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IndustrialWastes:ControlMeasuresofUrbanandIndustrialWastes(withstatistics)
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ControlMeasuresofUrbanandIndustrialWastes(withstatistics)!
Indiscriminatedisposalofsolidwastes,especiallyofhazardouswastescausesadverseenvironmentaleffects.
Themainobjectiveofsolidwastemanagementistominimisetheseadverseeffectsbeforeitbecomestoo
difficulttorectifyinthefuture.
ADVERTISEMENTS:
Solidwastemanagementisamanifoldtaskinvolvingmanyactivitieslike:
(i)Collectionofsolidwastes.
(ii)Disposalofsolidwastes.
ADVERTISEMENTS:
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5/29/2017 IndustrialWastes:ControlMeasuresofUrbanandIndustrialWastes(withstatistics)
(iii)Wasteutilisation.
(i)CollectionofSolidWastes:
Collectionincludesalltheactivitiesassociatedwiththegatheringofsolidwastesandthehaulingofthe
wastescollectedtothelocationfromwherethecollectionvehiclewillultimatelytransportittothesiteof
disposal.Therearethreebasicmethodsofcollection.
(a)Communitystoragepoint:
Themunicipalrefuseistakentofixedstoragebinsandstoredtillthewastecollectionagencycollectsitdaily
fordisposalinavehicle.
(b)KerbsideCollection:
Inadvanceofthecollectiontime,therefuseisbroughtincontainersandplacedonthefootwayfromwhereit
iscollectedbythewastecollectionagency.
(c)BlockCollection:
Individualsbringthewasteincontainersandhanditovertothecollectionstaffwhoemptiesitintothe
waitingvehicleandreturnsthecontainertotheindividuals.
(ii)DisposalofSolidWastes:
Beforethesolidwasteisultimatelydisposedofitisprocessedinordertoimprovetheefficiencyofsolidwaste
disposalsystemandtorecoverusableresourcesoutofthesolidwastes.Theprocessingtechniquessuchas
compactioni.e.mechanicalvolumereductionorincinerationi.e.thermalvolumereductionandmanual
componentseparationi.e.manualsortingofthewasteareemployedtoincreasetheefficiencyofsolidwaste
management.
ADVERTISEMENTS:
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5/29/2017 IndustrialWastes:ControlMeasuresofUrbanandIndustrialWastes(withstatistics)
Duetoheterogeneityofthecityrefuseitisimportanttoselectthemostappropriatesolid
wastedisposalmethodkeepinginviewthefollowingobjectives:
(a)Itshouldbeeconomicallyviablei.e.theoperationandmaintenancecostsmustbecarefullyassessed.
(b)Itshouldnotcreateahealthhazard.
ADVERTISEMENTS:
(c)Itshouldnotcauseadverseenvironmentaleffects.
(d)Itshouldnotbeaestheticallyunpleasanti.e.itshouldnotresultinoffendingsights,odours,andnoises.
(e)Itshouldpreferablyprovideopportunitiesforrecyclingofmaterials.
Thecommonlyusedmethodsofdisposalare:
(1)SalvageorManualComponentSeparation:
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5/29/2017 IndustrialWastes:ControlMeasuresofUrbanandIndustrialWastes(withstatistics)
Beforeultimatedisposal,themanualseparationofsolidwastecomponentsisaccomplishedtoachievethe
recoveryandreuseofmaterials.Cardboard,newsprint,highqualitypaper,glass,metals,woodandaluminum
cansetc.aremanuallysortedoutorsalvagedeitherforrecyclingorforresale.
(2)CompactionorMechanicalVolumeReduction:
Afterseparationofreusableordisposablearticles,compactersareusedtocompressthewastematerials
directlyintolargecontainersortoformbalesthatcanbethenplacedinlargecontainers.Compaction
increasestheusefullifeoflandfills.
(3)IncinerationorThermalVolumeReduction:
Highlycombustiblewasteslikeplastics,cardboard,paper,rubberandcombustiblewasteslikecartons,wood
scrap,floorsweepings,foodwastesetc.aresubjectedtoincinerationi.e.burningatveryhightemperatures.
Incinerationresultsinairpollutionandsopropercontrolequipmentneedstobeinstalledtoavoid
contaminationofenvironment.
Inordertomakethismethodeconomical,theheatgeneratedduringincinerationisusefullyutilisedby
generatingsteamorbyputtingawasteheatboilerontheincineratortherebypartlyrecoveringthecostof
wastecollectionanddisposal.
(4)OpenDumping:
Opendumpingofsolidwastesisdoneinlowlyingareasandoutskirtsofthetownsandcities.Being
comparativelycheaper,thismethodofdisposalisusedextensivelyinIndia.
However,majordisadvantagesare:
(a)Publichealthhazardsarecausedbythebreedingofflies,mosquitoesratsandotherpests.
(b)Obnoxiousgaseousandparticulatematterisproducedbyburningofthecombustiblesolidwastes,
resultinginairpollution.
(c)Opendumpingrequireslargelandareaswhichfurtheraggravatestheproblemoflandshortageforhuman
habitation.
(5)SanitaryLandfillingorControlledTipping:
Sanitarylandfillinginvolvesthedisposalofmunicipalwastesonorintheupperlayersoftheearthsmantle
especiallyindegradedareasinneedofrestoration.Inlandfilling,thesolidwastesarecompactedandspread
inthinlayerseachlayerbeinguniformlycoveredbyalayerofsoil.
Thefinallayeriscoveredbyafinalcoverofaboutone
meterofearthtopreventrodentsfromburrowingintotherefuseandscattering.Thisisabiologicalmethod
ofwastetreatmentandbacterialrefusedigestionresultsindecompositionproductslikeCO2,CH4,NH3,H2S
andH2Owhichcanbeharnessedasrenewablesourcesofenergy.
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5/29/2017 IndustrialWastes:ControlMeasuresofUrbanandIndustrialWastes(withstatistics)
Thismethoddoesnotcauseenvironmentaldamagesbycreatingnuisancesorhealthhazardsastherefuseis
coveredandpreventsbreedingofpestsanddiseasevectors.Besidesthereisnodangerofairpollution
resultingfromburningandnowaterpollutionprovidedprecautionistakentoavoidleachatesofrefusefrom
contaminatingthesurfaceorundergroundwatersources.Thispreventioncanbetakenbyusingaplastic
membraneorwatertightmembraneonthebase.
(6)PyrolysisorDestructiveDistillation:
Inthisdisposalmethod,thesolidwastesareheatedunderanaerobicconditions(i.e.burningwithout
oxygen).Theorganiccomponentsofthesolidwastessplitupintogaseousliquidandgaseousfractions(CO,
CO2,CH4,tar,charredcarbon).Unlikethehighlyexothermicprocessofcombustion,pyrolysisisahighly
endothermicprocessandthatiswhyitisalsocalleddestructivedistillation.
(7)Landfarming:
Inthiswastedisposalmethod,thebiodegradableindustrialwastesaretreatedbythebiological,physicaland
chemicalprocessesoccurringinthesurfaceofthesoil.Theorganicwastesareeitherappliedontopofthe
landorinjectedbelowthesoilsurfacewithsuitableequipment,wheretheyundergobacterialandchemical
decomposition.Atfrequentintervals,thelandfarmingsitescanbereusedwithoutanyadverseeffects
providedthelandfarmingsiteisproperlymanaged.
(8)CompostingorBiodegradation:
Bacterialdecompositionoftheorganiccomponentsofthemunicipalsolidwastesresultinformationof
humusorcompostandtheprocessisknownascomposting.Inthisprocessacompostpileisconstructedby
makingalternatelayersoforganicmatterandsoil(sourceofmicroorganisms).
Somefertilizerandwaterisperiodicallyaddedtothecompostpiletostimulatemicrobial(bacteriaandfungi)
actionandtomaintainthenecessarymoisturecontent(55%).Periodically,therefuseisturnedovertoallow
aerationi.e.penetrationofoxygentoallpartsoftheorganicrefusetofacilitateaerobicbacterialdecomposi
tion.
Ittakesnearlyamonthforcompostingtobecomplete.Largewasteproductssuchasmachinery,old
furniture,abandonedvehiclesetc.arerequiredtobereducedinsizeinordertobecomecapableofbeing
handledbypulverizes.Thisreductioninsizeisusuallyachievedbyusingimpactcrushersorhydraulicshears.
(iii)WasteUtilisation:
Adevelopingcountrycannotaffordwastage.Byproperutilisationofsolidwasteadeveloping
countrylikeIndiacanavailofmanyadvantages,forinstance:
(a)Wasteutilisationdirectlyorindirectlycontributestoeconomicdevelopment.
(b)Wasteutilisationgeneratesemployment*opportunities.
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5/29/2017 IndustrialWastes:ControlMeasuresofUrbanandIndustrialWastes(withstatistics)
(c)Unusedsolidwastescreateenvironmentalhazardsbyspreadingdiseasesandcausingairandwater
pollution.
(d)Wasteutilisationhelpsinconservationofnaturalresources.
(e)Wasteutilisationhelpstogeneratemanyusefulproductswhicharethebasicnecessitiesoflife.
Resourcerecoveryorwasteutilisationisachievedbythreetechniques:
(1)Reusei.e.agivenmaterialhasmultipleuses.
(2)Reclamationi.e.acomponentofthewasteisrecoveredforuseinamannerdifferentfromitsoriginaluse.
(3)Recyclingi.e.isolatingthematerialfromwhichagivenproductwasmadeandreintroducingitintothe
productioncycleforproductionofthesameproduct.
ExamplesofWasteUtilisation:
(a)Cleanwaterresultingfromtreatmentofindustrialeffluentsandsewagecanbereused.
(b)Refillingofusedcolddrinkbottles.
(c)Jutewastesareutilisedformakinggoodqualitypaper,boxboardsandhardboards.
(d)Sugarcanewastesareutilisedforproductionofelectricity,paper,boardsetc.
(e)Wasteproductsofslaughterhousescanalsobeutilised.Bloodisusedinpharmaceuticalindustryand
hidesandskinsareusedforleatherproduction.
(f)Cattledungisusedingobargasplantsformakingcookinggas.
(g)Cattledungisusedasamanure.
(h)Garbageisusedformakingcompost.
(i)Wastepaperisrecycledtoformpaper,cardboard,goodqualitypaperandpaperbagsetc.
(j)Scrapglassisusedinproductionofnewglass.
(k)AquaticweedslikewaterHyacinth(Eichhornia)isutilisedbyconversionintofertilisers,biogas,animal
feed,paperetc.
(l)Plasticisrecycledtomakenewpacks,softwaxes,greasesandadhesivesetc.
(m)Usedtyrescasingsarereusedinthemanufactureofsyntheticrubber,
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5/29/2017 IndustrialWastes:ControlMeasuresofUrbanandIndustrialWastes(withstatistics)
(n)Flyashisusedasacementsubstitutetomakebricksetc.Effortsarerequiredtobemadetominimisethe
generationofthesewastesandtotreatthemtorecoverusefulmaterialsi.e.wasteutilisation,andtomakethe
residualinnocuousandharmless.
In1975,areportonUtilisationandRecyclingofWastes(Research,DevelopmentandExtension
Requirements)waspreparedbytheNationalCommitteeonScienceandTechnologyoftheGovernmentof
India(NCST,1975).
ThiscommitteeispresentlyfunctioningastheScientificAdvisoryCommitteetotheCabinet(SACC).
Legislationisrequiredforprotectingtheenvironmentagainstcontaminationbysolidwastes.Impropersolid
wastemanagementprogrammesposeaseriousthreattopublichealth,safety,welfareandstandardofliving.
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