POONSARP TECHASUPATKUL (SARP) 1106

MORPHINE

Introduction

Morphine has a centuries old history of use as a medical drug for a variety of
clinical conditions. It soon began to gain popularity as a pain reliever. The drug
was commercially produced in the mid-19th century and was used as an alternative
to opium and also as a substitution therapy to help cure opium addiction. Morphine
are named after the Greek God of dreams, Morpheus. [3]

Plants were the first source for medications and continue to play an important role
in modern medicine. Morphine is one of the oldest drugs known to man. It was
used for many illnesses and many patients and physicians became dependent on it.
Morphine, an alkaloid derived from the poppy, is one of the best known examples
of a plant-derived medicine. The poppy plant has a long history of medicinal use,
with morphine being a more recent variant. [1]
 POONSARP TECHASUPATKUL (SARP) 1106

Application

C17H19NO3 or Morphine (MF) and other opioids have been commonly thought to
down-regulate the immune responsiveness. However the effect of opioids is
potentially serious as it is the main component of drug abuse. Morphine is one of
the most effective and widely prescribed drugs against chronic pain or acute pain
caused by broken bone and/or twisted joint. It is used to treat severe or long-term
(chronic) pain. [1] Before and after surgery, morphine can be administered to
patients to relieve acute pain, especially when bigger organs are removed or
treated. Pain relief with the use of this compound was ten times that experienced
with opium use.

Short or long term adverse effects of morphine can occur during prescription
dosing. High doses of the drug could lead to psychiatric effects, nausea, vomiting,
depression of the cough, constipation and slowed breathing. Slow heart rate,
sighing, weak or shallow breathing is some example of side effect of morphine
usage.

Physical property [4] Chemical property

Solid Melting Point 255 C

Boiling point 190 C
Odorless
Molecular Weight 285.343 g/mol
White, crystalline alkaloid
pH of saturated solution: 8.5
References
1. Bayuo, J. (2014, 10 31). Nurses perceptions and experiences regarding Morphine
usage in burn pain management. Retrieved from
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305417914003684
2. Borman, A. (2011, 08). Small doses of morphine can enhance NK cell cytotoxicity
in pigs. Retrieved from
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1567576908003421
3. Brook, K. (2017, 02). The Chemical History of Morphine: An 8000-year Journey,
from Resin to de-novo Synthesis. Retrieved from
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352452916301293
4. Morphine. (2017, 5 23). Retrieved from Information, National Center for
Biotechnology:
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/morphine#section=Computed-
Properties
5. Paul, A. K. (2017, 04). Morphine dosing strategy plays a key role in the generation
and duration of the produced antinociceptive tolerance. Retrieved from
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390817301843
6. Salmanzadeh, H. (2017, 03). Adolescent chronic escalating morphine
administration induces long lasting changes in tolerance and dependence to
morphine in rats. Retrieved from
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031938417300690