11 This question is about chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs.

Most CFCs are now banned in the UK.

This is
ee radicals.

Explain what happens to the electrons when free radicals are made.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Small numbers of free radicals can do a lot of damage to the ozone layer.

Explain why.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(c) Chlorofluorocarbons will continue to damage the ozone layer for a long time after they

have been banned. Explain why.

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(d) Suggest a replacement for chlorofluorocarbons.

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 4]

9 Look at the table.

It shows the concentration of some gases found in the atmosphere over the last 100 years.

concentration of oxides of concentration of carbon

year
nitrogen in parts per million dioxide in parts per million

1900 18 300

1920 18 305

1940 20 310

1960 25 320

1980 30 340

2000 35 370

(a) (i) How does the concentration of oxides of nitrogen change from 1900 to 2000?

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest what the concentration of carbon dioxide might be in the atmosphere in the
year 2020.

concentration .................................. parts per million

Explain your answer.

 ...........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Oxides of nitrogen are pollutants in the air.

Where do the oxides of nitrogen come from?

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(c) Sulfur dioxide is another gas that pollutes the air.

It is made when sulfur impurities in fossil fuels burn.

What environmental problem can sulfur dioxide cause?

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

11 This question is about chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs.

Most CFCs are now banned in the UK.

This is because they damage the ozone layer.

(a) Chlorofluorocarbons contain three different elements.

Two of these elements are chlorine and carbon.

Write down the name of the other element.

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Write down two uses of chlorofluorocarbons.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ......................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) The damage to the ozone layer can cause medical problems.

Write down two of these problems.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ......................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 5]
8 Look at the table.

It shows the concentration of some gases found in the atmosphere over the last 100 years.

concentration of oxides of concentration of carbon

year
nitrogen in parts per million dioxide in parts per million

1900 18 300

1920 18 305
 1940 20 310

1960 25 320

1980 30 340

2000 35 370

(a) Suggest what the concentration of carbon dioxide might be in the atmosphere in the year
2020.

concentration .................................. parts per million

Explain your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Oxides of nitrogen are pollutants in the air.

Where do the oxides of nitrogen come from?

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(c) Sulfur dioxide, SO2, is another atmospheric pollutant.

It reacts with water and oxygen, O2, to give dilute sulfuric acid, H2SO4.

Write a balanced symbol equation for this reaction.

............................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 4]
12 This question is about reactions of metals. because they damage the ozone layer.

(a) Chlorofluorocarbons contain three different elements.

Two of these elements are chlorine and carbon.

Write down the name of the other element.

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Write down two uses of chlorofluorocarbons.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ......................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) The damage to the ozone layer can cause medical problems.

Write down two of these problems.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ......................................................................................................................................... [2]
 [Total: 5]
10 This question is about the ozone layer.

The ozone layer is damaged by free radicals.

Chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs, are one source of free radicals.

Most CFCs are now banned in the UK.

(a) Look at the diagram. It shows a dot and cross diagram for a hydrogen molecule.

H H
X

The two hydrogen atoms are joined by a covalent bond.

This covalent bond is a shared pair of electrons.

The covalent bond can be broken to make two fr

This large statue is made from iron.

(a) The statue is going rusty.

Two substances are needed for iron to go rusty.

Write down the names of these two substances.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ......................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Covering iron in oil or grease stops iron rusting.

(i) Explain why.

.................................................................................................................................... [1]
 (ii) Write down one other method of stopping iron from rusting.

.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) John investigates the reactions of four metals, iron, magnesium, tin and zinc.

He puts pieces of each metal into different solutions.

solution

metal

The solutions are iron(II) sulfate, magnesium sulfate, tin(II) sulfate and zinc sulfate.

The table shows his results.

A tick () means there is a reaction.

A cross () means there is no reaction.

metal added
solution used
iron magnesium tin zinc

iron(II) sulfate
magnesium sulfate
tin(II) sulfate
zinc sulfate

Write down the order of reactivity of these four metals.

Use the table of results to help you.

most reactive .....................................

.....................................

.....................................

least reactive ..................................... [1]

[Total: 5]
11 This question is about reactions of metals.

This large statue is made from iron.

(a) The statue is going rusty.

Covering iron in oil or grease stops iron rusting.

(i) Explain why.

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The statue can also be coated with zinc.

This is called galvanising.

Explain why galvanising stops iron rusting.

...........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Look at the equation.

Fe 2e Fe2+

The equation shows what happens when iron starts to rust.

What sort of reaction is this?

Choose from the list.

oxidation reduction saponification tinning

answer ............................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total:

4]
8 Nigel investigates the rusting of iron.

Look at the diagram.

It shows how he sets up his investigation.

Each test tube contains an iron nail.

1 2 3 4

air nitrogen air

iron nail

distilled water dry air water with no salty water

dissolved oxygen

After 2 weeks the nail in tube 1 was a bit rusty.

The nails in tubes 2 and 3 were not rusty.

The nail in tube 4 was very rusty.

(a) Two substances are needed for iron to rust.

Which two substances?

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ......................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) What substance speeds up rusting?

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(c) Nigel repeats the investigation using aluminium instead of iron.

Aluminium does not corrode in any of the experiments.

Explain why.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 5]
9 Look at the table.

It shows the concentration of some gases found in the atmosphere over the last 100 years.

concentration of oxides of concentration of carbon

year
nitrogen in parts per million dioxide in parts per million

1900 18 300

1920 18 305

1940 20 310

1960 25 320

1980 30 340

2000 35 370

(a) (i) How does the concentration of oxides of nitrogen change from 1900 to 2000?
Write down two reasons for doing this, other than cost.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ......................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Hydrogen gas, H2, reacts at one electrode in a fuel cell.

The reaction makes hydrogen ions, H+, and electrons.

Write an equation for this reaction. Use e to show an electron.

............................................................................................................................................ [2]

(d) Hydrogen can explode when it reacts with oxygen.

Heat energy is given out.

What type of reaction gives out heat?

Choose from the list.

dehydration

electrolysis

endothermic

exothermic

answer ............................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]
11 This question is about reactions of metals.

This large statue is made from iron.

(a) The statue is going rusty.

Covering iron in oil or grease stops iron rusting.

(i) Explain why.

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The statue can also be coated with zinc.

This is called galvanising.

Explain why galvanising stops iron rusting.

...........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Look at the equation.

Fe 2e Fe2+

The equation shows what happens when iron starts to rust.

What sort of reaction is this?

Choose from the list.

oxidation reduction saponification tinning

answer ............................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total:

4]
7 Limestone is a rock used to make buildings.

Limestone is obtained from a quarry.

A quarry is a very large hole dug into rocks.

Look at the picture of a quarry.

(a) Quarries can cause environmental problems.

One of these problems is that they take up lots of land.

Write about other environmental problems caused by quarrying.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) The chemical name for limestone is calcium carbonate.

When heated strongly calcium carbonate changes into calcium oxide.

calcium carbonate calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

This change is called thermal decomposition.

What is thermal decomposition?

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [1]
(c) Harry investigates the decomposition of calcium carbonate.

Look at the diagram. It shows the apparatus he uses.

calcium
carbonate

HEAT

Harry measures the mass of the test tube and its contents before and after heating.

Look at his results table.

mass in grams

mass of test tube and contents before heating 17.45

mass of test tube and contents after heating 16.96

(i) The mass of the test tube and its contents decreases.

Suggest why.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) What is the change in mass of the test tube and its contents?

change in mass = ................................... g [1]

[Total: 5]