases energy.
[1]
(ii) What type of bonding is present in sodium chloride?

(iii) Explain what happens in terms of electron transfer when a sodium atom reacts with a chlorine
atom.
[2]
[Total: 14]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Oxygen & Oxides, Manufacturing chemicals)
2 (a) Match up the atmospheric pollutants on the left with their main source on the right.
The first one has been done for you.
chlorofluorocarbons car exhausts
sulphur dioxide aerosol sprays
combustion of fossil
carbon monoxide fuels containing sulphur
incomplete combustion
nitrogen oxides of fossil fuels
[3]
(b) One stage in the manufacture of sulphuric acid involves the oxidation
of sulphur dioxide by oxygen in the air to form sulphur trioxide. (iii)
2SO2 + S
O2
2SO3 u
(i) Explain how this reaction shows that sulphur dioxide is oxidized. l
[1] p
h
(ii) What is the percentage of oxygen in clean air?
u
[1]
r
i
c acid is used to make the fertiliser ammoniusulphate.
[1]
ammonia + sulphuric acid ammonium
sulphate
What type of
reaction is this?
[1]
(iv) Why do farmers need to use fertilisers?
(iii) Draw the electronic structure of argon.
[1]
(iv) Why is argon used in lamps?
[1]
(v) An isotope of argon has a mass number of 40.

Calculate the number of neutrons in this isotope of argon.
[1]
(d) A small amount of xenon is present in the air.

A few compounds of xenon have been made in recent years.
Calculate the relative molecular mass of xenon difluoride, XeF2.
[1]
(e) The structure of another compound of xenon is shown below.
O
F F
Xe
F F
(i) Write the simplest formula for this compound of xenon.
[1]
(ii) Describe the type of bonding in this compound.
[1]
[Total: 14]
6 You are provided with cans of a fizzy drink Koola cola.
Plan tests to investigate the cola so that you can answer the following four questions.
(a) What is the pH of the cola?
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) How many coloured pigments does the cola contain?
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) What volume of gas is released when a can of cola is opened? [Note: The can will have to be
opened under water.]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(d) Is the gas released carbon dioxide?
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Polymer)
8 Large areas of the Amazon rain forest are cleared each year to grow soya beans. The trees are cut
down and burnt.
(a) Why do these activities increase the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
[2]
(b) Soya beans contain all three main food groups. Two of which are protein and
carbohydrate.
(i) What is the third group?
[1]
colourless
gas forms
oxygen dissolved
in water
electrons
Fe2+ goes
move
into solution
in metal
The reactions involved are:
reaction 1
Fe Fe2+ + 2e
The electrons move through the iron on to the surface where a colourless gas forms.
reaction 2
Fe2+ + 2OH Fe(OH)2
from water
reaction 3
..........Fe(OH)2 + O 2 + ..........H2O ..........Fe(OH)3
The water evaporates to leave rust.

(i) What type of reaction is reaction 1? .................................................................... [1]
(ii) Deduce the name of the colourless gas mentioned in reaction 1.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) What is the name of the iron compound formed in reaction 2?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iv) Balance the equation for reaction 3.
..........Fe(OH)2 + O2 + ..........H 2O ..........Fe(OH) 3

[1]
(v) Explain why the change Fe(OH) 2 to Fe(OH)3 is oxidation.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(vi) Explain why iron in electrical contact with a piece of zinc does not rust.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 13]
1 (a) The poisonous gas, carbon monoxide, is emitted by vehicle exhausts.
(i) How is this gas formed? .........

.........
...............................................................................................................................[2] .........
.........
(ii) Explain how a catalytic converter reduces the emission of this gas. .........
.........
................................................................................................................................... .........
.........
...............................................................................................................................[2] .........
.........
(iii) The following reaction is used to detect carbon monoxide. .........
CO + Pd2+ + H2O CO2 + Pd + 2H+ .........

orange black .........
.........
What type of chemical reaction is the change Pd2+ to Pd? Give a reason for your .........
answer. .........
.........
.........
...............................................................................................................................[2]
.........
.........
(iv) Ethene will also give the above reaction. Describe another chemical test for this
.........
gas.
.......[2
(b) Carbon monoxide is used to purify nickel. Nickel reacts with carbon monoxide to form a
gaseous compound.
Ni(s) + 4CO(g) Ni(CO)4(g) forward reaction is exothermic
(i) What reaction condition will favour the back reaction and reform nickel metal?
Explain your choice.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) The main impurity in the nickel is copper. What technique is used to purify copper
after it has been separated from the nickel?
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Pure nickel is used to catalyse the reduction of unsaturated oils to saturated fats.
saturated unsaturated
fat oil
nickel gauze
H2(g)
under pressure
(i) What is meant by the terms saturated and unsaturated ?
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Name the functional group in fats.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) How can a soap be made from a fat?
...............................................................................................................................[2]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Oxygen & Oxides, Calculations)
2 (a) (i) Describe how oxygen is separated from air.
...................................................................................................................................
(b
...............................................................................................................................[2] )
W
(ii) Give one use of oxygen. he
n
...............................................................................................................................[1] a
gr
een plant is exposed to bright light it photosynthesises and forms oxygen.
The rate at which oxygen is formed was measured at 25 C. The intensity of the light is
changed and the new rate measured. The results of experiments of this type are shown
on the graph below.
rat
e
of
for
mi
ng
ox
yg
en
intensity of
light
(i) Write a word equation for the reaction that produces oxygen.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Name the catalyst for photosynthesis.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) What can be deduced from this experiment about the relationship
between photosynthesis and light?
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(iv) The experiment was repeated at 30 C. Predict the effect this would have
on the rate of reaction and sketch the new graph on the same axes.
[2]
(v) Give another example of a reaction that is influenced by light. Describe one
important application of this reaction.
reaction ....................................................................................................................
application ............................................................................................................[3]
(c) Potassium chlorate, which has a formula of the type, KClOn, decomposes to form
oxygen. 2.45 g of the chlorate produced 1.49 g of potassium chloride and 0.72 dm3
of oxygen at r.t.p. Find the value of n.
KClOn KCl + n O2
2
Mass of one mole of KCl = 74.5 g
Number of moles of KCl formed = ..............................
Number of moles of oxygen molecules formed = ..............................
Number of moles of oxygen atoms = ..............................
Mole ratio KCl : O is .............................. n
= ..............................
[4]
1 Choose a gas from the following list to answer the questions below. Each gas may be used once, more
than once or not at all.
(ii) Draw the structural formula of a complex carbohydrate such as starch.
[3]
(iii) Compare the structure of a protein with that of a synthetic polyamide. The structure
of a typical protein is given below.
N N N N
H O H O H O H O
How are they similar?
How are they different?
[3]
[Total: 9]
3 The following are examples of redox reactions.
(a) Bromine water was added to aqueous sodium sulfide.
2 Br (aq) + S2(aq) 2Br (aq) + S(s)
(i) Describe what you would observe when this reaction occurs.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Write a symbol equation for this reaction.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Explain, in terms of electron transfer, why bromine is the oxidant (oxidising agent) in this
reaction.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Iron and steel in the presence of water and oxygen form rust
ammonia argon carbon dioxide carbon monoxide chlorine
ethene hydrogen nitrogen oxygen
Which gas
(i) is a noble gas,
(ii) is an acidic oxide,
(iii) can be polymerised,
(iv) is the active component of air,

(v) is used in the treatment of water,
(vi) is a product of respiration?
[6]
4 Minimising air pollution is essential for health and for the environment.
(a) Natural gas is methane.
(i) Write the equation for complete combustion of methane.
[2]
(ii) Explain why it is dangerous to use a gas fire in a poorly ventilated room.
[2]
(b) Low sulphur fuels are being introduced. Ordinary diesel contains 500 ppm of sulphur
but low sulphur diesel contains less than 50 ppm. Why is this an advantage to the
environment?
[2]
(c) Catalytic converters reduce pollution from motor vehicles, as shown in the following
diagram.
oxides of nitrogen
carbon monoxide less harmful gases
unburnt hydrocarbons to atmosphere
catalysts rhodium,
platinum, palladium
[1]
(ii) Describe how carbon monoxide is formed.
[2]
(iii) How are the oxides of nitrogen formed?
(iv)
Explain how a catalytic converter reduces the emission of these two gases.
[2]
[2]
[Total: 10]
4 The distinctive smell of the seaside was thought to be caused by ozone, O3.
Ozone is a form of the element oxygen.
(a) A mixture of oxygen and ozone is formed by passing electric sparks through oxygen.
3O2 2O3
Suggest a technique that might separate this mixture. Explain why this method
separates the two forms of oxygen.
technique
explanation
[2]
(b) Ozone is an oxidant. It can oxidise an iodide to iodine.
+
2I + O3 + 2H I2 + O2 +
H2O
(i) What would you see when ozone is bubbled through aqueous acidified potassium
iodide?
[2]
(ii) Explain in terms of electron transfer why the change from iodide ions to iodine
molecules is oxidation.
[1]
(iii) Explain, using your answer to b(ii), why ozone is the oxidant in this reaction.
[1]
(c) It is now known that the smell of the seaside is due to the chemical dimethyl sulfide, (CH3)2S.
(i) Draw a diagram that shows the arrangement of the valency electrons in one
molecule of this covalent compound.
Use x to represent an electron from a carbon atom.
Use o to represent an electron from a hydrogen atom.
Use to represent an electron from a sulfur atom.
[3]
(ii) Name the three compounds formed when dimethyl sulfide is burnt in excess
oxygen.
[2]
[Total: 11]
4. The air contains many pollutants.

(i) What type of elements are the metals rhodium, platinum and palladium?
[1]
(ii) Rhodium catalyses the decomposition of the oxides of nitrogen.
2NO N2 + O2
Two other pollutants are carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons. How are
they made into less harmful substances?
[2]
1 (a) The major gases in unpolluted air are 79 % nitrogen and 20 % oxygen.
(i) Name another gaseous element in unpolluted air.
[1]
(ii) Name two compounds in unpolluted air.
[2]
(b) Two common pollutants in air are carbon monoxide and the oxides of nitrogen.
(i) Name another pollutant in air.
(a) Draw lines to match each pollutant with the main problem it causes.
main problem that the

pollutant in the air pollutant causes
ozone depletion in the

carbon dioxide upper atmosphere
carbon monoxide the greenhouse effect
chlorofluorocarbons acid rain
sulphur dioxide poisonous to humans
[3]
(b) A chlorofluorocarbon has the formula C2Cl2F4.
(i) How many chlorine atoms are there in one molecule of C2Cl2F4?
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(i) How many different elements are combined in C2Cl2F4?
...............................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total:
5]
10. Jamie and Gulam heat copper
carbonate.
Look at the diagram. It shows the apparatus they use.
They use solution X to test for carbon dioxide.
(a) (i) Write down the name of solution X.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) What happens to solution X as carbon dioxide is bubbled through it?
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The word

copper equation
carbonate forthe copper
action of heat +oncarbon
oxide copperdioxide.
carbonate is
This is an example of thermal decomposition.
What does thermal decomposition mean?
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 4]
16 This question is about rusting.
Look at the diagrams.
They show some steel paper clips that have been left for a few days in different conditions.
(a) There is no rust on the paper clip in test tube A.
.Explain why.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ........................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) There is no rust on the paper clip in test tube B.
Explain why.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ........................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 2]
Specimen paper: Chemistry B
21
17. Chlorofluorcarbons, CFCs, are atmospheric pollutants in the stratosphere.
They contribute to ozone depletion in the stratosphere..
Ozone depletion is causing more dangerous ultra-violet light reaching the Earths surface.
(a) Write down the names of the three elements chemically combined in a CFC.
. ........................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Scientists are concerned that more ultra-violet radiation is reaching the Earths surface.
Explain why they are concerned.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ........................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Scientists began research on the effect of CFCs in the stratosphere over thirty years ago.
A few years ago the United Kingdom government banned the use of CFCs.
Suggest how scientists communicated their concerns about CFCs and ozone depletion to
government.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ........................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 4]
13. Chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs, break down in the stratosphere to produce chlorine free radicals.
The ozone layer in the stratosphere is depleted by these chlorine free radicals.
Look at these equations.
They show how ozone can be broken down by chlorine free radicals.
Cl + O3 O2 + ClO
ClO + O3 2O2 + Cl
(a) One chlorine free radical can break down over 5000 ozone molecules.
Explain how.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Many countries have now banned the use of CFCs
Despite this CFCs will continue to deplete the ozone layer.
Explain why.
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[1] [Total:
3]
14. Sam investigates the hardness of different water sample.
He uses distilled water and two other samples labelled A and B.
3
He adds soap solution to 100 cm of each sample until a lasting lather is formed.
3
Sam boils fresh 100 cm samples of distilled water, sample A and sample B.
He repeats the test with soap solution on the boiled samples.
Look at the table it shows his results.
volume of soap solution needed to give a lather

using
sample
3 using boiled water
unboiled water in cm 3
in cm
distilled water 1.0 1.0
A 9.5 1.0
B 13.0 7.0
(a) Sample B contains equal amounts of temporary and permanent hardness.
How can you tell from the information in the table of results?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Write down the name of the compound decomposed when temporary hardness is removed.
........................................................................................................................................[1]
2+
(c) A sample of hard water contains aqueous calcium ions, Ca .
Explain how adding sodium carbonate to this sample will remove the hardness.
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[1] [Total:
3]
6 Air is a mixture of gases.
Look at the table. It shows the names of some gases and the amount of each gas in air.
gas amount
carbon dioxide 0.03%
nitrogen 78%
oxygen 21%
water vapour 0.97%
(a) Write down the names of the two main gases in air.
.................................................................... and ...................................................................[2]
(b) Look at this list of processes.
photosynthesis
polymerisation
respiration
rusting
Answer these questions.
Choose your answers from the list.
(i) Which process removes carbon dioxide from the air?
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Which process adds carbon dioxide to the air?
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Sometimes small amounts of sulfur dioxide pollute

the air.
Write down one way in which sulfur dioxide is made.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 5]
Us
e
6 Air is a mixture of many gases. ide
as
Carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen are pollutants sometimes found in ab
air. out
par
(a) Write down the name of one gas found in non-polluted air. ticl
es.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
.........
(b) Sulfur dioxide causes acid rain. .........
.........
One environmental problem caused by acid rain is that it corrodes .........
.........
metals. Write about other environmental problems caused by acid .........
.........
rain. .........
.........
................................................................................................................................................... .........
.........
................................................................................................................................................... .........
.........
............................................................................................................................................. [2] .........
.........
(c) Nitrogen monoxide is made in a car engine. .........
...
It can be removed from the exhaust gases of a car by a catalytic
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
converter. In a catalytic converter nitrogen monoxide reacts with
carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide and nitrogen are made.
Write down the word equation for the reaction in the catalytic converter.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) The catalyst in a catalytic converter has a large surface area.
The reaction between nitrogen monoxide and carbon monoxide is
very fast. Explain why.
[Total: 5]
3 In the year 2006 many areas of the United Kingdom suffered drought conditions.
Water companies take water from rivers and store it in reservoirs.
Unfortunately in the year 2006 many rivers were almost dry.
Reservoirs were often less than half full.
(a) Look at the table.
It shows the annual rainfall in 1998 and 2001 for some regions of the United Kingdom.
region rainfall in 1998 rainfall in 2001
in mm in mm
Anglia 713 731
Northumbria 1039 807
North West 1435 1081
Severn Trent 885 767
Southern 875 865
South West 1428 1008
Thames 812 779
Wales 1642 1250
Wessex 1005 825
Yorkshire 964 787
(i) Which region had the most rainfall in the year 2001?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) One region had more rainfall in the year 2001 than in 1998.
Which one?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Rivers and reservoirs are two sources of drinking water.
Write down the name of one other source of drinking water in the United Kingdom.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Water from rivers sometimes contains dangerous microbes.
These must be killed before the water is safe to drink. How
are these microbes killed when water is purified?
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 4]
10 Chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs, are substances that damage the ozone layer.
CFCl 3
is the formula for a chlorofluorocarbon.
(a) Write down the names of the three elements found in CFCl 3.
element 1 .................................................................
element 2 .................................................................
element 3 .................................................................
[2]
(b) What is the main use of CFCs?
Choose from the list.
cooking oil
disinfectants
refrigerants
rocket fuel
answer ................................................................................................................................ [1]
(c) Damage to the ozone layer causes increased levels of ultraviolet light.
This can lead to medical problems.
Write about two of these medical problems.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 5]
11 Brine is a solution of sodium chloride.
Solution mining is used to get brine out of the ground.
Look at the diagram of solution mining.
water pumped in brine pumped out
layer of rock
salt layer
brine
(a) Write about one major environmental problem caused by solution mining.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Hydrogen and chlorine can be obtained by the electrolysis of brine.
(i) Describe a chemical test for hydrogen gas.
test ....................................................................................................................................
result .................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Describe a chemical test for chlorine gas.
test ....................................................................................................................................
result .................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 5]
4 Look at the diagram.
It shows a hydrocarbon fuel burning.
The chemicals made when the fuel burns go through the apparatus.
tube A
funnel
tube B
candle
crushed ice
and water
(a) (i) Tube A is surrounded by ice.
A colourless liquid slowly collects in tube A.
Write down the name of this liquid.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) The liquid in tube B is used to test for carbon dioxide.
Write down the name of the liquid used to test for carbon dioxide.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The complete combustion of a hydrocarbon is better and safer than incomplete combustion.
Write down two reasons why.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 4]
6 Granite, limestone and marble are three rocks used to construct buildings.
These rocks are taken from big holes in the ground called quarries.
(a) Getting these rocks causes environmental problems.
One problem is that there is increased noise for people living nearby.
Write about one other problem caused by quarrying for rocks.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Limestone and marble are two forms of calcium carbonate.
Calcium carbonate has the formula CaCO3.
How many elements are chemically joined in calcium carbonate, CaCO3?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) When heated, calcium carbonate makes calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
Write down the word equation for this reaction.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) Georgia heats a sample of calcium carbonate.
Look at the apparatus she uses.
gas syringe
calcium carbonate
heat
The carbon dioxide made is collected in a gas syringe.
Every 30 seconds, she measures the total volume of carbon dioxide in the gas syringe.
12 This question is about hydrogen and oxygen.
(a) Look at the list.
It shows some tests that can be done on gases.
A A lighted splint burns with a squeaky pop.
B A glowing splint relights.
C Orange bromine water decolourises.
D Moist litmus paper is bleached.
(i) Which is the test for hydrogen?
Choose from A, B, C or D.
answer ......................................................... [1]
(ii) Which is the test for oxygen?
answer ......................................................... [1]
(b) Hydrogen and oxygen are used in fuel cells.
Fuel cells make water and release energy.
hydrogen oxygen
gas gas
Write a word equation for the reaction in a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.
.......................................... + ........................................... ........................................... [1]

Look at the graph of Georgias results.
100
80
total 60
volume of
carbon
dioxide
in cm3 40
20
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
time in seconds
(i) What is the total volume of carbon dioxide collected in the gas syringe in the first
90 seconds?
............................................... cm3 [1]
(ii) At which time is the reaction the fastest?
0 30 seconds 60 90 seconds
120 150 seconds 180 210 seconds
answer ...........................................................................................................................[1]
(e) Cement is made by heating a mixture of limestone and another substance.
What is the name of the other substance?
aluminium clay marble sand
answer ..................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 6]
answer ......................................................... [1]
answer ......................................................... [1]
hydrogen oxygen
gas gas
.......................................... + ........................................... ........................................... [1]

(c) Fuel cells release only a small amount of heat energy.
Look at the list. It shows some different types of energy.
electrical
kinetic
sound
What is the main type of energy produced by a fuel cell?
answer ..................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) Fuel cells are used in spacecraft.
Write down one advantage of using fuel cells rather than batteries in spacecraft.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 5]
(a) A piece of unprotected iron is left outside.
It quickly goes rusty.
Write down the names of two substances that are needed for iron to rust.
.................................................................... and ...................................................................[2]
(b) One way to stop iron rusting is to paint it.
(i) Why does painting stop the iron from going rusty?
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Write down two other ways that can be used to stop iron from rusting.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) The rusting of iron involves both oxidation and reduction.
What is the name of this type of process?
displacement
fermentation
oxred
redox
answer ..................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 6]
8 This question is about the atmosphere.
(a) The air that we breathe is a mixture of gases.
Complete the table to show the percentage composition of the air.
gas percentage
carbon dioxide 0.04
nitrogen
other gases 1.0
oxygen
[2]
(b) Human activity may affect the composition of the air.
(i) Describe how deforestation may change the composition of the air.
...........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Describe how the increased burning of fossil fuels may change the
composition of the
air.
...........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Some scientists believe that many millions of years ago the atmosphere contained mainly
ammonia and carbon dioxide.
This atmosphere changed over time to give the composition of the air we have today.
Describe a possible theory to show how this happened.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ [3]
[Total: 7]
10 The composition of the atmosphere today remains fairly constant.
21% oxygen
78% nitrogen
0.035% carbon dioxide
Scientists think that the Earth did not have an atmosphere when it was first formed.
One theory is that gases such as ammonia and carbon dioxide escaped from under the Earths
crust.
Later on, water was formed by reactions between ammonia and hot rocks.
Describe one theory of how the ancient atmosphere of ammonia, carbon dioxide and water
evolved into the atmosphere of today.
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 2]
answer ......................................................... [1]
answer ......................................................... [1]

hydrogen oxygen
gas gas
.......................................... + ........................................... ........................................... [1]
(c) Fuel cells release only a small amount of heat energy.
Look at the list. It shows some different types of energy.
electrical
kinetic sound
What is the main type of energy produced by a fuel cell?
answer ..................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) Fuel cells are used in spacecraft.
Write down one advantage of using fuel cells rather than batteries in spacecraft.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 5]
(a) A piece of unprotected iron is left outside.
It quickly goes rusty.
Write down the names of two substances that are needed for iron to rust.
.................................................................... and ...................................................................[2]
(b) One way to stop iron rusting is to paint it.
(i) Why does painting stop the iron from going rusty?
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Write down two other ways that can be used to stop iron from rusting.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) The rusting of iron involves both oxidation and reduction.
What is the name of this type of process?
displacement
fermentation
oxred
redox
answer ..................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 6]
5. Complete the following statements by inserting the names or formulae of the elements or
compounds.
(a) When carbon is heated with copper oxide, the products are
................................................................ and ................................................................

(1)
(b) Two gaseous elements which, on igniting, form a product that is a colourless liquid
at room temperature are
................................................................ and ................................................................

(1)
(c) Hydrogen gas can be prepared in the laboratory by the reaction between dilute
................................................................ and ................................................................

(1)
(d) When sulphur dioxide is passed into aqueous sodium hydroxide, the products are
................................................................ and ................................................................

(1)
(e) Chloroethane is formed when ethanol is reacted with .................................................

(1) Q5
(Total 5 marks)
8. Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions.
(2)
(a) The formation of carbon monoxide by the incomplete combustion of carbon.
.......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) The formation of sodium carbonate and water from aqueous sodium hydroxide and
carbon dioxide.
.......................................................................................................................................
(c) The formation of copper, nitrogen and water when copper(II) oxide reacts with ammonia.

(2)
Total 6 marks Q8
Q8
Structured Questions:
13.Oxygen is manufactured form the air by liquefaction.

a) Why is it necessary to remove carbon dioxide and water vapour first? 2
b) What temperature is the air cooled down to? 1
c) What other gases are also extracted? 1
d) What socio-economic factors have to be taken into account? 2
e) Name four large-scale uses of oxygen. 2
14.The three main pollutant gases in exhaust fumes are carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O 3)
and nitrogen monoxide(NO).
a) Write an equation to show how ozone might oxidize carbon monoxide to the harmless
carbon dioxide. 2
b) Write an equation to show how nitrogen monoxide carbon monoxide to the harmless
carbon dioxide. 2
c) These reactions are normally very slow and need to be speeded. What do we call a
substance which speeds up a reaction? 1
15.
Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Oxide Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P2O5 SO2 Cl2O does
Not
exist
Structure Ionic giant
simple
Lattice molecular molecular
a) Which period do these elements belong to? 1
b) Which oxides would be acidic, basic, amphoteric, or neutral? 4
c) Which oxides are soluble in water? 2
d) Which oxides are solids? 2
Structured Questions:
13. A student set up the apparatus below to collect some hydrogen gas.
a) Why did the water in the beaker become cloudy? 2
b) Why was the reaction slow at the beginning? 2
c) What would be the colour on the universal indicator in the resulting solution? 1
d) Complete the chemical equation:
Ca (s) + 2H2O(l) + 2
e) Why did the student not use sodium or potassium metals? 2
14.All of these equations produce hydrogen gas. Complete the balance, if necessary, the
following equations:
a) Mg + H2O ..+ 2
b) Na + H2O ..+ 2
c) Zn + H2SO4 .+ 2
d) Mg + H2O ..+ .. 2
15.Complete this table about the various purification stages in a water works. 5
Purification Chemical added Purpose

stages
Mixing chamber To cause impurities to clump together

..
Settling tanks None Large particles to settle down at the bottom
Sand filters None
.
Clear water To make the water less acidic
tanks 1.
..
.
2. chlorine
3. Fluoride
16.Let us suppose that each person in a family of four uses 150 litres of fresh water per day.
Their water bill in 1999 was $116.00.
a) What is the cost of per litre of fresh water? 2
b) How does this compare with the cost of a litre of orange squash or a litre of petrol? 2
17.
a) Describe the various stages in the purification of water which is carried out in a
waterworks. 2
b) Alternatively drinking water can be obtained by desalination. Explain what this involves.
Questions (Longman):
(1)
a) Draw and label the apparatus needed to prepare oxygen in the laboratory.
5
b) Write word and balanced symbol equations for the reaction.

.......................................................................................................................................... 2
c) What is the test for oxygen?

.......................................................................................................................................... 2
d) Describe the reaction of burning sulfur with oxygen.

..........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................... 2
(2)
a) Describe how ammonia is converted into nitric acid.

..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................... 4
b) Give two uses each for ammonia and nitric acid.

..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................... 4
c) What is unusual about the uses of ammonium nitrate.

..........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................... 2
(3)
a) Describe the preparation of carbon dioxide from marble chips and dilute hydrochloric acid.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................... 5
b) Could you prepare carbon dioxide from sea shells and hydrochloric acid? Explain your answer.
..........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................... 2
c) Describe two tests for carbon dioxide.
..........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................... 2
d) Write a word equation for the reaction of magnesium with carbon dioxide
.......................................................................................................................................... 1
(4) Describe the allotropes of sulfur and sketch the crystal shapes.
What happens when sulphur burns in air?
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(5) Draw a table to prepare the properties of hydrogen, ammonia, nitrogen and carbon dioxide gases. 10
(6) Describe everyday uses of each:
a) Carbon dioxide 6
b) Nitrogen 2
c) Oxygen 2

IGCSE Chemistry - Ozone in the Atmosphere

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IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Oxygen & Oxides)

(a) Complete the following table about atmospheric pollutants.

carbon complete combustion of

(ii) Suggest the source of the unburnt hydrocarbons.

(iii) At what time of day is the concentration of ozone highest?

(c) Ozone also occurs in the upper atmosphere.

greenhouse percentage of gas

(a) State one possible consequence of an increased greenhouse effect.

(b) Give one source of methane.

Coal-burning power stations produce sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen.

SO2(g) + CaCO3(s) CaSO3(s) + CO2(g)

(i) Suggest why the calcium carbonate is powdered. [1]

(i) Construct a balanced equation for this reaction.

(b) Explain how carbon monoxide is formed in an internal combustion engine.

(i) Write a balanced equation for this reaction.

time / thousands of years ago

time / thousands of years ago

(i) Name one other greenhouse gas found in the atmosphere.

IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Oxygen & Oxides, Bonding)

(a) Give one source of phosphates in water.

(b) Excess dissolved phosphates in river water cause eutrophication.

2H2O(l) + O2(aq) + 4I(aq) 4OH(aq) + 2I2(aq)

IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Manufacturing Chemicals, Identification Test)

ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4,

(a) Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in ammonium sulphate.

observation with aqueous iron(III) ions ...........................................................................

(i) Describe the colour change during the reaction.

................................ moles [1]

2NO(g) The diagram shows the energy profile for this

(a) Identify the energy changes X and Z.

(b) The reaction between nitrogen and oxygen is endothermic.

2NO(g) + 2CO(g) N2(g) + 2CO2(g)

(ii) During the course of a journey 2.4

(iii) Describe one environmental effect of acid rain.

SO2 + NO2 SO3 + NO H = +43 kJ/mol

Draw an energy profile diagram for this reaction.

IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Oxygen & Oxides)

The match head contains the following substances.

(i) What is the molecular formula of phosphorus(V) oxide?

physical property ......................................................................................................

chemical property .....................................................................................................

(c) The sulphur on the match head ignites.

(d) Finally the wax on the match head begins to combust.

A5 The reaction below is an example of a redox reaction.

F2(g) + H2(g) 2HF(g)

(a) (i) Identify the oxidising agent in the reaction.

(ii) Explain why this is a redox reaction

(b) Some redox reactions can be used to propel rockets.

N2H4(g) + 2H2O2(g) N2(g) + 4H2O(g)

Reaction B 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g) dm3 of nitrogen monoxide was

(a) (i) State another source of sulphur dioxide as an atmospheric pollutant.

(ii) State another source of nitrogen dioxide as an atmospheric pollutant.

(i) What is the name of this gas?

(ii) Nitrogen dioxide reacts with calcium carbonate to

(i) Use these equations to complete the following table.

reaction number of moles of reactants number of moles of products

A1 The diagram shows the structures of various compounds.

(a) Use the letters A to F to answer the following.

(ii) Which one of these compounds is an amphoteric oxide?

(iii) Which two of these compounds have giant structures?

(b) What is the empirical formula of compound F?

(c) Carbon monoxide is a poisonous atmospheric pollutant.

statue when the same statue