Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
STRUCTURES
VII SEMESTER
E-LEARNING MATERIAL
BY,
K.BASKAR B.E.,M.E.,(Ph.D)
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
NPR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
10111CE704 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES LTPC
3003
OBJECTIVE
A t the end of this course the student shall have knowledge of methods of prestressing advantages of
prestressing concrete, the losses involved and the design methods for prestressed concrete elements
under codal provisions.
Basic concepts Advantages Materials required Systems and methods of prestressing Analysis of
sections Stress concepts Strength concepts Load balancing concept Effect of loading on the
tensile stresses in tendons Effect of tendon profile on deflections Factors influencing deflections
Calculation of deflections Short term and long term deflections Losses of prestress Estimation of
crack width .
Flexural strength Simplified procedures as per codes strain compatibility method Basic concepts in
selection of cross section for bending stress distribution in end block, Design of anchorage zone
reinforcement Limit state design criteria Partial prestressing Applications.
Analysis for stresses Estimate for deflections Flexural and shear strength of composite members.
General aspects pretensioned prestressed bridge decks Post tensioned prestressed bridge decks
Principle of design only.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. Krishna Raju N., Prestressed concrete, Tata Mcgraw Hill Company, New Delhi, 1998
2. Mallic.S.K. and Gupta A.P., Prestressed concrete , Oxbord and IBH publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd 1997.
3. Rajagopalan, N Prestressed Concrete, Alpha Science, 2002.
REFERENCES
1. Ramaswamy G.S.Modern prestressed concrete design, Arnold Heinimen, Newdelhi, 1990
2. LinT.Y., Design of prestressed concrete structures, Asia Publishing House, Bombay, 1995
3. David A.Sheppard, William R and Philphs, Plant Cast precast and prestressed concrete A
design guide, McGraw Hill,Newdelhi 1992
UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION THEORY AND BEHAVIOUR
Basic concepts Advantages Materials required Systems and methods of prestressing Analysis of
sections Stress concepts Strength concepts Load balancing concept Effect of loading on the
tensile stresses in tendons Effect of tendon profile on deflections Factors influencing deflections
Calculation of deflections Short term and long term deflections Losses of prestress Estimation of
crack width .
Pre-stressed concrete
Definition: Concrete in which there have been introduced internal stresses of such magnitude and
distribution that the stresses resulting from given external loadings are countered to a desired degree -
ACI
Types of pre-stressing
In post-tensioning the concrete member is cast with ducts for the wires. After concrete has attained
sufficient strength, wires are threaded into the ducts, tensioned from both or one end by means of
jack/jacks and at the precise level of pre-stress the wires are anchored by means of wedges to the
anchorage plates at the ends.
Stages of loading
Initial stage
The member is under pre-stress but is not subjected to any superimposed external loads. Further
subdivision of this stage is possible.
1. Before pre-stressing: Concrete is weak in carrying loads. Yielding of supports must be prevented.
2. During pre-stress:
a. Steel: This stage is critical for the strength of tendons. Often the maximum stress to
which the wires will be subjected throughout their life may occur at this stage.
b. Concrete: As concrete has not aged at this stage, crushing of concrete at anchorages is
possible, if its quality is inferior or the concrete is honeycombed. Order of pre-stressing
is important to avoid overstress in the concrete.
3. At transfer of pre-stress: For pre-tensioned members, where transfer is within a short period,
and for post-tensioned members where transfer may be gradual, there are no external loads on
the member except its own weight.
4. De-shuttering: The removal of form-work must be done after due consideration
Thus the initial pre-stress with little loss imposes a serious condition n the concrete and often controls
the design of the member.
Final stage
This is the stage when actual working loads come on the structure. The designer must consider various
combinations of live loads on different parts of the structure with lateral loads such as wind and
earthquake forces and strain loads produced by settlement of supports and temperature. The major
loads in this stage are:
1. Sustained load: It is often desirable to limit the deflection under sustained loads sue to its own
weight and dead loads.
2. Working load: The member must be designed for the working load. Check for excessive stress
and deflection must be made. But this design may not guarantee sufficient strength to carry
overloads.
3. Cracking load: Cracking in a pre-stress member signifies a sudden change in bond and shearing
stresses. This stage is also important
4. Ultimate load: This strength denotes the maximum load the member can carry before collapse.
Losses
Note: The value of Fo may not be known, but it is not necessary, as the losses from Fi to Fo is only a
small percentage of Fi . Total accuracy is relative anyway, as Ec the youngs modulus of concrete
cannot be determined accurately.
Therefore
ES = E s
fc
EC
FO
AC E C
FO
Since f c is the stress in concrete at level of steel and is
AC
FO
ES ES
AC E C
ES
Taking n
EC
FO
ES ES
AC E C
FO
n
AC
Fi
at level of steel
AC E C AS E S
ES Es
Fi
Es
AC EC AS ES
nFi
AC nAS
Taking At AC EC AS E S
nFi
ES
AT
If external loads are acting on the member, then concrete, then concrete stress due to
all loads at level of steel must be determined.
FO FO e 2 M G e
fc
AG I I
Note: AG , the gross-area, instead of the transformed sectional area, leads to simpler calculations and
fairly accurate results.
FO
fc
AG
ES nf c
CR n f cir f cds f c
ES
n
EC
Shrinkage strain
N/mm2
0.5 fp 0
0.6 fp 35
0.7 fp 70
0.8 fp 90
Anchorage slip (ANC) Cl 18.5.2.5
In post-tensioning, when the jack is released, the full pre-stress is transferred to the anchorage and they
tend to deform, allowing the tendon to slacken. Friction wedges will slip a little before they grip the wire
firmly. So, in post-tensioning the wedges are positively engaged before the jack is released. In pre-
tensioning also, the anchorage slip is compensated for during stressing operation.
The loss is caused by a fixed shortening of the anchorages, so the percentage loss is
higher in shorter wires than in long ones.
If a tendon is stressed to 1035 MPa, with E s 210 5 MPa and the anchorage slips by 2.5 mm,
1035
Total 0.005175
2 10 5
2.5
In a cable of 3m length, elongation l 0.005175 3000 15.53 mm , ie % l 100 16%
15.53
The length effect or the wobble effect of the duct is the friction that will exist between straight tendon
and the surrounding material. This loss is dependant on the length and stress in the tendon, the
coefficient of friction between the contact materials, the workmanship and the method used in aligning
and obtaining the duct.
The curvature effect is the loss due to intended curvature of the tendon. This again depends on the
coefficient of friction between the materials and the pressure exerted by the tendon on the curvature.
For un-bonded tendon, lubrication, in the form of grease and plastic tube wrapping can be used to
advantage.
For bonded tendon lubricant in the form of water soluble oils are used during stressing operation and
flushed off with after before grouting.
Jacking from both ends of the beam will also reduce loss due to friction.
For straight or moderately curved structures, with curved or straight cables, the value of pre-stressing
force Px at a distance x meters from tensioning end and acting in the direction of the tangent to the
curve of the cable, shall be calculated as below:
Px = Poe ( + kx ).
Where Po = pre-stressing force in the pre-stressed steel at the tensioning end acting in the direction of
the tangent to the curve of the cable, = cumulative angle in radians through which the tangent to the
cable profile has turned between any two points under consideration, = coefficient of friction in curve;
unless otherwise proved by tests, may be taken as: 0.55 for steel moving on smooth concrete, 0.30 for
steel moving on steel fixed to duct, and 0.25 for steel moving on lead, k = coefficient for wobble or wave
effect varying from 15 104 to 50 104 per meter. The expansion of the equation for Px for small
values of ( + kx) may be Px = Po (1 kx).
Examples
100 300 3
I = = 225x106 mm4
12
2.10
n = = 6.0
0.35
Fi Fi e 2
fc
AG I
150 10 3 150 10 3 50 50
fc = = -6.67 MPa
30000 225 10 6
ES nf c
40.02 188
Loss = = 5.02%
150 10 3
AC = AG - AS
AT = AC + nAS
= 143620 + 6x780 = 148300 mm2
2.00
n = = 6.0
0.33
Fi
fc
AT
807.30 10 3
fc = = -5.44 MPa
148300
ES nf c
If Fo 0.9Fi
FO = 0.90x807.30 = 726.57 kN
FO
fc
AG
726.57 10 3
fc = = 5.03 MPa
144400
52
= = 19.63 mm2
4
Fi = 18x19.63x840 = 296.81 kN
200 300 3
I = = 450x106 mm4
12
2.10
n = = 6.67
0.315
eeq =
15 19.63 840 85 3 19.63 840125 = 50 mm
18 19.63 840
Fi Fi e
f CTop yt
AG I
296.8110 3 296.8110 3 50
f CTop = 125 = -0.824 MPa
60000 450 10 6
Fi Fi e
f CBot yt
AG I
296.81 10 3 296.81 10 3 50
f CBot = 85 = -7.75 MPa
60000 450 10 6
ES nf c
The loss in the 1st tendon is due to the shortening of concrete by the pre-stressing of the previous 3
Fi
tendons. We can assume that Fi in each of these tendons are constant and f c n .
AG
3 195 1035
ES1 = 6 = 25.16 MPa
380 380
2 195 1035
ES2 = 6 = 16.77 MPa
380 380
for the 3rd tendon
1195 1035
ES3 = 6 = 8.39 MPa
380 380
1
When there are many cables, it is quite enough to assume that ESav of the loss in the 1st cable.
2
1
Thus ESav = 25.16 = 12.58 MPa
2
If it is desired that there should be no loss at all, then the cables can be overstressed before anchorage.
So,
2.00
n = = 5.71
0.35
72
= = 38.45 mm2
4
100 300 3
I = = 225x106 mm4
12
F pe F pe e
f cir y
AG I
230700 230700 50
= 50 = -10.25 MPa
30000 225 10 6
0.0002
sh Cl 5.2.4.1
log 10 t 2
0.0002
= = 1.35x10-4
log 10 28 2
SH = sh E S
f pe = 1200 MPa
f pe 1200
= = 0.699
fp 1715
70 %
f pe = 0.70 f p
= 0.35
K = 0.0015 / m
Cable L KL y KL e KL Stress @
mm end of seg
mm rad
= 8%
= 15%
UNIT II DESIGN CONCEPTS
Flexural strength Simplified procedures as per codes strain compatibility method Basic concepts in
selection of cross section for bending stress distribution in end block, Design of anchorage zone
reinforcement Limit state design criteria Partial prestressing Applications.
Sign convention
1. Tension is (+)
2. Compression is (-)
Different concepts
Different concepts can be applied to the analysis if PSC concrete beams, namely
Elastic material
This concept treats concrete as an elastic material and is the most common among engineers. Here
concrete is visualized as being subjected to:
1. Internal pre-stress
2. External loads.
So long as there are no cracks in the section, the stresses, strains and deflections of the concrete due to
the two systems of forces can be considered separately and superimposed if needed.
Due to a tensile pre-stressing force F, thee resulting stress at a section is given below.
F Fey My
f
A I I
The concrete stress at a section due to pre-stress f is dependant only on the magnitude and location of
pre-stress at that section, ie., F and e, regardless of how the tendon profile varies elsewhere along the
beam.
Ex 1
A pre-stress concrete rectangular beam of size 500 mm x 750 mm has a simple span of 7.3 m and is
loaded with a udl of 45 kN/m including its self-weight. An effective pre-stress of 1620 kN is produced.
Compute the fiber stresses in concrete at mid-span section.
F = 1620 kN
e = 145 mm
500 750 3
I = = 1.758 x1010 mm4
12
750
y = = 375 mm
2
45 7.3 2
M = = 299.76 kN-m
8
F Fey My
f
A I I
C Cey
f
A I
[Note: Stresses are calculated with force and eccentricity in concrete. e is the eccentricity of C, the
compressive force in concrete.]
Ex 2
Solve Ex.1 using this concept.
45 7.3 2
M = = 299.76 kN-m
8
C=T = 1620 kN
M
Lever arm a =
C
299.76 10 6
= = 185 mm
1620 10 3
750
e for C = 415 = 40 mm
2
C Cey
f
A I
= 4.32 1.38
Load balancing
The effect of pre-stressing is considered as the balancing of gravity loads so that the member under
bending will not be subjected to flexural stresses under a given loading condition.
8Pe
wup
L2
4 Pe
wup
L
Pe
wup
aL
8Fh
Due to a parabolic tendon of length l, sag h and stressed to F, wb
l2
F My
f where M is the moment due to net loads.
A I
Ex 3
Solve Ex.1 using this concept.
8Fh
wb
l2
8 1620 0.145
wb = = -35.30 kN/m (up)
7.3 2
9.7 7.3 2
M = = 64.60 kN-m
8
F My
fc
A I
= 4.32 1.38
If
F
fc = where A is the area of concrete
A
Using the transformed method, stress in concrete is uniform even at the level of steel
Fi
fc =
AC nAS
Fi F
= or i
AT AG
Stress in steel
fs = n f c
nFi
=
AC nAS
nFi
= Which represents the immediate reduction in pre-stress in steel at transfer.
AT
But is approximated to,
nFi
= where AG is the gross area, the error being about 2% to 3 %
AG
538.20 10 3
fc = at level of steel = -8.97
60000
ES
Fe
=
AG
981 520
= = -8.50 MPa
60000
e = 150 50 = 50 mm
Fi Fi e 2
fc at level of steel
AG I
538.20 10 3 538.20 10 3 50 50
fc = = -11.96 MPa
60000 450 10 6
ES nf c
Fe Fe e
= y
AG I
500.88 10 3 500.88 10 3 50
= 150
60000 450 10 6
= 8.348 8.348
Fi
fc
AG
In that case
500.88 10 3
fc = = 8.348
60000
ES nf c
510.2110 3 510.2110 3 50
= 150
60000 450 10 6
Which show that the approximate method is fast and quite accurate.
Fe = 0.95 x Fi
e = 150 50 = 50 mm
200 300 3
I = = 450 x106 mm4
12
f cTop, Bot (aft. loss)
Fe Fe e
= y
AG I
511.29 10 3 511.29 10 3 75
= 150
60000 450 10 6
= 8.52 12.78
M
fc y
I
The resulting stress in concrete due to both the pre-stress and loads is:
F Fe M
fc y y
A I I
Fi = 1575 kN
Fe = 1350 kN
300 600 3
I = = 5400 x106 mm4
12
4.5 10 3 12 2
MG = = 81 kN-m
8
Initial condition
Fi Fi e M
fc y y
A I I
Final condition
Fe Fe e M
fc y y
A I I
Fe = 1350 kN
283.50 10 6
a = = 210 mm
1350 10 3
e = 210 125 = 85 mm
C = Fe = 1350 kN
C Cey
fc
A I
1350 10 3 1350 10 3 85
= 300
180000 5400 10 6
= 7.5 6.37
After cracking, the stress in pre-stressing steel increases rapidly with moment.
The following sketch explains the variations of the stress in pre-stressing steel f p with increasing load.
The variations are shown for bonded and un bonded tendons.
After the pre-stress is transferred while the member is supported at the ends, the stress will tend to
increase from the value after losses f po due to the moment under self weight. Simultaneously the stress
will tend to drop due to the time dependent losses such as creep, shrinkage and relaxation. The
effective pre-stress after time dependent losses is denoted as f pe .
Due to the moment under service loads, the stress in the pre-stressing steel will slightly increase from
f pe . The increase is more at the section of maximum moment in a bonded tendon as compared to the
increase in average stress for an un bonded tendon.
The stress in a bonded tendon is not uniform along the length. Usually the increase in stress is neglected
in the calculations under service loads. If the loads are further increased, the stress increases slightly till
cracking.
After cracking, there is a jump of the stress in the pre-stressing steel. Beyond that, the stress increases
rapidly with moment till the ultimate load. At ultimate, the stress is f pu .
Similar to the observation for pre-cracking, the average stress in an un bonded tendon is less than the
stress at the section of maximum moment for a bonded tendon.
As discussed above, at the section of maximum moment, the stresses in the un bonded tendon
increases more slowly than that for bonded tendon. This is because any strain in an un bonded tendon
will be distributed throughout its entire length.
If MR is the resultant moment in at a cross-section of a bonded beam and the beam deflects downwards,
there is an increase in steel stress due to this bending given by
MR
f s nf c n y
I
Let M be the moment at any given point of an un bonded beam, f c the stress in concrete at a section,
M
fc y
I
f M
c y
Ec Ec I
M
ydx is the average strain
L E c IL
E M
f s E s s ydx
L E c IL
n M
L I
ydx
Bonded tendon:
300 600 3
I = = 5400 x106 mm4
12
wt ws wG
2
wl
MT t e
8
15.5 10 3 12 2
= = 279 kN-m
8
Moment due to Fe
At level of steel
MR
fc y
I
115 10 6
= 125 = 2.66 MPa
5400 10 6
f s = nf c
Un bonded beam
n M
L I
f s ydx
from the BMD and y diagram
2
x
M M o 1
L
2
2
x
y y o 1
L
2
2
2
n 2 x
dx
LI L
f s M o o 1
y
l
2
2
8n M o y o nM o y o
f s where is the stress at mid span of a bonded beam = 16 MPa.
15 I I
8
f s 16 = 8.53 MPa
15
Cracking moment
Moments producing first crack in a pre-stressed concrete beam, assuming cracks start when tensile
stress in the extreme fiber of concrete reaches its modulus of rupture, f cr ,
f cr 0.7 f ck cl 5.2.2
Fe Fe e M
f cr y y or
A I I
Fe I f cr I
M Fe e
Ay y
Example
For the problem in 6.3.1 compute the total dead and live load that can be carried by the beam for (a)
zero tensile stress at bottom fiber and (2) cracking in the bottom fiber assuming f cr 4.2MPa and Fe =
1350 kN.
To obtain zero stress in the bottom fiber, the center of pressure must be located at the top kern point
a = (e+kt)
M = Fe x a
8M
wT
l2
8 303.75 10 6
= = 16.87 kN/m
12000 2
f cr I
=
y
4.2 5400 10 6
= = 75.6 kN-m
300
8 379.35 10 6
wT = = 21.07 kN/m
12000 2
Elastic Design for flexure
Derivations
Fi Fi e M G Fe Fe e M G M L
Top: f tt (1) Top: f cw (3)
A Zt Zt A Zt Zt Zt
Fi Fi e M G Fe Fe e M G M L
Bot: f ct (2) Bot: f tw (4)
A Zb Zb A Zb Zb Zb
Fe
Taking
Fi
Fi Fi e M Fi Fi e M
f tt G (1) f ct G (2)
A Zt Zt A Zb Zb
Fi Fi e M G M L Fi Fi e M G M L
f cw (3) f tw (4)
A Zt Zt Zt A Zb Zb Zb
MG MG ML MG MG ML
f tt f cw (3) f ct f tw (4)
Zt Z t Z t Zb Z b Z b
M G 1 n M L M G 1 n M L
f cw f tt f tr (3) f tw f ct f cr (4)
Zt Zb
M G 1 n M L M G 1 n M L
Zt (5) Zb (6)
f tr f cr
Fi Fi e
ft
A Zt
Fi Fi e
fb
A Zb
MG
f t f tt (7) form Eq.1
Zt
MG ML
f b f tw (8) from Eq.4
Zb Zb
1 M ML
fb f tw G (8)
Zb
Also, since:
Fi Fi e
ft (a)
A Zt
Fi Fi e
fb (b)
A Zb
F
Fi e f t i Z t (a )
A
Fi F Z
fb f t i t (b)
A A Zb
Fi Z b Z t Z
fb f t t
A Z b Zb
Fi f b Z b f t Z t
(9)
A Zb Zt
1 e
f t Fi (a )
A Zt
1 e
f b Fi (b)
A Zb
f t Z b Ae Z t
f b Z t Ae Z b
Zb Zt fb ft
Ae (10)
ft Zt fb Zb
When MG is large as will be the case for long span and/or heavy girders, the computed eccentricity e
from Eq.10, may fall below the bottom of the beam. In that case, the e available is worked out and Fi is
increased suitably.
Fi Fi e 1 M ML
fb f tw G from Eq.4
A Zb Zb
Fi Fi e
fb
A Zb
Z Ae
Fi b
AZ b
f AZ
Fi b b (11)
Z b Ae
Steel Cl 8.5.1
Steel stress for pre-tensioned tendons immediately after transfer or post-tensioned tendons after
anchorage is:
f pi 0.87 f pu
Compression = 0.54 fck to 0.37 fck (for M30 to M60) for post-tension
Compression = 0.41 fck to 0.35 fck (for M30 to M60) for post-tension
Concrete stress at service loads after transfer and after losses in extreme fiber
Example
A = 250h mm2
h
0.25 24 12
2
1000
MG = = 0.108h kN-m
8
12 12 2
ML = = 216 kN-m
8
f cr f tw f ct
M G 1 n M L
Zb (6)
f cr
=
0.108h1 0.8510 6 216 10 6 =
10 6 216 0.0162h
15.85 15.85
250h 2
Z b also =
6
From which
h = 580 mm
250 580 2
Zt = Zb = Z = = 14x106 mm3
6
MG = 62.64 kN-m
MG
f t f tt
Zt
62.64 10 6
= 1.4 = 5.87 MPa
14 10 6
1 M ML
fb f tw G
Zb
=
1
1.4
62.64 21610 6
= -21.76 MPa
0.85 14 10 6
Fi f b Z b f t Z t
(9)
A Zb Zt
21.76 5.8714 10 6
= = 7.945
2 14 10 6
Zb Zt fb ft
Ae (10)
ft Zt fb Zb
e = 167.89 mm
= 0.80
A = 1000 X 380 = 380000 mm2
1000 380 3
I = = 4572.66 x106 mm4
12
4572.66 10 6
Zt = Zb = Z = = 24.07 x106 mm3
380
2
9.12 10 2
MG = = 114 kN-m
8
25 10 2
ML = = 312.50 kN-m
8
MG 114 10 6
= = 4.74
Z 24.07 10 6
ML 312.5 10 6
= = 12.98
Z 24.07 10 6
At mid-span
MG
f t f tt
Zt
1 M ML
fb f tw G
Zb
=
1
0.7 4.74 12.98 = -21.275 MPa
0.8
Fi f b Z b f t Z t
(9)
A Zb Zt
Zb Zt fb ft
Ae (10)
ft Zt fb Zb
e mid-span = 106.86 mm
At support
MG = M L = 0
e at support = 68.944
At mid-span, the stress at top and bottom at transfer and working load are respectively.
Fi Fi e M G
f tt (1)
A Zt Zt
Fe Fe e M G M L
f tw (4)
A Zb Zb Zb
Fi Fe M M
ie. i G L f tw (4)
A Zb Zb Zb
Fi M M
2 1 G L f tw f tt
A Z Z
Fi
2 0.8 1 0.84.74 12.98 0.7 0.8 0.7 from which
A
Fi = 3009 kN
Fi e
2 0.8 1 0.84.74 12.98 0.7 0.8 0.7
A
e at mid-span = 106.358 mm
At support
MG = M L = 0
Fi Fi e
0 f tt (1)
A Zt
3009 10 6 3009 10 6 e
0.7
380000 24.07 10 6
e at support = 68.944
Spacing of cables
Fi = 3009 kN
3009 10 3
No of cables = 9 Nos
360 10 3
1000
Spacing = = 112 mm c/c
9
A = 1000h mm2
h
1 24 10
2
1000
MG = = 0.3 kN-m
8
25 10 2
ML = = 312.5 kN-m
8
f cr f tw f ct
f cr = 0 0.8 15 = 12 MPa
M G 1 n M L
Zb (6)
f cr
From which
h = 410 mm
1000 410 2
Zt = Zb = Z = = 28.02x106 mm3
6
MG = 123 kN-m
MG
f t f tt
Zt
123 10 6
= 0 = 4.39 MPa
28.02 10 6
1 M ML
fb f tw G
Zb
=
1
0
123 312.5010 6
= -91.43 MPa
0.8 28.02 10 6
Fi f b Z b f t Z t
(9)
A Zb Zt
19.43 4.39
= = 7.52
2
Zb Zt fb ft
Ae (10)
ft Zt fb Zb
1000
Spacing = = 143 mm c/c
7
= 0.80
80 120 3
I = = 11.52 x106 mm4
12
11.52 10 6
Zt = Zb = Z = = 0.192 x106 mm3
120
2
0.23 3 2
MG = = 0.2592 kN-m
8
ML = 41 = 4.0 kN-m
MG 0.2592 10 6
= = 1.35
Z 0.192 10 6
ML 4.0 10 6
= = 20.83
Z 0.192 10 6
At mid-span
MG
f t f tt
Zt
1 M ML
fb f tw G
Zb
=
1
1.4 1.35 20.83 = -25.975 MPa
0.8
Fi f b Z b f t Z t
(9)
A Zb Zt
=
25.975 1.35 = 12.3125
2
Zb Zt fb ft
Ae (10)
ft Zt fb Zb
32
= = 7.07 mm2
4
f i in one wire = 7.07 x 1400 = 9.896 kN
118.20 10 3
No of cables = 12 Nos
9.896 10 3
1000
Spacing = = 112 mm c/c
9
MG
f t f tt
Zt
1012 x10 6
= 0 = 10.65 MPa
95 10 6
1 M ML
fb f tw G
Zb
=
1
0
1012 45010 6
= -22.93 MPa
0.85 75 10 6
Fi f b Z b f t Z t
(9)
A Zb Zt
22.93 75 10.65 95
= = 4.1647
75 95
Zb Zt fb ft
Ae (10)
ft Zt fb Zb
f AZ
Fi b b (11)
Z b Ae
22.93 345000 75 10 6
Fi = = 2538.78 kN
75 10 6 345000 460
End block
Bursting force
A portion of a pre-stressed member surrounding the anchorage is the end block. Through the length of
the end block, pre-stress is transferred from concentrated areas to become linearly distributed fiber
stresses at the end of the block. The theoretical length of this block, called the lead length is not more
than the height of the beam.
The larger transverse dimension of the end zone is represented as yo. The corresponding dimension of
the bearing plate is represented as ypo. For analysis, the end zone is divided into a local zone and a
general zone.
The local zone is the region behind the bearing plate and is subjected to high bearing stress and internal
stresses. The behavior of the local zone is influenced by the anchorage device and the additional
confining spiral reinforcement.
The general zone is the end zone region which is subjected to spalling of concrete. The zone is
strengthened by end zone reinforcement.
The transverse stress (t) at the CGC varies along the length of the end zone. It is compressive for a
distance 0.1yo from the end and tensile thereafter, which drops down to zero at a distance yo from the
end.
The transverse tensile stress is known as splitting tensile stress. The resultant of the tensile stress in a
transverse direction is known as the bursting force (Fbst).
Besides the bursting force there is spalling forces in the general zone.
Fbst for an individual square end zone loaded by a symmetrically placed square bearing plate according
to Cl 18.6.2.2 is,
y po
Fbst PK 0.32 0.3
yo
Where, PK = pre-stress in the tendon; y po = length of a side of bearing plate; yo = transverse
dimension of the end zone.
It can be observed that with the increase in size of the bearing plate the bursting force
Fbst reduces.
reinforcement or bursting link - is provided in each principle direction based on the value of Fbst. The
reinforcement is distributed within a length from 0.1yo to yo from an end of the member.
Fbst
Ast
fs
The parameter represents the fraction of the transverse dimension covered by the
bearing plate.
When the cover is less than 50 mm, f s = a value corresponding to a strain of 0.001.
The end zone reinforcement is provided in several forms, some of which are proprietary of the
construction firms. The forms are closed stirrups, mats or links with loops.
Bearing plate & End block
Design the bearing plate and the end zone reinforcement for the following bonded
post-tensioned beam. The strength of concrete at transfer is 50 MPa. A pre-stressing force of 1055 kN is
applied by a single tendon. There is no eccentricity of the tendon at the ends.
Bearing Plate
PK
f br
A pun
PK = 1055 kN
1055 10 3
f br = = 17.58 MPa
60000
Abr
f br, all 0.48 f ci
A pun
240000
= 0.48 50 = 48 MPa
60000
0.8 f ci = 40 MPa
In vertical direction
y po
Fbst PK 0.32 0.3
yo
300
= 10550.32 0.3 = 179.35 kN
600
In horizontal direction
y po
Fbst PK 0.32 0.3
yo
200
= 10550.32 0.3 = 179.35 kN
400
Fbst
Ast =
0.87 f y
179.35 10 3
= = 824.60 mm2
0.87 250
10 2
Aw = = 78.54 mm2
4
824.60
No of stirrups = = 6 Nos
2 78.54
2 rd 1
Provide Ast from 0.1 yo = 60 mm to 0.5 yo = 300 mm and rd Ast from 0.5 yo = 300 mm to yo = 600
3 3
mm, both vertically and horizontal.
UNIT III CIRCULAR PRESTRESSING
Computations
2. Circumferential Prestress
3. Vertical Prestress.
Estimate
2) Bending Moment Mw
4) Circumferential Prestress
fc = Nd + fmin.w N/mm2
t
5) Spacing of wires
= wt . D
2
Equating wt. D = fs As
2 S1
Wt = 2 fs As
sD
Then Nt = Nd wt
Ww
Also Nt = t fc
S = 2 Nd . fs. As mm
Ww fc. Dt
Mt = Mw wt
Ww
Fc = fmin. W + Mw
z
fc = fmin. W + Mt
Z
P = fc. Ac
1. A cylindrical prestressed concrete water tank of internal diameter 30m is required to store
water over a depth of 7.5m. The permissible compressive stress in concrete at transfer is 13
N/mm2 and the minimum compressive stress under working presuure is 1 N/mm2. The loss ratio
is 0.75. Wires of 5mm diameter with an initial stress of 1000N/mm2 are available for
circumferential winding and freyssinet cables made up of 12 wires of 8mm diameter stressed to
1200N/mm2 are to be used for vertical prestressing. Design the tank walls assuming the base as
fixed. The cube strength of concrete is 40N/mm2.
Solution:
H2 = 7.52 = 12.5
Dt 30 x 0.15
= 0.64 x 10 x 7.5 x 15
= 720kN/m = 720N/mm.
Moment in tank wall for the fixed base condition = (coefficient) Wh3 kNm/m
= 0.01 x 10 x 7.53
= 42.5 kNm/m
= 42500Nmm/mm
= 720 = 82.3mm
0.75 x 13 1
Net thickness available (allowing for vertical cables of diameter 30mm) is (150 30) = 120mm
fc = Nd + fmin.w
t
= 720 + 1 = 9.42N/mm2
0.75 x 120 0.75
Spacing of circumferential wire winding at base.
S = 2 Nd fs. As
Ww fc. Dt
= 11.4mm
fs = 2 x 109 x 1000 x 20
0.075 x 2.5 x 30 x 103 x 120
= 64mm
Vertical moment = Mw wt
Ww
fc = fmin. w + Mt
Z
Since this stress exceeds the permissible value of fct = 13N/mm2, the thickness of the tank wall of base is
increased to 200mm.
Z = 1000 x1002 = 666 x104 mm3
6
fc = 1 + 67 x 106 = 12N/mm2
0.75 666 x 104
= 2400kN
= 564kN
= 1.7N/mm2
= 1760Kn
Circumferential pre-stress
Circumferential pre-stressing is done to resist hoop tension in circular structures, like water-tanks and
pipes. Essentially each horizontal slice of the wall forma a ring subjected to uniform internal pressure.
This ring may be considered as a pre-stresses concrete member under tension.
Considering one half of a thin cylindrical slice of a tank as a free-body: under the action of pre-stress Fi in
steel, the total compression C in the concrete equals Fi. The C-line coincides with the cgs line, which is a
concordant cable linearly transformed.
Fi
fc , AC = Area of concrete
Ac
Fe
fc
Ac
When internal liquid pressure is acting at working load stage, the internal pressure intensity,
pR
fc where
AT
AT = transformed area = Ac nA p
AP = area of steel
The resultant stress in concrete at working load due to internal pressure p and pre-stress Fe is
Fe pR
fc (1)
Ac AT
In Eq.1, if it is assumed that hoop tension is entirely carried by the effective pre-stress, Fe pR .
And since At Ac , f c is always negative, implying that there is always a residual compressive stress in
concrete.
Design method 1
A p = area of steel
Ac = area of concrete
Fi = initial pre-stress
m = factor of safety
Es
n
Ec
Fi A p f i
Fe A p f e
At transfer
Fi
Ac (2)
f ct
At working load
Fe pR
f cw (3) where At Ac nAp
Ac AT
pR
Ap
fe
Fi A p f i
Fi
Ac from Eq.2
f ct
Fe pR
f cw from Eq.3
Ac AT
Design method 2
If both f ct and f cw are to be kept in concrete, which may be the case when a tensile stress f cw =
cracking stress, may be allowed, and if a factor of safety m is required, then Eq.2 and Eq.3 can be
combined together into the following from.
A p = area of steel
Ac = area of concrete
Fi = initial pre-stress
m = factor of safety
Es
n
Ec
Fi A p f i
Fe A p f e
At transfer
Fi f i Ap
Ac
f ct f ct
fi
At Ac nA p A p (n )
f ct
At working load
Fe mpR
f cw
Ac AT
f e Ap mpR
f cw
f f
Ap i A p n i
f ct f ct
f mpR
A p f ct e f cw f ct
fi nf ct f i
f f f i f cw mpR
A p e ct f ct
fi nf ct f i
mpR
Ap f f
nf ct f i f e f ct f i f cw ct i
mpR
f ct f i
f f
f i n ct 1 f ct f e f i cw
fi f ct
mpR
f f
f e f i cw 1 n ct
f ct fi
Design of pipes
Pre-stressed concrete pipes are suitable when the internal pressure is within 0.5 to 2.0
1. Cylinder type which has a steel cylinder core, over which the concrete is cast and pre-stressed.
2. Non-cylinder type which is made of pre-stressed concrete only.
IS:784-2001 Pre-stressed Concrete Pipes (Including Specials), provides guidelines for the design of pre-
stressed concrete pipes with the internal diameter ranging from 200 mm to 2500 mm. The pipes are
designed to withstand the combined effect of internal pressure and external loads. The minimum grade
of concrete in the core should be M40 for non-cylinder type pipes.
1. Centrifugal method: In the centrifugal method the mould is subjected to spinning till the
concrete is compacted to a uniform thickness throughout the length of the pipe.
2. Vertical casting method: In the vertical casting method, concrete is poured in layers up to a
specified height.
After adequate curing of concrete, first the longitudinal wires are pre-stressed. Subsequently, the
circumferential pre-stressing is done by the wire wound around the core in a helical form. The wire is
wound using a counter weight or a die. Finally a coat of concrete or rich cement mortar is applied over
the wire to prevent from corrosion. For cylinder type pipes, first the steel cylinder is fabricated and
tested. Then the concrete is cast around it.
Example 1 non-cylinder
Design a non-cylinder pre-stressed pipe for the following specifications: R = 300 mm, p = 1.05 MPa, f i =
1000 MPa, f e = 800 MPa, f ct = -14 MPa, f cw =-0.7 MPa, Es = 2.1x105 MPa, Ec = 0.35 x 105 MPa and 2.5
mm wires are used. And what would be the internal pressure p required to balance the pre-stress at
transfer before losses to maintain a stress of -0.7 in concrete?
Method 1:
pR
Ap
fe
1.05 10 3 300
Ap = = 394 mm2
800
Fi Ap f i
Fi = 3941000 = 394 kN
Fi
Ac
f ct
394 10 3
Ac = = 28143 mm2
14
28142
t = = 29 mm
1000
30 mm
At Ac nAp
Since f cw is slightly more than specified -0.7 MPa, another trail could be made in the design.
2.5 2
Aw = = 4.91 mm2
4
Ap
No of wires =
Aw
394
= 81 wires
4.91
1000
Spacing = = 12 mm
81
Method 2:
mpR
Ap
f f
f e f i cw 1 n ct
f ct fi
1.05 10 3 300
Ap = = 388 mm2
0.7 14
800 1000 1 6
14 1000
Fi = 3881000 = 388 kN
388 10 3
Ac = = 27715 mm2
14
27715
t = = 28 mm
1000
p = 1.33 MPa
Example 2 non-cylinder
Design a non-cylinder pre-stressed pipe for the following specifications: R = 800 mm, p = 1 MPa, f i =
1000 MPa, f e = 800 MPa, f ct = -12 MPa, f cw = 0, Es = 2.1x105 MPa, Ec = 0.35 x 105 MPa and 5 mm wires
are used. If cracking stress is +2 MPa, what is the F.S against cracking?
mpR
Ap
f f
f e f i cw 1 n ct
f ct fi
110 3 800
Ap = = 933 mm2
0 12
800 1000 1 6
12 1000
Fi = 9331000 = 933 kN
933 10 3
Ac = = 77750 mm2
12
77750
t = = 78 mm
1000
mpR
Ap
f f
f e f i cw 1 n ct
f ct fi
m 110 3 800
933 =
2 12
800 1000 1 6
12 1000
m = 1.2
Pre-stressed concrete liquid retaining structures require low maintenance and resist seismic forces
satisfactory.
Circular pre-stressed concrete tanks are used in water treatment, water distribution, storm water
management, large industrial tanks, bulk storage tanks and for storing liquefied natural gas (LNG).
I Technology Madras
The construction of the circular tanks is in the following sequence. First, the concrete core is cast and
cured. The surface is prepared by sand or hydro blasting. Next, the
IS:3370-1967 (1-4) Code of Practice for Concrete Structures for the Storage of Liquids provides
guidelines for the analysis and design of liquid storage tanks. The four sections of the code are titled as
follows:
In IS:3370-1967 (3), the design requirements for pre-stressed tanks are mentioned. A few of them are:
1. The computed stress in the concrete and steel, during transfer, handling and construction, and
under working loads, should be within the permissible values as specified in IS:1343-1980.
2. The liquid retaining face should be checked against cracking with a load factor of 1.2.
3. The ultimate load at failure should not be less than twice the working load.
4. When the tank is full, there should be compression in the concrete at all points of at least 0.7
N/mm2. When the tank is empty, there should not be tensile stress greater than 1.0 N/mm2.
Thus, the tank should be analyzed both for the full and empty conditions.
5. There should be provisions to allow for elastic distortion of the structure during pre-stressing.
Any restraint that may lead to the reduction of the pre-stressing force should be considered.
6. The cover requirement is as follows. The minimum cover to the pre-stressing wires should be 35
mm on the liquid face. For faces away from the liquid, the cover requirements are as per
IS:1343-1980.
The general equations from Eq 1 to Eq 3, would serve well for the design of circular pre-stressed
liquid retaining structure.
Example 1
Determine the area of steel required per meter height of a circular pre-stressed water tank with an
inside diameter of 18 m and a height of 6 m water pressure. Compute the thickness of concrete
required.
Case 1:
p =
6 101000 (on an area of 1m x 1m) = 0.06 MPa
10 6
pR
Ap
fe
0.06 10 3 9000
Ap = = 653 mm2
827
Fi Ap f i
Fi = 6531034 = 675 kN
Fi
Ac
f ct
675 10 3
Ac = = 130600 mm2
5.17
130600
t = = 130.60 mm
1000
140 mm
At Ac nAp
Fe pR
f cw
Ac AT
Case 2:
mpR
Ap
f f
f e f i cw 1 n ct
f ct fi
1.25 0.06 10 3 9000
Ap = = 778 mm2
0 5.17
827 1034 1 10
5.17 1034
Fi = 7781034 = 805 kN
805 10 3
Ac = = 156 x103 mm2
5.17
156 10 3
t = = 156 mm
1000
165 mm
Analysis for stresses Estimate for deflections Flexural and shear strength of composite members.
INTRODUCTION
Many applications of prestressed concrete involve the combination of precast prestressed concrete
beams and in situ reinforced concrete slabs. Some examples of such composite construction are shown
in Fig. 10.1. An in situ infill between precast beams is shown in Fig. 10.1(a) while an in situ topping is
shown in Fig. 10.1(b). The former type of construction is often used in bridges, while the latter is
common in building construction. The beams are designed to act alone under their own weight plus the
weight of the wet concrete of the slab. Once the concrete in the slab has hardened and provided that
there is adequate horizontal shear connection between them, the slab and beam behave as a composite
section under design load. The beams act as permanent formwork for the slab, which provides the
compression flange of the composite section. The section size of the beam can thus be kept to a
minimum, since a compression flange is only required at the soffit at transfer. This leads to the use of
inverted T-, or top-hat, sections.
Once the concrete in the slab has hardened and the imposed load acts on the composite section, the
additional stress distribution is shown in Fig. 10.2(c). This is determined by ordinary bending theory, but
using the composite section properties.
The final stress distribution is shown Figure
Stress distribution within a composite section.
The floor slab shown in Fig. 10.3 comprises precast pretensioned beams and an in situ concrete slab. If
the span of the beams is 5 m and the imposed load is 5 kN/m2 (including finishes), determine the stress
distributions at the various load stages. Assume all long-term losses have occurred before the beams are
erected and that the net force in each wire is 19.4 kN. Section properties of the beams:
Ac=1.13105 mm2
Ic=7.5108 mm4
Zt=Zb=6106 mm3.
Eccentricity of the wires=12540=85 mm.
(i) Self weight of the beams=0.11324
=2.7 kN/m.
Mo=(2.752)/8
=8.4 kNm.
Total prestress force after all losses have occurred is given by
Po=619.4
=116.4 kN.
The stress distribution in the beams is thus given by
(ii) The weight of the slab is supported by the beams acting alone, so that Md=8.4+0.0750.62452/8
=11.8 kNm.
The stress distribution within the beams is now given by
(iii) The imposed load of 5 kN/m2 is supported by the composite section and the
section properties of this are now required. To find the neutral axis of the composite section, taking
moments about the soffit of the beams gives
(1.13105+75600)y=(1.13105125+75600288)
y=171 mm.
Icomp=7.5108+1.13105 (171125)2
+(753600)/12+(75600)/(288171)2
=1.63109 mm4.
The imposed load bending moment, (MdesMd)=0.6552/8
=9.4 kNm.
The stress distribution within the composite section under this extra bending moment
is given by
The maximum compressive stress occurs at the upper fibres of the beams, but is significantly lower than
the level of stress had the beam carried the total imposed load alone. This explains the advantage of
inverted T-sections in composite construction, where only a small compression flange is required for
bending moments Mo and Md, the
Stress distribution for composite section in Example 10.1 (N/mm2): (a) beam; (b)beam and slab; (c)
beam and slab and imposed load.
compression flange for bending moment Mdes being provided by the slab. The maximum compressive
stress in the slab is much lower than in the beam and, for this reason, in many composite structures a
lower grade of concrete is used for the in situ portion. The modulus of elasticity for this concrete is
lower than that for the beam and this effect can be taken into account in finding the composite section
properties by using an approximate modular ratio of 0.8.
The in situ slab in Example 10.1 lies above the composite section neutral axis and, therefore, the slab is
in compression over its full depth under the total design load. However, for composite sections as
shown in Fig. 10.1(a) the in situ portion of the section extends well below the neutral axis, so that the
lower region is in tension. If the tensile strength of this concrete is exceeded then the composite section
properties must be determined on the basis of the in situ section having cracked below the neutral axis.
ULTIMATE STRENGTH
The basic principles for the analysis of prestressed concrete sections at the ultimate limit state of
flexural strength described in Chapter 5 are also applicable to composite sections. For the section shown
in Fig. 10.5(a), it may be assumed initially that, at the ultimate limit state, the neutral axis lies within the
slab and the section may then be treated effectively as a rectangular beam. The position of the neutral
axis should later be checked to see whether it does, indeed, fall within the slab. For the section shown in
Fig. 10.5(b), the position of the neutral axis may be determined on the assumption that the section is
rectangular,
but the different strengths of the concrete in the slab and beam regions of the compression zone should
be taken into account.
HORIZONTAL SHEAR
The composite behaviour of the precast beam and in situ slab is only effective if the horizontal shear
stresses at the interface between the two regions can be resisted. For shallow members, such as that
shown in Fig. 10.3, there is usually no mechanical key between the two types of concrete, and reliance is
made on the friction developed between the contact surfaces. For deeper sections, mechanical shear
connectors in the form of links projecting from the beam are used, which provide a much better shear
connection. The determination of the horizontal shear resistance is based on the ultimate limit state,
and if this condition is satisfied it may be assumed that satisfactory horizontal shear resistance is
provided at the serviceability limit state. A simply supported composite section carrying a uniformly
distributed load is shown in Fig. 10.8(a) and the free-body diagram for half the length of the in situ slab
is shown in Fig. 10.8(b). At the simply supported end there must be zero force in the slab, while the
maximum force occurs at the midspan. The distribution of shear forces on the underside of the slab is
also shown in Fig. 10.8(b), being zero at midspan and reaching a maximum at the support. This
behaviour is similar to that in an elastic beam, where the vertical and horizontal shear stresses increase
towards the support for a uniformly distributed load.
The following expression is given in Part 13 of EC2 for the horizontal shear stress, where is the ratio
of the longitudinal force in the slab to the total longitudinal force, given by Msd/z, both calculated for a
given section; Vsd is the transverse ultimate shear force; z is the lever arm; and bj is the width of the
interface.
The design shear resistance for horizontal joints with vertical shear reinforcement is given by
Rdj=kTRd+N+0.87 fyk 0.33 vfck,
where kT is a coefficient with kT=0 if the joint is subjected to tension;
Rd is the basic design shear strength from Table
Horizontal shear: (a) composite section; (b) free-body diagram for in situ slab.
DIFFERENTIAL MOVEMENTS
The fact that the slab of a composite member is usually cast at a much later stage than the beam means
that most of the time-dependent effects of shrinkage of the slab take place with the section acting
compositely. Most of the shrinkage of the beam will already have occurred by the time the slab is in
place, and the movement due to the shrinkage of the slab will induce stresses throughout the whole of
the composite section. The water content of the slab concrete is often higher than that of the beam,
since a lower strength is required, and this aggravates the problem of differential shrinkage. These extra
stresses, which occur even under zero applied load, are not insignificant and should be considered in
design. Both the slab and beam undergo creep deformations under load and, although some of the
creep deformations in the beam may have taken place before casting of the slab, the level of
compressive stress is higher in the beam, and so the creep deformations are larger.
composite section which tend to reduce those set up by differential shrinkage. A problem which is
encountered, particularly in connection with bridge decks, is that of varying temperature across a
composite section, although this may still be a problem in composite members used as roof structures.
The hotter upper surface tends to expand more than the cooler lower surface and stresses are induced
throughout the composite section.
A method for determining the stresses due to differential shrinkage will now be outlined, and this can be
adapted to find the stresses due to differential creep and temperature movements. Consider a
composite member as shown in Fig. 10.13, where the slab is shown to have a free shrinkage movement
of sh relative to the beam. In reality this movement is restrained by the shear forces which are set up
between the slab and beam, putting the slab into tension and the beam into compression. The
magnitude of the tensile force in the slab is given by
T=shAc,slabEc,slab,
where Ac,slab and Ec,slab are the cross-sectional area and modulus of elasticity of the slab, respectively,
and sh is the free shrinkage strain of the slab concrete.
The compressive force in the beam must be numerically equal to this tensile force. In addition to the
direct stresses described above, bending stresses are also introduced by restraint of the free differential
shrinkage. In order to determine these stresses, the free bodies of the slab and beam are considered, as
shown in Fig. 10.14. Initially, the slab can be regarded as having a force T applied through its centroid, so
that its length is equal to that of the beam. There must be no net external force on the composite
member due to differential shrinkage alone, so a pair of equal and opposite compressive forces must be
applied to maintain equilibrium. However, these compressive forces act on the composite section and
induce a bending moment at the ends of the member of
Internal stress resultants due to differential movements.
General aspects pretensioned prestressed bridge decks Post tensioned prestressed bridge decks
Principle of design only.