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carbon
poisonous
monoxide
methane
sulphur
dioxide
[5]
(b) The graph below shows the concentrations of some atmospheric pollutants in a city over a
twenty-four hour period.
unburnt
hydrocarbons
0.5
0.4
0.3
concentration/ oxides of
ppm nitrogen
0.2
0.1
ozone
0
12 4 am 8 am 12 4 pm 8 pm 12
midnight noon midnight
(i) What is the maximum concentration, in ppm, of unburnt hydrocarbons?
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(iv) Ozone in the lower atmosphere is a pollutant. State one effect of ozone in the
lower atmosphere.
..................................................................................................................................
[4]
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) State one type of compound that is responsible for ozone depletion.
.................................................................................................................................. [2]
Total /
11
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Oxygen & Oxides)
Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. Carbon dioxide is given a greenhouse factor of 1. Other gases are
given a greenhouse factor that compares their effect with carbon dioxide. The greenhouse effect
increases as the factor value increases. The table gives some information about four different gases.
CO2 1 0.036
CH4 30 0.0017
......................................................................................................................................[1]
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Why is an increase in the percentage of methane more worrying than the same
percentage increase of carbon dioxide?
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) What other environmental problem, beside its action as a greenhouse gas, is caused by
CCl3F?
......................................................................................................................................[1]
Total / 4
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Oxygen & Oxides, Calculations)
(a) Nitric oxide, NO, is made in a power station when nitrogen and oxygen react together.
Write the equation for this reaction.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Many coal burning power stations are now fitted with a flue gas desulphurisation plant which
removes sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide from the gaseous emissions.
In a flue gas desulphurisation plant, powdered calcium carbonate reacts with sulphur dioxide as
shown.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii)
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why, in terms of collisions between particles, the rate of this reaction increases
as the concentration of oxygen increases.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(iii) Explain why the rate of this reaction increases as the engine temperature increases.
...................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [4]
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide in the exhaust gases react together in the catalytic converter of a
motor vehicle.
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why the catalyst should be in the form of a powder supported on a mesh.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [3]
Total / 8
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Oxygen & Oxides, Bonding)
A7 Graph 1 shows how the average temperature at the Earths surface may have changed over the last 150
thousand years.
Graph 1
20
18
average
average
temperature at
temperature of the
the Earths
Earth's
surface /C 16
surface C
14
12
10
6
150 125 100 75 50 25 0 (today)
Graph 2
0.040
0.035
percentage of carbon
dioxide in the
atmosphere 0.030
0.025
0.020
0.015
150 125 100 75 50 25 0 (today)
....................................................................................................................................
..
....................................................................................................................................
..
....................................................................................................................................
..[3]
(iii) Nitrogen dioxide also reacts with calcium carbonate. Suggest the name of
the solid product of this reaction.
(b)
Draw
.................................................................................................................................... a dot
..[1] and
cross
(c) In the air sulphur dioxide reacts with nitrogen dioxide forming sulphur trioxide. The diagra
reactions that take place are shown in the equations. m for
carbo
SO2 + NO2 SO3 n
+ NO dioxid
e.
2NO + O2 Show
the
2NO2 outer
shell
Suggest the role of nitrogen dioxide in these reactions. Explain your answer. electr
ons
...................................................................................................................................... only.
......................................................................................................................................
(d) Sulphur dioxide is used in the Contact process to make sulphuric acid.
Describe the conditions and name the catalyst in the Contact process.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
[1]
Tot
al / 10
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Oxygen & Oxides, diffusion, rate of reaction) [2]
The exhaust fumes from the internal combustion engines of motor vehicles contribute to the (
poor quality of air in many cities. The exhaust fumes contain atmospheric pollutants such as c
nitric oxide, NO, and carbon monoxide, CO. )
C
h
(a) Nitric oxide, NO, is formed when oxygen and nitrogen from the air react in
l
an internal combustion
o
engine............................................................................................................... [2]
r
o
fl
u
o
r
o
c
arbons, CFCs, are also greenhouse gases.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) State the origin of this greenhouse gas, named in part (i).
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) Describe how the presence of CFCs in the upper atmosphere increases the
amount of ultra-violet light reaching the Earths surface.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
Total / 9
River water contains many substances including minerals, dissolved oxygen, organic material,
nitrates and phosphates.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) (i) Describe a chemical test to show the presence of the nitrate ion.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Suggest why it might be difficult to test for the presence of the nitrate ion in a sample of
river water.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) The concentration of dissolved oxygen in river water can be determined by a series of
reactions that is summarised by the equation below.
When a 2000 cm3 sample of river water was tested, 0.508 g of iodine was liberated.
Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of dissolved oxygen in the river water sample.
[3]
Total / 10
.................................. % [2]
(b) Aqueous iron(II) ions and aqueous iron(III) ions can be distinguished by reaction with
aqueous sodium hydroxide. Describe what you would observe as a result of each
reaction.
observation with aqueous iron(II) ions ............................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Aqueous iron(II) ions can be oxidised by reaction with acidified potassium
manganate(VII), KMnO4. The colour change during the reaction shows that iron(II)
ions act as a reducing agent.
..............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) In terms of oxidation numbers, explain the meaning of the term reducing agent.
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[1]
(d) The mass of iron(II) ions in a sample of fertiliser can be determined by the reaction between
iron(II) ions and acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4.
A student analysed a sample of the fertiliser. He dissolved the sample in 25.0 cm3 of dilute
sulphuric acid and titrated the solution formed with 0.0200 mol / dm3 potassium
manganate(VII).
The student used 22.5 cm3 of potassium manganate(VII) to reach the end-point.
(i) Calculate the number of moles of potassium manganate(VII) used in the titration.
(ii) One mole of potassium manganate(VII) reacts with five moles of iron(II) ions.
Calculate the mass, in grams, of iron(II) ions in the sample analysed.
................................ g [2]
[Total: 9]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Oxygen & Oxides & Energy Changes)
B10 Oxides of nitrogen are atmospheric pollutants. Nitrogen monoxide, NO, is formed in an internal
combustion engine when nitrogen and oxygen react together.
N2(g) + O2(g)
reaction.
2NO(g)
energy
energy
energy
change
change
X
Z
N2(g) + O2(g)
progress of reaction
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(i) Explain how you can tell from the diagram that the reaction is endothermic.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Explain, using ideas about bond breaking and bond making, why the overall reaction is
endothermic.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) The exhaust system of a motor car is fitted with a catalytic converter. When nitrogen monoxide
passes through the converter it reacts with carbon monoxide.
(i) Explain how the catalyst in the converter increases the rate of this reaction.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide react together as shown in the equation.
energy
reaction pathway
[
3]
(a) The friction between the match head and the striking surface generates enough heat for the
phosphorus to burn.
Phosphorus burns to form phosphorus (V) oxide. This oxide is covalently bonded with a
molecular structure.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Suggest one physical and one chemical property of phosphorus(V) oxide.
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) The heat from the combustion of phosphorus provides enough energy for the
decomposition of potassium chlorate(V) to oxygen and potassium chloride.
Construct the equation for the decomposition of potassium chlorate(V).
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 7]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Oxygen & Oxides, Bonding)
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [3]
Reaction A
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) In reality, only 1.0 dm3 of nitrogen was produced after the gases had passed over the
catalytic converter. Calculate the percentage of nitrogen monoxide that had reacted.
[2]
[Total: 10]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Oxygen & Oxides, Energy changes)
A6 Sulphur dioxide, SO2, and nitrogen dioxide, NO2, are both atmospheric pollutants formed during
the combustion of coal at a power station.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide both cause acid rain. They are removed from the flue
gases released from the power station by reaction with moist calcium carbonate in a process
called flue gas desulphurisation.
Calcium carbonate reacts with sulphur dioxide to make a solid called calcium sulphite and a
gas.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Reactions used to propel rockets need to produce large volumes of gas.
Use the information in the table to suggest why reaction A is more likely to be used to propel
rockets.
...................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) Explain why gas volumes measured at r.t.p. cannot be used in calculations for gases
produced in rocket engines.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Oxygen & Oxides, Structure)
Na+ Br Na+ Br
S
O C O Br Na+ Br Na+
O O
Na+ Br Na+ Br
A B C
O2 O2 O2
Zn2+ Zn2+ H
Zn2+ Zn2+ Br H
2 2 2
O O O O2 O C
2+
H H Zn2+ 2+
Zn Zn
Zn2+ C
2
O 2 O 2
O 2
O 2
O H
Zn 2+ Br
H
D E F
(i) Which one of these compounds is most likely to contribute to acid rain?
............................................... [1]
............................................... [1]
. and . [1]
(iv) Which one of these compounds when molten, releases a reddish brown gas at
the anode on electrolysis?
............................................... [1]
......................................................................................................................................[1]
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
Total / 6
Zn2+
Zn2+
Zn2+
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Oxygen & Oxides, Atomic structure)
2 The diagram shows a statue in a park in an industrial town. The statue is made from
limestone.
iron pins
inside statue
[1]
(b) Use ideas about the chemistry of atmospheric pollutants to suggest how and why the
statue changes over 20 years.
[4]
(c) Parts of the statue are joined together with iron pins. After 30 years, the arm falls off the
statue.
Suggest why the arm falls off.
[1]
(d) Iron has several isotopes.
(i) What do you understand by the term isotopes?
[1]
(ii) The table shows the number of subatomic particles in an atom of iron.
electron 26
neutron 30
proton 26
Complete the table to show the relative charge on each particle. [3]
[1]
(e) Some isotopes are radioactive. State one industrial use of radioactive isotopes.
[1]
Fe + 2HNO3 Fe(NO3)2 + H2
[1]
[Total: 13]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Separation & analysis, Atomic structure)
aluminium sulphate
added
water in
chlorine
added
sedimentation tank
to homes
sand filter
[1]
(b) Explain how the sand filter helps purify the water.
[2]
(c) The aluminium ions in aluminium sulphate cause clay particles to clump together.
Describe a test for aluminium ions.
test
result
[3]
[2]
(v) Another fertiliser can be made by the reaction of ammonia with nitric acid.
State the chemical name of this fertiliser.
.....
[1] .....
.....
[Total: 9] .....
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Oxygen & Oxides, Identification test) .....
.....
A6 The diagram shows the inside of a firework rocket. .....
.....
.....
.....
.....
stars containing solid fuel and colour .....
agents .....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
rocket motor containing .....
black powder .....
fuse .....
.....
stick .....
.....
....
[1]
(a) Black powder is a mixture of charcoal, potassium nitrate and sulphur.
When black powder is ignited, the potassium nitrate decomposes to form (
potassium nitrite, KNO2, and oxygen. b
Write the equation for the decomposition of potassium nitrate. )
The oxygen liberated by the potassium nitrate oxidises the sulphur to sulphur dioxide.
State one harmful effect of sulphur dioxide on the environment.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) The gases produced by the burning charcoal and sulphur cause the rocket
to move upwards.
Explain why the charcoal and sulphur in the rocket motor are present as
small grains rather than as large lumps.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
test.....................................................................................................................
result.............................................................................................................[2]
(e) Potassium chlorate(V), KCl O3, is often used in fireworks to produce flash and noise
effects.
test ...........................................................................................................................
result ....................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) When potassium chlorate(V) reacts as an oxidising agent, the chlorate(V) ions are
reduced to chloride ions.
Cl O3 + 6H+ + 6e Cl + 3H2O
How does this equation show that the chlorate(V) ion gets reduced?
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 9]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Miscellaneous)
(a) State the names of the two gases which make up most of the air.
[2]
to
air suction
pump
heated copper
(i) When the air is drawn through the apparatus, the lime water turns milky. Which
gas turns lime water milky?
[1]
(ii) The white (anhydrous) copper sulphate turns blue. State the name of the
substance which turns white copper sulphate blue.
[1]
(iii) Oxygen is removed from the air by passing it over heated copper.
Complete the equation for this reaction.
[1]
(ii) State the name of the Group of elements to which argon belongs.
[1]
[2]
[Total: 14]
2 (a) Match up the atmospheric pollutants on the left with their main source on the right.
The first one has been done for you.
combustion of fossil
carbon monoxide fuels containing sulphur
incomplete combustion
nitrogen oxides of fossil fuels
[3]
(b) One stage in the manufacture of sulphuric acid involves the oxidation
of sulphur dioxide by oxygen in the air to form sulphur trioxide. (iii)
2SO2 + S
O2
2SO3 u
(i) Explain how this reaction shows that sulphur dioxide is oxidized. l
[1] p
h
(ii) What is the percentage of oxygen in clean air?
u
[1]
r
i
c acid is used to make the fertiliser ammoniusulphate.
[1]
ammonia + sulphuric acid ammonium
sulphate
What type of
reaction is this?
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
(e) The structure of another compound of xenon is shown below.
O
F F
Xe
F F
[1]
[1]
[Total: 14]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Oxygen & Oxides)
Plan tests to investigate the cola so that you can answer the following four questions.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) What volume of gas is released when a can of cola is opened? [Note: The can will have to be
opened under water.]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Polymer)
8 Large areas of the Amazon rain forest are cleared each year to grow soya beans. The trees are cut
(a) Why do these activities increase the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
[2]
(b) Soya beans contain all three main food groups. Two of which are protein and
carbohydrate.
[1]
colourless
gas forms
oxygen dissolved
in water
electrons
Fe2+ goes
move
into solution
in metal
reaction 1
Fe Fe2+ + 2e
The electrons move through the iron on to the surface where a colourless gas forms.
reaction 2
Fe2+ + 2OH Fe(OH)2
from water
reaction 3
..........Fe(OH)2 + O 2 + ..........H2O ..........Fe(OH)3
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(vi) Explain why iron in electrical contact with a piece of zinc does not rust.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 13]
(i) What reaction condition will favour the back reaction and reform nickel metal?
Explain your choice.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) The main impurity in the nickel is copper. What technique is used to purify copper
after it has been separated from the nickel?
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Pure nickel is used to catalyse the reduction of unsaturated oils to saturated fats.
saturated unsaturated
fat oil
nickel gauze
H2(g)
under pressure
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
...............................................................................................................................[1]
...............................................................................................................................[2]
...................................................................................................................................
(b
...............................................................................................................................[2] )
W
(ii) Give one use of oxygen. he
n
...............................................................................................................................[1] a
gr
een plant is exposed to bright light it photosynthesises and forms oxygen.
The rate at which oxygen is formed was measured at 25 C. The intensity of the light is
changed and the new rate measured. The results of experiments of this type are shown
on the graph below.
rat
e
of
for
mi
ng
ox
yg
en
intensity of
light
(i) Write a word equation for the reaction that produces oxygen.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) What can be deduced from this experiment about the relationship
between photosynthesis and light?
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(iv) The experiment was repeated at 30 C. Predict the effect this would have
on the rate of reaction and sketch the new graph on the same axes.
[2]
(v) Give another example of a reaction that is influenced by light. Describe one
important application of this reaction.
reaction ....................................................................................................................
application ............................................................................................................[3]
(c) Potassium chlorate, which has a formula of the type, KClOn, decomposes to form
oxygen. 2.45 g of the chlorate produced 1.49 g of potassium chloride and 0.72 dm3
of oxygen at r.t.p. Find the value of n.
KClOn KCl + n O2
2
Mass of one mole of KCl = 74.5 g
= ..............................
[4]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Oxygen & Oxides)
1 Choose a gas from the following list to answer the questions below. Each gas may be used once, more
than once or not at all.
(ii) Draw the structural formula of a complex carbohydrate such as starch.
[3]
(iii) Compare the structure of a protein with that of a synthetic polyamide. The structure
of a typical protein is given below.
N N N N
H O H O H O H O
[3]
[Total: 9]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Oxygen & Oxides)
(i) Describe what you would observe when this reaction occurs.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Explain, in terms of electron transfer, why bromine is the oxidant (oxidising agent) in this
reaction.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Iron and steel in the presence of water and oxygen form rust
Which gas
[6]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Oxygen & Oxides)
4 Minimising air pollution is essential for health and for the environment.
[2]
(ii) Explain why it is dangerous to use a gas fire in a poorly ventilated room.
[2]
(b) Low sulphur fuels are being introduced. Ordinary diesel contains 500 ppm of sulphur
but low sulphur diesel contains less than 50 ppm. Why is this an advantage to the
environment?
[2]
(c) Catalytic converters reduce pollution from motor vehicles, as shown in the following
diagram.
oxides of nitrogen
carbon monoxide less harmful gases
unburnt hydrocarbons to atmosphere
catalysts rhodium,
platinum, palladium
[1]
[2]
(iv)
Explain how a catalytic converter reduces the emission of these two gases.
[2]
[2]
[Total: 10]
4 The distinctive smell of the seaside was thought to be caused by ozone, O3.
Ozone is a form of the element oxygen.
(a) A mixture of oxygen and ozone is formed by passing electric sparks through oxygen.
3O2 2O3
Suggest a technique that might separate this mixture. Explain why this method
separates the two forms of oxygen.
technique
explanation
[2]
(b) Ozone is an oxidant. It can oxidise an iodide to iodine.
+
2I + O3 + 2H I2 + O2 +
H2O
(i) What would you see when ozone is bubbled through aqueous acidified potassium
iodide?
[2]
(ii) Explain in terms of electron transfer why the change from iodide ions to iodine
molecules is oxidation.
[1]
(iii) Explain, using your answer to b(ii), why ozone is the oxidant in this reaction.
[1]
(c) It is now known that the smell of the seaside is due to the chemical dimethyl sulfide, (CH3)2S.
(i) Draw a diagram that shows the arrangement of the valency electrons in one
molecule of this covalent compound.
Use x to represent an electron from a carbon atom.
Use o to represent an electron from a hydrogen atom.
Use to represent an electron from a sulfur atom.
[3]
(ii) Name the three compounds formed when dimethyl sulfide is burnt in excess
oxygen.
[2]
[Total: 11]
[1]
2NO N2 + O2
Two other pollutants are carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons. How are
they made into less harmful substances?
[2]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Oxygen & Oxides)
1 (a) The major gases in unpolluted air are 79 % nitrogen and 20 % oxygen.
[1]
[2]
(b) Two common pollutants in air are carbon monoxide and the oxides of nitrogen.
(a) Draw lines to match each pollutant with the main problem it causes.
[3]
(i) How many chlorine atoms are there in one molecule of C2Cl2F4?
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(i) How many different elements are combined in C2Cl2F4?
...............................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total:
5]
10. Jamie and Gulam heat copper
carbonate.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
...............................................................................................................................[1]
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 4]
They show some steel paper clips that have been left for a few days in different conditions.
.Explain why.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ........................................................................................................................................[1]
Explain why.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ........................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 2]
Specimen paper: Chemistry B
21
Ozone depletion is causing more dangerous ultra-violet light reaching the Earths surface.
(a) Write down the names of the three elements chemically combined in a CFC.
. ........................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Scientists are concerned that more ultra-violet radiation is reaching the Earths surface.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ........................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Scientists began research on the effect of CFCs in the stratosphere over thirty years ago.
A few years ago the United Kingdom government banned the use of CFCs.
Suggest how scientists communicated their concerns about CFCs and ozone depletion to
government.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ........................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 4]
13. Chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs, break down in the stratosphere to produce chlorine free radicals.
The ozone layer in the stratosphere is depleted by these chlorine free radicals.
They show how ozone can be broken down by chlorine free radicals.
Cl + O3 O2 + ClO
ClO + O3 2O2 + Cl
(a) One chlorine free radical can break down over 5000 ozone molecules.
Explain how.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[2]
Explain why.
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[1] [Total:
3]
3
He adds soap solution to 100 cm of each sample until a lasting lather is formed.
3
Sam boils fresh 100 cm samples of distilled water, sample A and sample B.
A 9.5 1.0
B 13.0 7.0
How can you tell from the information in the table of results?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Write down the name of the compound decomposed when temporary hardness is removed.
........................................................................................................................................[1]
2+
(c) A sample of hard water contains aqueous calcium ions, Ca .
Explain how adding sodium carbonate to this sample will remove the hardness.
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[1] [Total:
3]
6 Air is a mixture of gases.
Look at the table. It shows the names of some gases and the amount of each gas in air.
gas amount
nitrogen 78%
oxygen 21%
(a) Write down the names of the two main gases in air.
photosynthesis
polymerisation
respiration
rusting
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 5]
Us
e
6 Air is a mixture of many gases. ide
as
Carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen are pollutants sometimes found in ab
air. out
par
(a) Write down the name of one gas found in non-polluted air. ticl
es.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
.........
(b) Sulfur dioxide causes acid rain. .........
.........
One environmental problem caused by acid rain is that it corrodes .........
.........
metals. Write about other environmental problems caused by acid .........
.........
rain. .........
.........
................................................................................................................................................... .........
.........
................................................................................................................................................... .........
.........
............................................................................................................................................. [2] .........
.........
(c) Nitrogen monoxide is made in a car engine. .........
...
It can be removed from the exhaust gases of a car by a catalytic
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
converter. In a catalytic converter nitrogen monoxide reacts with
Write down the word equation for the reaction in the catalytic converter.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 5]
3 In the year 2006 many areas of the United Kingdom suffered drought conditions.
It shows the annual rainfall in 1998 and 2001 for some regions of the United Kingdom.
region rainfall in 1998 rainfall in 2001
in mm in mm
(i) Which region had the most rainfall in the year 2001?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) One region had more rainfall in the year 2001 than in 1998.
Which one?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
Write down the name of one other source of drinking water in the United Kingdom.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 4]
CFCl 3
is the formula for a chlorofluorocarbon.
(a) Write down the names of the three elements found in CFCl 3.
element 1 .................................................................
element 2 .................................................................
element 3 .................................................................
[2]
cooking oil
disinfectants
refrigerants
rocket fuel
(c) Damage to the ozone layer causes increased levels of ultraviolet light.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 5]
11 Brine is a solution of sodium chloride.
layer of rock
salt layer
brine
(a) Write about one major environmental problem caused by solution mining.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Hydrogen and chlorine can be obtained by the electrolysis of brine.
test ....................................................................................................................................
result .................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
test ....................................................................................................................................
result .................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 5]
4 Look at the diagram.
The chemicals made when the fuel burns go through the apparatus.
tube A
funnel
tube B
candle
crushed ice
and water
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
Write down the name of the liquid used to test for carbon dioxide.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The complete combustion of a hydrocarbon is better and safer than incomplete combustion.
Write down two reasons why.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 4]
6 Granite, limestone and marble are three rocks used to construct buildings.
These rocks are taken from big holes in the ground called quarries.
One problem is that there is increased noise for people living nearby.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) When heated, calcium carbonate makes calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
gas syringe
calcium carbonate
heat
The carbon dioxide made is collected in a gas syringe.
Every 30 seconds, she measures the total volume of carbon dioxide in the gas syringe.
12 This question is about hydrogen and oxygen.
Choose from A, B, C or D.
Choose from A, B, C or D.
hydrogen oxygen
gas gas
100
80
total 60
volume of
carbon
dioxide
in cm3 40
20
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
time in seconds
(i) What is the total volume of carbon dioxide collected in the gas syringe in the first
90 seconds?
0 30 seconds 60 90 seconds
120 150 seconds 180 210 seconds
answer ...........................................................................................................................[1]
answer ..................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 6]
12 This question is about hydrogen and oxygen.
Choose from A, B, C or D.
Choose from A, B, C or D.
hydrogen oxygen
gas gas
electrical
kinetic
sound
What is the main type of energy produced by a fuel cell?
answer ..................................................................................................................................[1]
Write down one advantage of using fuel cells rather than batteries in spacecraft.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 5]
13 This question is about rusting.
Write down the names of two substances that are needed for iron to rust.
(i) Why does painting stop the iron from going rusty?
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Write down two other ways that can be used to stop iron from rusting.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................................................................[2]
displacement
fermentation
oxred
redox
answer ..................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 6]
8 This question is about the atmosphere.
gas percentage
nitrogen
oxygen
[2]
(i) Describe how deforestation may change the composition of the air.
...........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Describe how the increased burning of fossil fuels may change the
composition of the
air.
...........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Some scientists believe that many millions of years ago the atmosphere contained mainly
ammonia and carbon dioxide.
This atmosphere changed over time to give the composition of the air we have today.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ [3]
[Total: 7]
10 The composition of the atmosphere today remains fairly constant.
21% oxygen
78% nitrogen
0.035% carbon dioxide
Scientists think that the Earth did not have an atmosphere when it was first formed.
One theory is that gases such as ammonia and carbon dioxide escaped from under the Earths
crust.
Later on, water was formed by reactions between ammonia and hot rocks.
Describe one theory of how the ancient atmosphere of ammonia, carbon dioxide and water
evolved into the atmosphere of today.
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 2]
Choose from A, B, C or D.
Choose from A, B, C or D.
hydrogen oxygen
gas gas
electrical
kinetic sound
answer ..................................................................................................................................[1]
Write down one advantage of using fuel cells rather than batteries in spacecraft.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 5]
13 This question is about rusting.
Write down the names of two substances that are needed for iron to rust.
(i) Why does painting stop the iron from going rusty?
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Write down two other ways that can be used to stop iron from rusting.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................................................................[2]
displacement
fermentation
oxred
redox
answer ..................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 6]
5. Complete the following statements by inserting the names or formulae of the elements or
compounds.
(a) When carbon is heated with copper oxide, the products are
(b) Two gaseous elements which, on igniting, form a product that is a colourless liquid
at room temperature are
(c) Hydrogen gas can be prepared in the laboratory by the reaction between dilute
(d) When sulphur dioxide is passed into aqueous sodium hydroxide, the products are
(Total 5 marks)
8. Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions.
(2)
(a) The formation of carbon monoxide by the incomplete combustion of carbon.
.......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) The formation of sodium carbonate and water from aqueous sodium hydroxide and
carbon dioxide.
.......................................................................................................................................
(c) The formation of copper, nitrogen and water when copper(II) oxide reacts with ammonia.
(2)
Total 6 marks Q8
Q8
Structured Questions:
14.The three main pollutant gases in exhaust fumes are carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O 3)
and nitrogen monoxide(NO).
a) Write an equation to show how ozone might oxidize carbon monoxide to the harmless
carbon dioxide. 2
b) Write an equation to show how nitrogen monoxide carbon monoxide to the harmless
carbon dioxide. 2
c) These reactions are normally very slow and need to be speeded. What do we call a
substance which speeds up a reaction? 1
15.
Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Oxide Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P2O5 SO2 Cl2O does
Not
exist
Structure Ionic giant
simple
Lattice molecular molecular
a) Which period do these elements belong to? 1
Structured Questions:
13. A student set up the apparatus below to collect some hydrogen gas.
c) What would be the colour on the universal indicator in the resulting solution? 1
d) Complete the chemical equation:
Ca (s) + 2H2O(l) + 2
14.All of these equations produce hydrogen gas. Complete the balance, if necessary, the
following equations:
a) Mg + H2O ..+ 2
b) Na + H2O ..+ 2
c) Zn + H2SO4 .+ 2
d) Mg + H2O ..+ .. 2
15.Complete this table about the various purification stages in a water works. 5
16.Let us suppose that each person in a family of four uses 150 litres of fresh water per day.
Their water bill in 1999 was $116.00.
a) What is the cost of per litre of fresh water? 2
b) How does this compare with the cost of a litre of orange squash or a litre of petrol? 2
17.
a) Describe the various stages in the purification of water which is carried out in a
waterworks. 2
b) Alternatively drinking water can be obtained by desalination. Explain what this involves.
Questions (Longman):
(1)
a) Draw and label the apparatus needed to prepare oxygen in the laboratory.
5
.......................................................................................................................................... 2
(2)
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................... 4
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................... 4
.......................................................................................................................................... 2
(3)
a) Describe the preparation of carbon dioxide from marble chips and dilute hydrochloric acid.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................... 5
b) Could you prepare carbon dioxide from sea shells and hydrochloric acid? Explain your answer.
..........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................... 2
c) Describe two tests for carbon dioxide.
..........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................... 2
d) Write a word equation for the reaction of magnesium with carbon dioxide
.......................................................................................................................................... 1
(4) Describe the allotropes of sulfur and sketch the crystal shapes.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(5) Draw a table to prepare the properties of hydrogen, ammonia, nitrogen and carbon dioxide gases. 10
a) Carbon dioxide 6
b) Nitrogen 2
c) Oxygen 2