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3.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the methodology utilized in this study. In particular, research
design, research hypotheses, population and sample, instruments, data collection procedures,
at single point in time. Study design depends greatly on the nature of the research question. In
other words, knowing what kind of details the study should collect is a first pace in
determining how the study will be carried out. Cross-sectional is an observational study. This
means that researchers record information about their subjects without manipulating the study
environment. In this study, we would measure the students time management and students
English performance. In this cross-sectional study would not ask students to change their
variables at the same time. For example, look at age, gender, income and educational level in
The population of this study includes all 14 years old and 15 years old students in
government school and private school. The selected school was conveniently sampled from
private school and government school in Kuala Lumpur. Even though it is important for the
researcher to draw generalization to the whole population, however for some reasons the
probabilistic sampling was not chosen for this study. The convenience sampling technique
was chosen because first of all the design of this study is a cross-sectional study and due to
nature of the design, students are no assigned randomly. Another reason for choosing this
sampling method is because the school principal gave the researcher permission to conduct
the research there. Moreover this sampling technique enables the researcher to achieve the
61students from private school been selected from private school took part in this
study and another 39 students from government school. The samples from both government
school and private school with sum of 100 samples took part in Students time management
and students performance in English among private and government schools study. Based on
Barry & Nelson (1979) stated that minimum of 15 samples in order to conduct a study. In this
study, there are 61 samples from private school and 39 from government school. The private
school has a total student population of 750 students while government school has a total
student population of 800 students. The researcher randomly selected two classes. Samples
from two intact classes were selected among private school and government school. The
samples who took part in this study consist of 31 males and 69 females.
3.4 Instruments
The quality of the instruments use in research is very important for the conclution
researchers draw based on the details they obtain using these instruments; therefore, the
validity and reliability of the instrument are two essential elements that must be carefully
According to Gay et al. (2009), validity means the extent to which an instrument
measures what it is intended to measure. There are four different forms of validity, namely
Marteau, 1997). Based on Selma (2002) Time management questionnaire was used to
Cronbachs alpha (or coefficient alpha), developed by Lee Cronbach in 1951, is a way
like Cronbachs alpha, are most commonly used to see if questionnaires with multiple Likert
scale questions are reliable. These questions are designed to measure latent variables. A latent
openness. These variables are notoriously difficult to actually measure; Cronbachs alpha will
tell you if the test you have designed is accurately measuring the latent variable you are
interested in. Reliability is how well a test consistently measures what it is supposed to
measure. According to Gay et al. (2009), reliability is defined as the degree to which a test
consistent in values even though after multiple measurements. The result of the pilot test
established the reliability of time management. The pilot test participants were fifthteen from
private school and fifthteen from government school. Cronbach Alpha was used to measure
A rule of thumb for interpreting alpha for dichotomous questions (i.e. questions with two
In general, a score of more than 0.7 is considered acceptable although some authors suggest
higher values of 0.90-0.95 should be the norm. Some of the authors like Cohen, Manion, &
Marrison (2007) considered a minimum value for reliability is 0.60. Reliability of this study
was produced by using Statistic Package For Social Science (SPSS Version 23.)
3.5 Pilot Study
In order to test the reliability of the instrument used for this study, time management
questionnaire was used to get the information from 30 samples government and private
school. Researcher gave instruction to the samples before samples answering the
questionnaire. 20 minutes given to the samples to finish total of twenty six instruments. After
the questionnaire been done by thirty samples from both private school and government
school, data had been analysed using SPSS. The table 3.2
Cronbachs Alpha for thirty samples both from private school and government school
showed .788 for twenty six items of time management questionnaire. Conbachs Alpha = .788
reached conventional standard for scale reliability. Based on authors like Cohen, Manion, &
Marrison (2007), Cronbachs Alpha with .788 consider as acceptable internal consistency.
3.6 Procedure
Before this study carry on in both private school and government school, researchers
write in the letter to principals of the school to get the permission to conduct a study in the
school. After the principal give permission, researcher will start to discuss with the person in
charge in the school to explain the procedure when conduct this study.
Samples will be ready by the person in charge in both private school and government
school to fulfil the requirement of this study. After discussion, time and date are planned by
the researchers and notice given to the person in charge to inform the samples and prepare the
venue to conduct the study. Letter of agreement will sign by the students and their parent
mean they understand the purpose of this study and agree to involve and contribute to this
study.
The time management questionnaire was conducted involved 14 years old and 15
years old students. Before time management questionnaire given to the samples, researcher
will explain the procedure and go through the meaning of all the items in time management
questionnaire. Samples will be given twenty minutes to finish the time management
questionnaire. After samples finished all the items given, researcher will check either the
samples miss out any part of the items in time management questionnaire.
Researchers start to key in the data of time management questionnaire into Statistic
Package For Social Science (SPSS Version 23.) Data were being analysed using inferential
statistic.
Table 3.3 Statistical tests and procedures
o
1 Is there any significant differences
Independent t-test
between students time management
in private school and government
school ?
2 Is there any significant differences
between students English Independent t-test
performance in private school and
government school ?
3 Is there any significant relationship
between students time management Pearson Correlatio
and their English performance in
private school and government
school ?