Session 01

Overview

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 Role of Communication Systems

Convergence of Information System and

Communication systems
Information at the right time and right place
Real time business transaction capture
Enabling geographical dispersion of facility and
human

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 Challenges

Technology development and changes

Regulations changes
Business environment changes

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 Significance of Human Communication

Communication is the process of exchanging

information.
Main barriers are language and distance.
Contemporary societys emphasis is now the
accumulation, packaging, and exchange of
information.

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Significance of Human Communication

Methods of communication:
1. Face to face
2. Signals
3. Written word (letters)
4. Electrical innovations:
Telegraph
Telephone
Radio
Television
Internet (computer)

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 Significance of Human Communication

Communication is the process of exchanging

information.
Main barriers are language and distance.
Contemporary societys emphasis is now the
accumulation, packaging, and exchange of
information.

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 Basic Components

The basic components of a communication system:

Signal source
Converter
Transmitter
Link or media
Network
Signaling
Receiver
User

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Communication Channels

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 Basic Component - Transmitter

Transmitter
The transmitter is a collection of electronic
components and circuits that converts the
electrical signal into a signal suitable for
transmission over a given medium.
Transmitters are made up of oscillators,
amplifiers, tuned circuits and filters, modulators,
frequency mixers, frequency synthesizers, and
other circuits.

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 Communication Channels

Communication Channel
The communication channel is the medium by
which the electronic signal is sent from one place
to another.
Types of media include

Electrical conductors

Optical media

Free space

System-specific media (e.g., water is the
medium for sonar).

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 Channel Impairments

Noise
Noise is random, undesirable electronic energy that
enters the communication system via the
communicating medium and interferes with the
transmitted message.
Attenuation
Signal attenuation, or degradation, exists in all
media of wireless transmission. It is proportional to
the square of the distance between the transmitter
and receiver.

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 Communication Receivers

Receivers

A receiver is a collection of electronic
components and circuits that accepts the
transmitted message from the channel and
converts it back into a form understandable by
humans.

Receivers contain amplifiers, oscillators, mixers,
tuned circuits and filters, and a demodulator or
detector that recovers the original intelligence
signal from the modulated carrier.

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 Communication Receivers

Transceivers
A transceiver is an electronic unit that incorporates
circuits that both send and receive signals.
Examples are:
Telephones
Fax machines
Handheld radios
Cell phones
Computer modems

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 Communication Methods

Electronic communications are classified according to

whether they are
1. One-way (simplex) or two-way (full duplex or
half duplex) transmissions
2. Analog or digital signals.

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 Communication Methods

Simplex

One direction (e.g. Television)

One way communications
Half duplex

Either direction, but only one way at a time
(e.g. police radio).
Full duplex

Both directions at the same time (e.g.
telephone).

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 Communication Channels

Analog Signals
An analog signal is a smoothly and continuously
varying voltage or current. Examples are:

Sine wave

Voice

Video (TV)

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 Communication Channels

Digital Signals
Digital signals change in steps or in discrete
increments.
Most digital signals use binary or two-state codes.
Examples are:

Telegraph (Morse code)

Continuous wave (CW) code

Serial binary code (used in computers)

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Communication Channels

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 Communication Channels

Digital Signals
Many transmissions are of signals that originate in
digital form but must be converted to analog form to
match the transmission medium.
Digital data over the telephone network.
Analog signals.

They are first digitized with an analog-to-
digital (A/D) converter.

The data can then be transmitted and
processed by computers and other digital
circuits.

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 Telecommunication Systems

SATELLITE
COMMUNICATION

BUSINESS VIDEO
IP Phone/PBX ENTITY CONFERENCE

VIDEO IP Phone/PBX BUSINESS

CONFERENCE ENTITY
POTS/PBX

TERRESTRIAL
LAN FAX
NETWORK
POTS/PBX

PERSONAL
IP
Phone
Smart FAX
Device
FA
X
PC
LAN
POTS MOBILE
PHONE
PC
LAN

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 Basic System

The basic components of a communication system:

Signal source
Converter
Transmitter
Link or media
Network
Signaling
Receiver
User

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 Block Diagram

Signal source Conversion of

Transmitter
(sender) signal

Voice, music
Computer data Media or
link

Destination Conversion to
Receiver
(User) Original form

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 Services

Voice Communication
for communicating voice information such as
telephone conversation, radio broadcast.

Message communication
for communicating messages or pictures
such as SMS, Video Stream, Fax (Facsimile).

Data communication
the information in general is computer
related such as computer file.

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Communication System Model

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Functional Network Components

Access Network
Transmission Network
Switching/Routing Center
Signaling
Network Management
Operation Support System

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 Access Network

Copper Cable
Digital Subscriber Lines (xDSL)
Cable Modem
Fiber Network

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Transmission Media

Bounded/Guided

Copper Cable

Coaxial Cable

Optical Fiber

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Transmission Media

Unbounded/Unguided

Elektromagnetic Wave

VHF

UHF

Microwave

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Basic Wave Form

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 Wave Parameters

Wavelength is the distance occupied by one cycle of

a wave and is usually expressed in meters.
Wavelength is also the distance traveled by an
electromagnetic wave during the time of one cycle.
The wavelength of a signal is represented by the
Greek letter lambda ().
Wave Length:
light propagation speed/frequency
= c/f
c=3 x 108 m/second
c is speed of light

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 Wave Parameters

Bandwidth (BW) is that portion of the

electromagnetic spectrum occupied by a signal.
Bandwidth

Range of frequency used for carrying
information.

Range of frequency of the spectrum used by
the signal.
Channel bandwidth refers to the range of
frequencies required to transmit the desired
information.

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 Spectrum Management

Spectrum management is provided by government

bodies
Standards are specifications and guidelines
necessary to ensure compatibility between
transmitting and receiving equipment.
Virtually the entire frequency spectrum between
approximately 30 kHz and 300 MHz has been
allocates.
There is tremendous competition for these
frequencies, between companies, individuals, and
government services in individual carriers and
between the different nations of the world.
The electromagnetic spectrum is most precious
natural resources.
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 Spectrum Management

Communication engineering is devoted to making

the best use of that finite spectrum.
Effort goes into developing communication
techniques that minimize the bandwidth required to
transmit given information to conserve spectrum
space.
This enables additional communication channels
and gives other services or users an opportunity to
take advantage of it.

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