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Chapter 10
1
♦ 3-D geometries depend on number of e- pairs ( bond +
nonbonding) about the central atom
2
2 pairs
Linear
3 pairs
Trigonal planar
3
4 pairs
Tetrahedral
Molecular Geometry:
4
5 pairs
Trigonal bipyramidal
PCl5
Lewis structure:
Molecular Geometry:
5
6 pairs
Octahedral
SF6
Lewis Structure:
Molecular Geometry:
6
Role of non-bonding (lone) pairs:
7
Case I: AX2E
E = lone pair
Example: BH2-
Lewis Structure:
Bond Angles: Note that the E-B-H angle > 1200 and the
H-B-H angle < 1200. Any guesses as to why?
8
Case II: AX3E Example NH3
Lewis structure:
Lewis structure:
9
10
Case IV: AX4E Example: SF4
Lewis structure:
Lewis structure:
11
Case VI: AX2E3 Example: I3-
Lewis structure:
Lewis structure:
12
Case VIII: AX4E2 Example: XeF4
Lewis structure:
Example CO2
Lewis structure:
13
Example: HCN
Lewis structure
Lewis structure:
14
Resonance forms and Molecular Geometry
Example: CO32-
15
Dipole Moment and Molecular Geometry
CO2: 0 dipole δ+
δ− O C O δ−
NH3: δ− δ−
:
N
H H
H
δ+ δ+
16
17
Valence bond theory is an approximate theory
to explain the covalent bond from a quantum mechanical
view.
18
Basic Assumption
Basic Tenets
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Types of hybridization schemes
Indicates Indicates number of
original atomic atomic orbitals used
in scheme
The sp hybrid
^
Energy p __ __ __ p __ __
^ =hybridization=>
sp __ __
s __
+
s p sp1 sp2
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Example of sp hybridization scheme: BeH2
p ( )( )( ) p ( )( )
=hybridization=>
sp (↑ )(↑ )
s (↑↓)
H + ↑ Be ↑ + H
↓↑ ↑↓
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VSEPR hybridization
Linear, AX2 sp
Tetrahedral sp3
AX4, AX3E, AX2E2
Octahedral d2sp3
AX6, AX5E, AX4E2
O=C=O
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- Consider that the central carbon atom has 4 bonds. We
should realize that the C atom should have four
unpaired electrons in order to accommodate 4 bonds.
C 2s(↑↓) 2p(↑ )( ↑ )( )
p (↑ )( ↑ )( ) p (↑ )( ↑ )
=hybridization=>
sp (↑ )(↑ )
s (↑↓)
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Remember that:
- Hybrid orbitals form σ-bonding schemes.
s (↑↓)
p orbitals on oxygen
↑↓
p2
p3
↑
↑
p1
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sp hybrids (shaded) and p orbitals on the C atom
p2
↓ sp2
sp1
↓ ↓
↓
p1
↑↓ ↑↓
O–C–O
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Now consider the π-bonding scheme:
↓
↑
↓ ↑
The π-bonds are weaker since the orbital overlaps are not
as direct as with σ-bonds.
H–C≡C–H
Two π-bonds
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Let’s now consider H2, F2, and C2H4
H: 1s (↑ )
F: 2s (↑↓) 2p(↑↓)(↑↓)(↑ )
2
H H
sp sp2
hybridization C=C hybridization
H H
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Hybridization scheme of the C atoms
p (↑ )( ↑ )( ) p (↑ )
=hybridization=>
sp2 (↑ )(↑ ) (↑ )
s (↑↓)
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Lone pairs and VBT
p (↑↓ )( ↑ )( ↑ ) p
=hybridization=>
sp2 (↑↓)(↑↓ )(↑ )(↑ )
s (↑↓)
Two unpaired
electrons
available for
bonding to H
atomic orbitals
31
You can represent the bonding to the oxygen atom in H 2 O
as follows:
2p
sp3 sp3
lone O-H
2s pairs bonds
Energy
1s 1s 1s
O atom O atom O atom
(ground state) (hybridized state) (in H 2 O)
32
As our last example for the course let’s consider the VBT
model for XeF4
5d 5d
5p sp3d 2
5s
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• This suggests that you use sp 3 d 2 hybrid orbitals
on xenon.
5d
sp3d 2
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↑↓
↑↓
↑↓ ↑↓
↑↓
↑↓
Review:
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