5/1/2017 AccordingtotheIEC61660OpenElectrical

AccordingtotheIEC61660
FromOpenElectrical

Contents
1 Introduction
2 CalculatingtheTotalShortCircuitCurrent
3 PartialFaultCurrents
3.1 FaultCurrentfromBatteries
3.2 FaultCurrentfromCapacitors
3.3 FaultCurrentfromRectifiers
3.4 FaultCurrentfromDCMachines
3.5 CorrectionFactors
4 References

Introduction

ThescopeofIEC61660istodescribeamethodforcalculatingshortcircuitcurrentsinDCauxiliary
systemsinpowerplantsandsubstations.Suchsystemscanbeequippedwiththefollowingequipment,
actingasshortcircuitcurrentsources:

rectifiersinthreephaseACbridgeconnectionfor50Hz
stationaryleadacidbatteries
smoothingcapacitors
DCmotorswithindependentexcitation.

NOTERectifiersinthreephaseACbridgeconnectionfor60Hzareunderconsideration.Thedataof
otherequipmentmaybegivenbythemanufacturer.

ThisstandardisonlyconcernedwithrectifiersinthreephaseACbridgeconnection.Itisnotconcerned
withothertypesofrectifiers.

Thepurposeofthestandardistoprovideagenerallyapplicablemethodofcalculationwhichproduces
resultsofsufficientaccuracyontheconservativeside.Specialmethods,adjustedtoparticular
circumstances,maybeusediftheygiveatleastthesameprecision.Shortcircuitcurrents,resistances
andinductancesmayalsobeascertainedfromsystemtestsormeasurementsonmodelsystems.In
existingDCsystemsthenecessaryvaluescanbeascertainedfrommeasurementstakenattheassumed
shortcircuitlocation.Theloadcurrentisnottakenintoconsiderationwhencalculatingtheshortcircuit
current.Itisnecessarytodistinguishbetweentwodifferentvaluesofshortcircuitcurrent:

themaximumshortcircuitcurrentwhichdeterminestheratingoftheelectricalequipment
theminimumshortcircuitcurrentwhichcanbetakenasthebasisforfuseandprotectionratings
andsettings.

FormoreinformationpleaserefertothestandarditselfIEC616601(https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/
5700).
Figure1.Equivalentcircuitdiagramforcalculatingthepartialshort
CalculatingtheTotalShortCircuitCurrent circuitcurrents

EachDCsourceduringthefaultshallcontributetothetotalshortcircuitcurrent.Thesuperposition
principleisbeingapplied.Whenonesourceisobservedthentheotheronesarebeingdisconnectedandignored.ThepotentialDCsourcesarebattery,rectifier,capacitorand
machine.

Thepartialshortcircuitcurrentsarecalculatedforeachofthosesourcesasfollows:

for0

tp:

t
1 e 1
i 1(t) = i p tp
1 e 1
t

1 e
1

i1 (t) = ip
tp

Wheretpisthetimetopeakofthepartialcurrentand

1istherisetimeconstantforthepartialcurrentsource.
1 e

1

fortp

Tk:

t
1 e 1
i 1(t) = i p tp
1 e 1
t

1 e
1

i1 (t) = ip
tp

WhereTkisthefaultdurationtimeand

2thedecaytimeconstantforthepartialcurrentsource.
1 e 1

Andthetotalshortcircuitcurrentisthesumasfollows:
nDC

i shc(t) = i 1j(t) + i 2j(t)

j =1

nDC

ishc (t) = i1j (t) + i2j (t)

for0 j=1

Tk.AndnDCisthenumberoftheDCsourcescontributingthefaultcurrent,jistheobservedDCsource.

PartialFaultCurrents

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FaultCurrentfromBatteries

Thepeakshortcircuitcurrentiscalculatedas:

EB
i pB =
R BBr

EB
ipB =
Thequasisteadystateshortcircuitcurrentiscalculatedasfollows:
R BBr

0.95E B
I kB =
R BBr + 0.1R B

0.95EB
IkB =
Thedecaycomponentiscalculatedas:
R BBr + 0.1R B

1 2
= R
BBr 1
L BBr
+ T Figure2.Timetopeakandrisetimeconstant(Figure10.IEC61660:1997)
B

1 2
=
Therisetimeconstant(
R BBr
+
1
1B)andtimetopeakofshortcircuitcurrentsofbatteriesistakenfromthediagram(Figure10.inIEC61660:1997).Thetimeconstantofthe
L BBr T B

batteryTBisassumedtobe30ms.Thedecaytimeconstant(2B)isassumedto100ms.RBBristhesumofthebatteryinternalresistanceandtheline(path)resistanceupto
thefaultlocation(RBBr=0,9RB+RBr).LBBristhesumofthebatteryinternalinductanceandtheline(path)inductanceuptothefaultlocation.

Risetimecurrent,for0ttpB:

t
1 e 1B
i 1B(t) = i pB t pB
1 e 1B
t

1 e
1B

i1B (t) = ipB

Decaytimecurrent,fort pBtTk:
t
pB

1 e
1B

i 2B(t) = i pB
[( )
1
I kB
i pB
e
t t pB
2B +
I kB
i pB ]
tt
pB
IkB IkB
i2B (t) = ipB [(1 )e + ]

Andthetotalcurrentfromthebatteryis:
2B

i pB ipB

i B(t) = i 1B(t) + i 2B(t)

iB (t) = i1B (t) + i2B (t)

FaultCurrentfromCapacitors

Thepeakshortcircuitcurrentiscalculatedusing:

EC
i pC = C
R CBr

EC
ipC = C
WhereECisthevoltageofthecapacitorterminalbeforethefault,andR
R C Br
CBristhesumof
capacitorandbranchresistance,uptothefaultlocation.ThefactorCdependsonthe
eigenfrequency0andthedecaycoefficient,asfollows:

1
0 =
LCBrC
1
0 =

LC Br C
1 2L CBr
=
R CBr Figure3.Factork1Ctodeterminerisetimeconstant(Figure14.IEC61660:1997)

1 2LC Br
=
LCBristheinductanceofthecapacitorandcommonbranchuptothefaultlocation.
R C Br

a)If>0:

2 t
C = e pCsinh( dt pC)
d

2
tpC
C = e sinh(d tpC )
d
1 + d
t pC = ln
2 d d

1 + d
tpC = ln
2d d 2
d =
2
0

2 2
Figure4.Factork2Ctodeterminedecaytimeconstant(Figure15.IEC61660:1997)
d =
0
b)If<0:

2 t
C = e pCsin( dt pC)
d

2
tpC
C = e sin(d tpC )
d
1 d
t pC = tan 1
d

1 d
1
tpC = tan
d 2

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pC
d 2
d =
0 2

2 2
d =
0
c)If=0:

i pC = 0.736 i pmax

ipC = 0.736 ipmax

1
t pC =

1
tpC =
Wherethetimetopeakist

pC.Andtherisetimeconstantis:

1C = k 1C t pC

1C = k 1C tpC
Andthedecaytimeconstantis:

2C = k 2C R CBrC

2C = k 2C R C Br C
Andcoefficientsk1Candk2Caretakenfromthediagrams/tables(definedinFigure14.IEC61660).Thequasisteadystatecurrentofthecapacitorisconsideredtobe0.

Risetimecurrent,for0ttpC:

t
1 e 1C
i 1C(t) = i pC t pC
1 e 1C
t

1 e
1C

i1C (t) = ipC

Decaytimecurrent,fort pCtTk:
t
pC

1 e
1C

t t pc
i 2C(t) = i pCe 2C

ttpc

i2C (t) = ipC e

2C

Andthetotalcurrentfromthebatteryis:

i C(t) = i 1C(t) + i 2C(t)

iC (t) = i1C (t) + i2C (t)

FaultCurrentfromRectifiers

ThequasisteadystateshortcircuitcurrentIkDofarectifierinthreephaseACbridgeconnectionis:

32 cU n U nTLV
I kD = D
3Z N U nTHV

32 cUn UnT LV
IkD = D

WhereUnisthenominalsystemvoltageonACsideofrectifier,Z
3ZN UnT H V
NisthenetworkimpedanceACside,UnTLVandUnTHVaretransformerratedvoltagesoflowandhigh
voltageside,respectively.ThefactorDiscalculatedusing:

()

RN 2
1+
XN

D =

( )( )
RN 2 2
2 R DBr
1+ XN
1+ 3 R
N

2
RN

1 + ( )
XN
D =
2 2
Thepeakshortcircuitcurrentiscalculatedusing:
1 + (
R N 2 R DBr
) (1 + )
XN 3 RN

i pD = D I kD

ipD = D IkD
AndthefactorDand

D
iscalculatedusing:
D

D = 1 +
2

e (
3 )
+ D cot D sin D
(
2
tan 1
L DBr
LN )

2 ( + ) cot 1
LDBr
3 D D
D = 1 + e sin ( tan )
D 1
2 LN
D = tan 1
RN
XN ( 1+ 3 R
N
2 R DBr
)
1
1
D = tan
Thetimetopeakiscalculatedforallvalues
R
(1 +
2 R
N
) D1,05asfollows:
DBr

XN 3 RN

for

L DBr
1
LN

itis
L DBr
1

( )
LN
t pD = 3 D + 6

(ms)
= (3 + 6)
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5/1/2017 AccordingtotheIEC61660OpenElectrical
(ms)
for
tpD = (3 D + 6)

L DBr
>1
LN

itis
L DBr
> 1

[( ( )]
LN
L DBr
t pD = 3 D + 6 + 4 ) LN
1

(ms)
LDBr
tpD = [(3 D + 6) + 4 ( 1)]
Therisetimeconstantforrectifiersis:
LN

ForD>=1.05:

[ (
1D = 2 + D 0.9 ) ( 2.5 + 9
L DBr
LN )]
LDBr
1D = [2 + ( D 0.9) (2.5 + 9 )]
ForD<1.05:
LN

Thesuitableapproximationisgivenas:

t pD
1D =
3

tpD
1D =
Thedecaytimeconstantiscalculatedusing:
3

2
2D =
RN
XN ( 0.6 + 0.9 R
N
R DBr

)
2
2D =
RN RDBr
FaultCurrentfromDCMachines
(0.6 + 0.9 )
XN RN

Thequasisteadystateshortcircuitcurrentiscalculatedusing:

I kM =
LF
L OF ( U M I MR M
R MBr )
LF UM IM R M
IkM = ( )
WhereLFL isthefieldinductanceandL OFistheunsaturatedfieldinductanceatnoload.Thisequationisvalidonlyifthemotorspeedremainsconstantduringtheduration
OF R M Br
oftheshortcircuitfault.OtherwiseIkM=0.

Figure6.FactorsfordeterminingtpM,1Mfornominalanddecreasingspeed(Figure
Figure5.FactorMfordeterminingthepeakshortcircuitcurrentipM(Figure17.IEC Figure7.tpMfordecresingspeed(Figure19.IEC61660:1997)
18.IEC61660:1997)
61660:1997)

Thearmaturetimeconstantiscalculatedas:

L MBr
M =
R MBr

LM Br
M =
Thetimeconstantofthefieldcircuitiscalculatedas:
R M Br

LF
F =
RF

LF
F =
Andthemechanicaltimeconstantiscalculatedas:
RF

2Jn 0R MBrI M
Mec =
M MU M

2J n0 R M Br IM
M ec =
Theeigenfrequencyiscalculatedas:
MM UM

0 = ( 1
Mec M
1
R MI M
UM )

1 R I

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1 R M IM
0 = (1 )
Thedecaycoefficientiscalculatedfrom:
M ec M UM

1
= 2 M

1
= 2M
Thepeakshortcircuitcurrent:

i pM = M
( U M I MR M
R MBr )
UM IM R M
ipM = M ( )
Thefactorsk1M,k2M,k andk4M aretakenfromthediagrams(Figure18,20,21inIEC61660).ThefactorMistakenfromthediagram(Figure17inIEC61660).
R3M M Br

Figure9.Factork4Mfordeterminingthedecaytimeconstantt2Mfordecreasingspeed
Figure8.Factork3Mfordeterminingtherisetimeconstantt1Mfordecreasingspeed
(Figure21.IEC61660:1997)
(Figure20.IEC61660:1997)

ThetimetopeakincasewhenMec10F:

t pM = k 1M M

tpM = k 1M M
Andtherisetimeconstant:

1M = k 2M M

1M = k 2M M
Thedecaytimeconstant:

2M=Fwhenn=nn=const.

2M=(k4M)(Mec)(LOF/LF)whenn0

IncasewhenMec<10Fthenthetimetopeakistakenfromthediagram/table(Figure19.IEC61660).

Therisetimeconstantandthedecaytimeconstant1Mand2Marecalculatedusing:

1M = k 3M M

1M = k 3M M
2M = k 4M Mec

2M = k 4M M ec

Risetimecurrent,for0ttpM:

t
1 e 1M
i 1M(t) = i pM t pM
1 e 1M
t

1 e
1M

i1M (t) = ipM

t

Wheretpisthetimetopeakofthepartialcurrentand

pM

1istherisetimeconstantfortheobservedvoltagesource.
1 e
1M

Decaytimecurrent,fortpMtTk:

i 2M(t) = i pM
[( )
1
I kM
i pM
e
t t pM
2M +
I kM
i pM ]
AndthetotalcurrentfromtheDCmachineis:

i M(t) = i 1M(t) + i 2M(t)

CorrectionFactors

Duetothefactthatallnonobservedsourcesatthetimeareneglectedalongwiththeirbranches
itissuggestedtousecorrectionfactors,whicharesupposedtoimprovetotalresults.Each
calculatedcorrectionfactorismultipliedwiththepartialfaultcurrentoftheeachsource,as
follows:

I jcor = j I j

i pjcor = j i pj

WhereIjistheinitialpartialfaultcurrentand
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WhereIjistheinitialpartialfaultcurrentand

j
Correctedresistancefortheeachsource
isthecorrectionfactor,bothforthesource"j".

(
R resj R ij + R Br )
j =
(
R ij R Br + R resj R ij + R Br )
Yreferstothebranch(Br).

References

IEC61660:Shortcircuitcurrentsind.c.auxiliaryinstallationsinpowerplantsandsubstationsPart1:Calculationofshortcircuitcurrents.

FormoreinformationpleaserefertothestandarditselfIEC616601(https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/5700).

Relatedtopics:

ShortCircuitCalculation

accordingtotheANSI/IEEE946

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