2017

A FIELD STUDY REPORT ON EDUCATION TRIP

FROM SIKKIM TO DARZELLING

Supervisor Submitted By
Dr. REJESH SHARMA KSHAMA SRIVASTAVA
Dr. BHANU PRAKASH M.SC BOTANY SEM-IV
ROLL NO.15419BOT02
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Feeling get expression in word and word express feeling. This statement may be true for day to day
ordinary feeling but I wonder whether I would do justice if I express my feeling in world for the person
involved in fulfillments of this academic tour in fact. I find my self-crippled, the moment. I start jotting
down my feelings in this regard. None the less this attempt is inscribed as following.

I bow my head in respect to late Mahamana Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya, the founder of Banaras
Hindu University for his Life time sacrifice and efforts in establishing such a great temple of learning for
the cause of millions of students like me.

I wish to my gratitude to , Department of Botany, BHU for valuable guide line and his untiring and
inspiring supervision critical assessment, help full suggestion and constant encouragement throughout
the memorable tour.

I am thankful to Dr.RAJESH SHARMA and Dr.BHANU PRAKASH for their constant help and support with
marvelous supervision in entire visiting and learning process.

I owe my thanks to Prof. Madhoolika Agrawal, head department of botany for providing necessary
facilities.

I express my heartfelt thanks to lab attendants Mr. Amit Sharma and Mr.Ashok Kumar for their co-
operation and taking care of collected materials.

No words can adorn the indebtedness to my beloved parent for their consecrated and inordinate efforts
and everlasting encouragement.
Content

# Introduction

# Chronological Order of Events

# Constitution of Tour

# Sites description

# Points of Academic Importance

# Sweet Memories
Introduction
Learning should be a joy and full of excitement. It is lifes greatest adventure. It is an illustrated
excursion into the mind of the noble and the learned.

Being a Botanist plant diversity have always fascinated me and viewing them in their habitat was such
an awesome experience that have no word to explain. As WEST SIKKIM and DARZELLING have a suitable
atmospheric condition for growth of bryophyte, pteridophyte, and gymnosperm.

Here on mountain there is a great collection of bryophyte, pteridophyta, and gymnosperm. There was
zonation of different bryophyte and pteridophyta. Al though our main focus was on collection but whole
tour was full of fun and enjoyment. Natural beauty was as its most. First time in life I realized concept of
learn with fun.

We were fortunate enough to have guidance of two experts of our department professors Dr. RAJESH
SHARMA and Dr. BHANU PRAKASH. And lab attendant Mr. Ashok KUMAR and Mr. AMIT SHARMA for
their lab information to recognize plants and give a basic information .

A traveler without observation is a bird without wing.

Along with observing plant, nature and different temples, I was also observing the two teachers their
energy, persistence, experience to enrich their students with knowledge is hard to find elsewhere.
Specially Dr. Rajesh Sharma sir and Dr.Bhanu Prakash sir, his dedication taught us that education is
never limited by place, age or resources, it is only matter of eagerness to teach a willingness to receive
knowledge. We got this rare opportunity to interact with such a great personality, teacher and human,
in our life. We salute you sir. This tour taught us not only about plant, method of collection, their
fixation and preservation but also about various sphere of life. I helped us to have better understanding
of education and also rich cultural and natural heritage of India.

We understood importance of team spirit unity. We become more friendly to our classmate. We mate a
lot of good people during excursion. Most important part of excursion was that everybody weather
teacher, student or lab attendant all were lodging eating travelling and enjoying together. Everyone was
treated with affection and respect.
 CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER OF EVENTS

SERIAL DAY DATE TIME PLACE VISITED SPOT MEANS OF

NO CONVEYENCE

1. MONDAY 2/01/2017 3:00 VARANASI MUGHALASARAI KAMAKHYA

P.M. JUNCTION EXPRESS

2. TUEDAY 3/01/2017 9:30 NEW JALPAIGURI PELLING BY CAR

A.M.

3. WEDNESDAY 4/1/2017 9:45 HELIPAD,KANCHENJUNGA PELLING BY WALKING

A.M. FALL,KHECHEOPALRI
LAKE,VIEW POINT

4 WEDNESDAY 4/1/2017 3:00 RHINCHING RINCHEN PONG BY CAR

P.M. PONG,SHINGSHORE
BRIDGE AT 4:30

5. THURSDAY 5/1/2017 8:00A.M. RESUM RINCHENPONG BY WALKING

MONESTRY,POISON LAKE,
TAGORE HOUSE,

6. FRIDAY 6/1/2017 5:00 KALIK MARKET,CHAR SIKKIM BY CAR

P.M. DHAM

7. SATURDAY 7/1/2017 8:00P.M.

BOTANICAL DARZELLING BY CAR
GARDEN,ZOOLOGICAL
PARK, DARZELLING
MARKET
8. FRIDAY 8/1/2017 4:30A.M. TIGER HILL,BOTARIA DARZELLING BY CAR
LOOP,SPOTS
VISITS,BUDDHA TEMPLE,
ROPEWAY ST.JOSEPH
SCHOOL.
9. SATURDAY 8/10/2016 9:00 MARKET, DARZELLING BY CAR
A.M.
10. SUNDAY 9/1/2017 10:25 NEPAL ,PASHUPATI NJP BY CAR
A.M. MANDIR,

11. MONDAY 10/1/2017 3:00A.M STATION,HONGKONG NJP EXPRESS

MARKET
12. TUESDAY 11/1/2017 3:30 MUGHALSARAI MUGHALSARAI EXPRESS
A.M. JUNCTION
WHAT IS TOURISM ?

In 1976, the Tourism Society of England's definition was: "Tourism is the temporary, short-term
movement of people to destinations outside the places where they normally live and work and
their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes.

In 1941, Hunziker and Kraft defined tourism as "the sum of the phenomena and relationships
arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent
residence and are not connected with any earning activity."

In 1981, the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined tourism in terms
of particular activities chosen and undertaken outside the home.

In 1994, the United Nations identified three forms of tourism in its Recommendations on
Tourism Statistics.

Domestic tourism, involving residents of the given country traveling only within this country
Inbound tourism, involving non-residents traveling in the given country
Outbound tourism, involving residents traveling in another country
The terms tourism and travel are sometimes used interchangeably. In this context, travel has a
similar definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey. The
terms tourism and tourist are sometimes used pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest in the
cultures or locations visited.
IMPORTANCE OF FIELD STUDY

Tourism links communities throughout our vast province, and defines our image how we see
ourselves and how others see us. Tourism sector comprises five industries accommodation,
food and beverage, recreation and entertainment, transportation, and travel services.

But here Scince is a subject that needs practical training besides the theoretical knowledge.
Botany being an important branch of natural science infactrequire much more intense field
training than other branches. After all one can not be fully aquinted to the natural objects like
Rocks, Plants, Natural vegetation of different places of laboratory to have a close look at them or
to study them without practical approach.

SIKKIM As A VISITING SPOT

Sikkim is a northeastern state of India. It borders China in its north and east, Bhutan in its
east, Nepal in its west and the Indian state of West Bengal in its south. Sikkim is also located
close to the Siliguri Corridor near Bangladesh. Sikkim is the least populous and second
smallest among the Indian states. A part of the Eastern Himalaya, Sikkim is notable for its
biodiversity, including alpine and subtropical climates, as well as being a host to
Kanchenjunga, the highest peak in India and third highest on Earth. Sikkim's capital and
largest city is Gangtok. Almost 25% of the state is covered by the Khangchendzonga National
Park.
Modern Sikkim is a multiethnic and multilingual Indian state. Sikkim has 11 official
languages: Nepali, Sikkimese, Lepcha, Tamang, Limbu, Newari, Rai, Gurung, Magar,
Sunwar and English. English is taught in schools and used in government documents.The
predominant religions are Hinduism and Vajrayana Buddhism. Sikkim's economy islargely
dependent on agriculture and tourism, and as of 2014 the state had the third- smallest GDP
among Indian states, although it is also among the fastest-growing.Sikkim accounts for the
largest share of cardamom production in India, and is the world'ssecond largest producer of the
spice after Guatemala. Sikkim has the highest share ofagricultural land dedicated to organic
farming in India. It is also among India'smost environmentally conscious states, having banned
plastic water bottles andstyrofoam products.
FLORA AND FAUNA
Sikkim is situated in an ecological hotspot of the lower Himalayas, one of only three
among the ecoregions of India. The forested regions of the state exhibit a diverserange
of fauna and flora.Sikkim is home to around 5,000 species of flowering plants, 515 rare
orchids, 60 primulaspecies, 36 rhododendron species, 11 oak varieties, 23 bamboo varieties,
16 coniferspecies, 362 types of fernsand ferns allies, 8 tree ferns, and over 900 medicinal
plants. A variant of the Poinsettia, locally known as "Christmas Flower", can be found
inabundance in the mountainous state. The Noble Dendrobium is the official flower ofSikkim,
while the rhododendron is the state tree.Orchids, figs, laurel, bananas, sal trees and bamboo
grow in the Himalayan subtropicalbroadleaf forests of the lower altitudes of Sikkim. In the
temperate elevations above 1,500metres (4,900 ft) there are Eastern Himalayan broadleaf
forests, where oaks, chestnuts,maples, birches, alders, and magnolias grow in large numbers,
as well as Himalayansubtropical pine forests, dominated by Chir pine. Alpine-type
vegetation is typically foundbetween an altitude of 3,500 to 5,000 metres (11,500 to 16,400 ft).
In lower elevations arefound juniper, pine, firs, cypresses and rhododendrons from the Eastern
Himalayansubalpine conifer forests. Higher up are Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and
meadows,home to a broad variety of rhododendrons and wildfl

The fauna of Sikkim include the snow leopard, musk deer, Himalayan tahr, red
panda,Himalayan marmot, Himalayan serow, Himalayan goral, muntjac, common langur,
Asian black bear, clouded leopard, marbled cat, leopard cat, dhole, Tibetan wolf, hog
badger, binturong, and Himalayan jungle cat. Among the animals more commonly found
inthe alpine zone are yaks, mainly reared for their milk, meat, and as a beast of burden.
The avifauna of Sikkim include the impeyan pheasant, crimson horned pheasant, snow
partridge, Tibetan snowcock, bearded vulture and griffon vulture, as well as golden eagles,
quails, plovers, woodcocks, sandpipers, pigeons, Old World flycatchers, babblers androbins.
Sikkim has more than 550 species of birds, some of which have been declaredendangered.
NEW JALPAI GURI-

New Jalpaiguri (Station code: NJP) (located nearby Jalpaiguri district) is a railway station
which serves Siliguri city of Indian state of WEST BENGAL.
PELLING- Pelling, a beautiful town in the West district of Sikkim, is becoming the
second biggest tourist destination in Sikkim after Gangtok. The main attraction of the
place is the breath-taking sight of the Khangchendzonga and the neighboring peaks.
The famous Pemayangste monastery is less than a kilo meter from here and is a major
tourist hotspot. It also provides sites for mountain biking, rock climbing, village tours,
meditations, educational studies and several other activities. The scenic town of Pelling
is a perfect holiday destination for all nature lovers.
Kanchenjunga fall-
Kangchenjunga also spelled Kanchenjunga, is the third highest mountain in the world, and lies
partly in Nepal and partly in Sikkim, India.
Marchantia

Division Hepaticophyta
Class Hepaticopsida
Order Marchantiales
Family Marchantiaceae
Genus Marchantia. P
The genus Marchantia is found all part of world. The species grow best in cool moist and shady
places.

The gametophyte of Marchantia is prostrate dorsiventral and dichotomously branched. There is

specialized multicellular asexual reproductive body which is called as Gemma cup present on
dorsal surface of thallus on mid rib region.The vegetative reproduction takes place by a
specialized structure called Gemma Cup present on dorsal surface of thallus in the mid rib
region. A gemma cup is approximately 2mm in diameter and 3mm in height. From the floor of
gemma cup many small stacked discoid and biconvex gemmae.
SILVER FERN- Cyathea dealbata, also known as the silver tree-fern or silver fern, , is a
species of medium-sized tree fern, endemic to New Zealand.[2] It is a symbol commonly
associated with the country both overseas and by WEST SIKKIM themselves.
EQUISETUM-
Order Equisetales,
Family Equisetaceae
Genus Equisetum

Equisetum is the only living genus in Equisetaceae, a family of vascular plants that reproduce
by spores rather than seeds.] In these plants the leaves are greatly reduced and usually non-
photosynthetic. They contain a single, non-branching vascular trace, which is the defining
feature of microphylls. However, it has recently been recognised that horsetail microphylls are
probably not ancestral as in Lycopodiophyta (clubmosses and relatives), but rather
derived adaptations, evolved by reduction of megaphylls. They are, therefore, sometimes
referred to as megaphylls to reflect this homology. The leaves of horsetails are arranged
in whorls fused into nodal sheaths. The stems are usually green and photosynthetic, and are
distinctive in being hollow, jointed and ridged (with sometimes 3 but usually 6-40 ridges). There
may or may not be whorls of branches at the nodes.
Araurcaria
Class Pinopsida
Order Pinales
Family Araucariaceae
Genus Araucaria

Araucaria are mainly large trees with a massive erect stem, reaching a height of 580 metres
(16262 ft). The horizontal, spreading branches grow in whorls and are covered with leathery or
needle-like leaves. In some species, the leaves are narrow, awl-shaped and lanceolate, barely
overlapping each other; in others they are broad and flat, and overlap broadly.[5]
The trees are mostly dioecious, with male and female cones found on separate trees,[6] though
occasional individuals are monoecious or change sex with time.
KHECHEOPALRI LAKE-
Khecheopalri Lake, originally known as Kha-Chot-Palri (meaning the heaven
of Padmasambhava), is a lake located near Khecheopalri village, 147 kilometres (91 mi) west
of Gangtok in the West Sikkim district of the Northeastern Indian state of Sikkim.

VEGETATION-
The lake is surrounded by a broad-leaved mixed temperate forest.[9] However, the vegetation in
the lake comprises Macrophytes, Phytoplankton and Zooplankton.[2]
Macrophytes comprised Aponogeton monostachyon, Ceratophyllum sp., Monocharia
vaginalis, Scirpus sp. The Phytoplankton species are a composition of different families
namely, Chlorophyceae (18) which is the foremost
group, Chrysophyceae (15), Cyanophyceae (11), and one species each
of Charophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Dinophyceae and Cryptophyceae.[2]
SPHAGNUM-

Kingdom: Plantae

Phylum: Bryophyta

Class: Sphagnopsida

Subclass: Sphagnidae

Order: Sphagnales

Family: Sphagnaceae

Genus: Sphagnum

Sphagnum is a genus of approximately 380 accepted species[2] of mosses, commonly known

as peat moss. Accumulations of Sphagnum can store water, since both living and dead plants can
hold large quantities of water inside their cells; plants may hold 1626 times as much water as
their dry weight, depending on the species.[3]The empty cells help retain water in drier
conditions. Hence, as sphagnum moss grows, it can slowly spread into drier conditions, forming
larger mires, both raised bogs and blanket bogs.
FUNARIA-
Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Bryophyta

Class: Bryopsida

Subclass: Funariidae

Order: Funariales

Family: Funariaceae

Genus: Funaria

Funaria is a genus of approximately 210 species of moss. Funaria hygrometrica is the most
common species. Funaria hygrometrica is called cord moss because of the twisted seta which
is very hygroscopic and untwists when moist. The name is derived from Latin word funis
meaning a rope.In funaria root like structures called Rhizoids are present
Capsules are abundant with the moss surviving as spore when conditions are not suitable.
Moss plant Funaria grows in dense patches or cushions in moist shady and cool places during
the rainy seasons. It has a height of 35 cm axisstem.
RHINCHINPONG-
Rinchenpong is a town in West Sikkim, India. It is situated in West Sikkim, about 40 km west
of Gangtok, 10 km due south of Gyalshing, close to the village of Kaluk. It sits at an altitude of
5576 feet (1,700m) above sea level amidst a heavily forested area. It is famous for the Rigsum
Monastery and trekking routes.

Rinchenpong is a town in West Sikkim, India. It is situated in West Sikkim, about 40 km west
of Gangtok, 10 km due south of Gyalshing, close to the village of Kaluk. It sits at an altitude of
5576 feet (1,700m) above sea level amidst a heavily forested area. It is famous for the Rigsum
Monastery and trekking routes.
Near the town is the site of a historical battle between the forces of the then Chogyal (King) of
Sikkim and the invading British forces. The Lepcha tribesmen used a concoction of unidentified
herbs to poison the only water source, a lake (local term : pokhri). As a result more than half of
the British forces were wiped out which stopped the British invasion and resulted in an accord.
The lake remains poisoned even to this day and is known as bikh-pokhri locally (poisoned lake).

Shinshor Bridge-

Although some sources have its height at 200 meters, the Singshore suspension bridge is
probably not much over 100 meters. The main span, however, is approximately 200 meters.
There has been talk of putting a permanent bungee operation on the bridge but its remote
location in the mountains of West Sikkim will make that unlikely to happen.
An hour drive from Kaluk & Rinchenpong brings you to the 2nd highest Suspension Bridge of
Asia. It is located 109 metres above the Kaleej River.

Lichen

Lichen grow on the tree bark, rock or soil. This is abest example of symbiosis association of fungi and
algae. They are highly sensitive to so2 pollution so it generally not found in polluted area. It is of three
types- Crustose, Foliose, Fruticose.
 Crustose Lichen-

Crustose is a habit of some types of algae and lichens in which the plant grows tightly
appressed to a substrate forming a biological layer of the adhering organism. Crustose adheres
very closely to the substrates at all points. Crustose is found on rocks and tree bark.[5] Some
species of marine algae of the Rhodophyta, in particular members of
the order Corallinales, family Corallinaceae, subfamily Melobesioideae with cell walls
containing calcium carbonate grow to great depths in the intertidal zone, forming crusts on
various substrates.[1] The substrate can be rocks throughout the intertidal zone, or, as in the case
of the Corallinales, reef-building corals, and other living organisms including plants, such
as mangroves and animals such as shelled molluscs. The coralline red algae are major members
of coral reef communities, cementing the corals together with their crusts. Among the brown
algae, the order Ralfsiales comprises two families of crustose algae.
RINCHENPONG MONESTERY
The Rinchenpong monastery is located on the hill slopes of the village of Upper Rinchenpong.
The history of the monastery dates back to 1730 AD when it was established. The monastery is
unique for its rare Adi- Buddha statue.
CHAR DHAM
Char Dham is a huge pilgrimage cum cultural complex developed by the SikkimGovernment to
promote Religious, Eco and Village tourism in the state. Over Rs. 56 crorehas been spent on this
complex which spreads across 29 hectares of area on top of a hill known as the Solophok hill in
Namchi of south Sikkim. This temple complex is also known as SiddheswarDham and was
inaugurated on 8th November 2011. Char Dham is located about 5kms from Namchi town and
accessible by a nice smooth road all the way. At one point the car needs to ascend uphill to reach
the top of Solophokhill. There is a huge open car park where you will need to park your car. It is
a paid car parking. From here you will need to walk. For persons with mobility challenges, the
staff can organize battery operated cart and even separate entrance to offer prayers to the deity.
POISON LAKE

The lake is located amidst chestnut forest is 5 minutes down the road from Rinchenpong
monastery. The lake holds a significant history since it played a pivotal role in driving back
the British forces during 1860s. The lake which was the only source of water was poisoned
by the local Lepcha people and thus it gets the name. At present the lake has dried up and
there is a beautiful walking trail in the nearby forest.
RABINDRA SMRITY VAN

Rabindra Nath Tagore is believed to have visited Rinchenpong and stayed at the old British
bungalow in the village. It is also said that he composed a section of his book Gitanjali
during his stay at the bungalow. In his memory a forest area is developed as a garden and
conservation efforts has been made by the local people to protect the nature.
DARZELLING-
BOTANICAL GARDEN- Lloyd's Botanical Garden, or Darjeeling Botanical
Garden, is a botanical garden in Darjeeling in the Indian state of West Bengal.

Lloyd's Botanical Garden was established in 1878 when 40 acres (160,000 m2) of land was
acquired at Darjeeling to form a botanic garden as a distant annexe of the Calcutta Botanical
Garden. The land was provided by William Lloyd, in whose name the botanical garden has been
named.

Collections
The Darjeeling Botanical Garden preserves several species
of bamboo, oak, magnolia, arisaema, cotoneaster, wild geranium, and rhododendron
forest native plants of the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region, Sikkim region, and other
neighbouring regions. Also, several exotic plants are preserved.
The Cacti and Succulent collection of 150 species is displayed in the Conservatory. The
collection of native Orchids from the Singalila Ridge in present-day Singalila National Park is
rare and notable.
Z

THE ORCHEDS IN GARDEN

The Orchidaceae are a diverse and widespread family of flowering plants, with blooms that are
often colourful and often fragrant, commonly known as the orchid family.

Along with the Asteraceae, they are one of the two largest families of flowering plants. The
Orchidaceae have about 28,000 currently accepted species, distributed in about 763 genera.The
determination of which family is larger is still under debate, because verified data on the
members of such enormous families are continually in flux. Regardless, the number of orchid
species nearly equals the number of bony fishes and is more than twice the number
of bird species, and about four times the number of mammal species. The family also
encompasses about 611% of all seed plants. The largest genera are Bulbophyllum (2,000
species), Epidendrum (1,500 species), Dendrobium (1,400 species) and Pleurothallis (1,000
species).

The family also includes Vanilla (the genus of the vanilla plant), Orchis (type genus), and many
commonly cultivated plants such as Phalaenopsis and Cattleya.

TIGER HILLS
Tiger Hill (2,590 m) is located in Darjeeling, in the Indian State of West Bengal, and is the
summit of Ghoom, the highest railway station in the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway a
UNESCO World Heritage Site. It has a panoramic view of Mount Everest and Mt.
Kangchenjunga together. At sunrise, the peaks of Kangchenjunga are illuminated before the sun
is seen at lower elevations.
BATASIA LOOP
The Batasia Loop is a spiral railway created to lower the gradient of ascent of the Darjeeling
Himalayan Railway in Darjeeling district of West Bengal, India. At this point, the track spirals
around over itself through a tunnel and over a hilltop. It was commissioned in 1919.
TOY TRAIN
The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, also known as the "Toy Train", is a 2 ft (610 mm)
narrowgauge railway that runs between New Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling in the Indian state of
West Bengal, India. Built between 1879 and 1881, the railway is about 78 km (48 mi) long. Its
elevation level varies from about 100 m (328 ft) at New Jalpaiguri to about 2,200 m (7,218 ft) at
Darjeeling.
TEA GARDEN IN DARJEELING
Darjeeling tea is a tea from the Darjeeling district in West Bengal, India. It is available in black,
green, white and oolong. When properly brewed, it yields a thin-bodied, light-coloured infusion
with a floral aroma. The flavour can include a tinge of astringenttannic characteristics and
a musky spiciness sometimes described as "muscatel".Unlike most Indian teas, Darjeeling tea is
normally made from the small-leaved Chinese variety of Camellia sinensis var. sinensis, rather
than the large-leaved Assam plant (C. sinensis var. assamica). Traditionally, Darjeeling tea is
made as black tea; however, Darjeeling oolong and green teas are becoming more commonly
produced and easier to find, and a growing number of estates are also producing white teas.
SWEET MEMORIES-

MEMORIES ARE THE KEY NOT TO THE PAST,BUT TO THE

FUTURE
CONCLUSION

Overall botanical tour provided us a lot of knowledge about nature. And we have enjoyed much
more that helped in freshening of mind from the out of classroom. All thevsited site was full of
attraction for us and views were charming.