K2

1800
In the preceding sections, we have seen that the permittivity of , the permeability of , and
the conductivity . Actually, each of these parameters depends to some extent on the
frequency of the waves you are considering. Indeed, if the permittivity were truly constant,
then the index of refraction in a transparent medium, n= r , would also constant. But it
is well now from optics that n is a function of wavelenght. A prims or a raindrop bends blue
light mre sharply than red and spreads white light out into a rainbow of colours. This
Phenomenon is called dispersion. By extension, whenever the speed of a wave depends on its
fequency, the supporting medium is called dispersive.

Because waves of different frequency travel at different speeds in a dispersive medium, a

wave form that incorporates a range of frequencies will change shape as it propagates. A
sharply peaed wave typically flattens out, and whereas each sinusoidal component travels t
the ordinary wave (or phase) velocity.

v=
k

Kspring
Ks

Dimana x adalah perpindahan dari ekuilibrium, m adalah massa elektron, dan 0

adalah frekuensi osilasi yang dialami Kspring /m . Jika ini mengejutkan Anda
sebagai model yang tidak masuk akal, lihat kembali contoh 4.1, di mana kita
membawa kekuatan bentuk ini dengan tepat. Sebenarnya, hampir semua
kekuatan pengikat dapat didekati dengan cara ini untuk perpindahan kecil yang
cukup kecil dari ekuilibrium, seperti yang dapat Anda lihat dengan memperluas
energi potensial dalam rangkaian taylor tentang titik ekuilibrium:

Kspring = d2/dx2 I0
The imaginary term in the denominator means that is out of phase with E-
Lagging behind by an angel tan-1 [/(o2 2)] that is very small when << o
and rises to pi when >> o

In general, differently situated electrons within a given

molecule experience different natural frequencies and
damping coefficients. Lets say there are fi electrons
with frequency j and damping j in each molecule. If
there are N molecules per unit volume, the polarization
P is given by the real part of
Now, I defined the electric susceptibility as the proportionality
constat between P and E (specifically, P = 0eE). In the
present case P is not proportional to E (this is not, strictly
speaking, a linear medium) because of the difference in phase.
However, the complex polarization P is proportional to the
complex field E, and this suggest that we introduce a complex
susceptibility, e.

All of the manipulations we went through before carry

over, on the understanding that the physical polarization
is the real part of P, just as the physical field is the real
part of E. In particular, the proportionality between D
and E is the complex permittivity = o (1+ e),
j
Evidently the wave is attenuated (this is hardly
surprising, since the damping absorbs energy). because
the intensity is proportional to E2 (and e-2z), the quantity

is called the absorption coefficient. Meanwhile, the

wave velocity is j/, and the index of refraction is

I have deliberately used notation reminiscent of

sect.9.4.1. However, in the present case K and have
nothing to do with conductivity; rather, they are
determined by the parameters of our damped harmonic
oscillator.For gases, the second term in equation 9.161
is small, and we can approximate the square root
(equation 9.164) by the first term in the binomial
expansion, 1
1+ 1+
2 then
1< < 2