Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
EDITORIAL
Cecilia Tohneanu
POLITIC
Politicii
Alexandru Florian
Andrei Stan
Adrian Helstern
Bogdan tefanachi
ESEU
Nicolae Drguin
ARHIVA
Stelian Tnase
RECENZII
Simona Deleanu
Mirela Bcanu Vasile
SEMNALE
Grandville
sferapoliticii@rdslink.ro
Clasificare CNCSIS: B+ redactia@sferapoliticii.ro
Apare lunar http://www.sferapoliticii.ro
Sfera Politicii
VOLUMUL XVIII, NUMRUL 9 (151), septembrie 2010
Editorial
Constructivismul: o strategie de justificare a dreptii ca echitate..............................3
Cecilia Tohneanu
Politic
Miza alegerilor prezideniale.............................................................................................8
Alexandru Florian
Despre tovarul Ulianov i partidul de tip nou.............................................................. 16
Andrei Stan
Parlamentele naionale n era globalizrii...................................................................... 23
Adrian Helstern
Statul i provocrile globalizrii. Descentralizarea guvernrii
descentralizarea cunoaterii............................................................................................. 27
Bogdan tefanachi
Geopolitic
Sistemul internaional n contextul unor noi fenomene geopolitice.............................34
Marian ranu
The role of the EU as an international actor after the Lisbon treaty.............................39
Cristian Nioiu
Odiseea lui Obama ctre o lume fr arme nucleare.................................................45
Iulia Bdlu
Wilsonism i imperialism................................................................................................... 52
Silviu Petre
Comunitarismul multicultural i efectul Bosnia-Heregovina.........................................60
Cristian Gherasim
Scutul anti-rachet: o form de reasigurare strategic..................................................66
Liviu Tatu i Octavian Manea
Paradigma constructivist i culturile de securitate........................................................ 72
Ioana-Bianca Berna
Eseu
Dreptatea intergeneraional. Principii i teorii (II)........................................................ 77
Nicolae Drguin
Arhiva
Arhivele Sfera Politicii Tnrul Ceauescu.....................................................................82
Stelian Tnase
Recenzii
Via de femeie n comunism...........................................................................................87
Simona Deleanu
Coord. Radu Pavel Gheo i Dan Lungu, Tovare de drum. Experiena feminin n comunism
Economia politic............................................................................................................. 89
Mirela Bcanu Vasile
Robert Gilpin (ajutat de Jean GILPIN), Economia politic a relaiilor internaionale
Semnale.............................................................................................................................. 91
Index de autori................................................................................................................95
Editorial
Constructivismul: o strategie de
justificare a dreptii ca echitate
CECILIA TOHNEANU
C
riticile crora le-a fost ex-
Abstract
pus teoria rawlsian a
Rawls theory of justice has been dreptii se sprijin n prin-
exposed to several criticisms, most cipal pe unele rezultate sau consecine
of them having been supported contra-intuitive ale unor concepte rawl-
on some counter-intuitive results. siene, cum ar fi acela de comportament
The intent of this article is to rezonabil. Amartya Sen, de exemplu,
show that these criticisms fail to pune la ndoial posibilitatea traducerii
affect the Rawlsian model, since, modelului politic rawlsian ntr-un ghid
as a theoretical construction of al lumii n care trim.1 Motivndu-i
the concept of justice, it is scepticismul, el argumenteaz c princi-
doomed to account for potential, piile dreptii sunt inaplicabile n edifica-
rather than actual, empirical rea instituiilor de baz n societi dife-
contents. rite deoarece nu exist un model unic de
comporatment descris de Rawls n ter-
menii persoanei rezonabile. Ceea ce i
se reproeaz, n esen, lui Rawls, este
faptul de a se fi preocupat de o lume
imaginat, i nu de lumea real; o obiec-
ie care vizeaz, de fapt, nsui procedeul
rawlsian al construciei.
ntr-o manier similar, J.P. Geise
contest posibilitatea de a deduce prin-
cipiile liberale din unele predicate de-
ontologice (cum ar fi autonomia sau
respectul persoanei) n termenii crora
Rawls descrie agentul moral.. Supoziia
agentului moral este contrazis de prac-
ticile liberale, care ar arata c astfel de
predicate sunt constitutive doar agen-
tului politic, n vreme ce un fanatic re-
ligios, de exemplu, le poate respinge.
Autonomia, respectul reciproc sau auto-
determinarea nu definesc, aadar, oa-
Keywords
Rawls, theory of justice, 1 Amartya Sen, The Idea of Justice, (Lon-
constructivism, transcendentalism don: Penguin Books, 2009), 78.
1 J.P. Geise, In Defense of Liberalism, Political Research Quarterly, Volume 44, (1991): 594,
595-595.
2 John Rawls, Political Liberalism, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), xxii.
3 Michael Sandel, The Procedural Republic and the Unencumbered Self, Colin Farrelly (ed.),
Contemporary Political Theory. A Reader, ( Los Angeles/London: Sage Publications), 116.
1 Michel Foucault, apud James Tully, Political Philosophy As a Critical Activity, Political
Theory, Vol. 30, No. 4, (2002), 536.
2 Sen, The Idea..., 64.
S
tudiul de fa i propune s
Abstract
rspund la ntrebarea dac
The 2009 presidential campaign instituia prezidenial este
was characterized by strained n Romnia un vector de putere impor-
communication, with personal tant, alturi de guvern i parlament. Al-
touches and direct attacks. Many tfel spus, n Romnia Preedintele este
aspects of political unul puternic, situaie care ar justifica o
communication reminded us of concentrare masiv de energii umane i
the conflicting atmosphere of the resurse financiare din partea partidelor
elections held in the last decade politice pentru a-i trimite un reprezen-
of last century. The given tant. ntrebarea este actual n contextul
impression was that political n care reforma constituional pentru
relations in Romania reverse to redefinirea puterilor n stat reprezint o
the conflict mechanics of power tem de reflecie a principalilor actori
relations, giving up the politici. Destinul parlamentului, mono
prevalence of competition among sau bicameral, nu poate fi evaluat n afa-
rival political groups. Further on, ra unui concept mai larg care s aduc
the costs for the election clarificri necesare n definirea echilibru-
campaign that took place under lui instituiilor de putere n stat i a res-
the circumstances of an ponsabilitilor acestora n funcionarea
announced economic recession eficient a statului. n ultimii ani, n ca-
raise the same type of questions: drul mandatului preedintelui Bsescu, o
why spend so much energy and nou tem de dezbatere s-a lansat: care
resources in order to achieve the sunt virtuiile i limitele preediniei n
Presidency? What is the exercitarea puterii n stat.
presidents position in the system Alegerile prezideniale din 2009
of power? Do the Presidents au fost cel de al aselea ciclu electoral
constitutional responsibilities pentru desemnarea preedintelui Rom-
stand as powerful incentives too? niei n regimul politic democratic inau-
gurat de Revoluia din Decembrie 1989.
Dup 20 de ani se pot distinge cteva ca-
racteristici socio-statistice despre siste-
mul politic de tranziie spre o societate
modern capitalist. Nu am inut seama
Keywords de alegerile din mai 1990 pe care le pu-
president, presidential elections,
tem considera atipice avnd n vedere
semi-presidential political regime
factorii conjuncturali specifici ai acelei
I
storia comunismului rom-
Abstract
nesc reprezint un antier in-
The present article attempts to telectual care se afl nc n
explain and analyse Lenins atenia cercettorilor1. Cu greu, a putut
theory on the party of a new fi alctuit o istorie politic a comunis-
type, pointing out the mului romnesc2. Despre perioada clan-
intelectual roots of this theory destinitii comunismului romnesc i a
that are anchored in the writings apariiei acestuia dup primul rzboi
of the 19th century Russian mondial s-a scris i mai puin.3 O serie de
intelligentsia. Another part of our episoade din jurul puciului bolevic
study concentrates on the (1917) i al crerii Kominternului (1919),
Romanian communists from the cum ar fi agitaiile din primvara lui
inter-war period: we demonstrate 1917 de la Iai n urma crora a fost eli-
that Lenins new type of political berat Cristian Racovski, ncercarea de
party was imported by them long asasinat a regelui Ferdinand de ctre
before their formal clandestinity.
Moreover, we try to describe
1 Vladimir Tismneanu s-a documentat
these Romanian professional
pentru aceast carte cteva decenii dar a
revolutionaries and their avut acces la o parte din arhivele PCR abia
behavior in clandestinity. n anul 1994 dup civa ani de ncercri
refuzate politicos. n 1994 a fost primul
cercettor care a ptruns n respectivele
arhive. Cartea sa a aprut n SUA, n 2003,
la California University Press. Ulterior, a
fost tradus i n limba romn (n.r. Sfera
Politicii).
2 Ne referim aici la lucrarea profesorului
american (de origine romn) de political
science Vladimir Tismneanu de la University
of Maryland intitulat Stalinism pentru
eternitate:o istorie politic a comunismului
romnesc, traducere de Cristina Petrescu i
Drago Petrescu ( Iai:Polirom, 2005).
Keywords 3 Cercettorul Stelian Tnase este cel care
Lenin, party of a new type, prezint aceast perioad ntr-o manier
professional revolutionary, convingtoare, prin intermediul unei lucrri
bine documentate. Din nefericire, singura
clandestinity, conspiracy, utopian
pe acest subiect de pn acum. A se vedea
fervour, revolutionary fervour, Clienii lu tanti Varvara: istorii clandestine
subversion, Komintern (Bucureti: Humanitas, 2005).
1 Dmitri Volkogonov, Lenin. O nou biografie, traducere de Anca Irina Ionescu (Bucureti:
Orizonturi, Lider, 1999), 96.
2 V.I. Lenin, Opere alese (Bucureti: Editura pentru literatur politic, 1954, ediia a 2-a), 220.
1 Pentru cele 21 de condiii de afiliere la Komintern vezi Jacques de Launay, Istoria secret a
Cominternului. 1919-1943, traducere de Adina Arsenescu (Bucureti: Venus, 1993), 177-178.
2 Tnase, Clienii lu tanti Varvara, 8,9.
3 Maurice Duverger, Les Partis Politiques (Paris: Armand Colin, 1976 [1951]), 79. Pentru modul
de organizare i de funcionare al celulei, precum i pentru ,,sarcinile partizanilor, vezi 75-86,
respectiv 182-192.
4 Tnase, Clienii , 64.
5 Vladimir Tismneanu, ,,Lenin i geneza totalitarismului, Revista 22, nr. 711, anul XIV, 21
octombrie-27 octombrie 2003, text disponibil i la adresa web http://revista22.ro/lenin-si-
geneza-totalitarismului-655.html, accesat 24.11.2009. Expresia ,,zeloi pentru desemnarea
revoluionarilor de profesie creai de Lenin i aparine cercettorului Gabriel Almond; a se vedea
lucrarea acestuia The Appeals of Communism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1954).
Parlamentele naionale
n era globalizrii
ADRIAN HELSTERN
D
up cel de-al doilea rz-
Abstract
boi mondial comunitatea
The question regarding the internaional s-a aflat n-
ongoing integration of the tr-un proces continuu de transformri po-
political, social, economic and not litice, economice i sociale care au condus
at least environmental issues in the la redefiniri de substan ale principalelor
larger process of globalization is concepte cu care acestea opereaz. Aces-
now closely linked to the participa- te transformri sunt dominate de crete-
tion of national parliaments and rea interdependenelor, n toate domeni-
their representatives in sharing ile, fenomen consacrat prin noiunea
and operating along with the generic de globalizare. Se poate spu-
citizens with interlinked concepts ne c suntem martorii nceputurilor unei
like mondialization and daily noi doctrine a comunitii internaionale,
issues. Thus, this matters should be potrivit creia cvasi totalitatea probleme-
translated in the domestic and lor majore cu care se confrunt lumea,
international politics. Public precum problemele securitii i dezar-
debates over the consequences of mrii globale, ale creterii economice sau
the process of globalization should ale pieelor financiare globale, ale mediu-
not take place with the expel of lui nconjurtor, etc. nu pot fi rezolvate
the parliaments. In addition, this fr o intens cooperare internaional.
gatherings should strenghten the Globalizarea este un proces obiec-
relationship between the institu- tiv al dezvoltrii lumii actuale, unul din
tion of parliament and the citizens. conceptele folosite frecvent n mediile
Although many of the national politice i economice. Dei este un con-
parliaments in the EU dispose of cept foarte analizat, specialitii conside-
special committees and working r c fenomenul globalizrii nu este sufi-
groups which deal with the cient de cristalizat, coninnd o serie de
globalization issues and through necunoscute care evideniaz multiplele
which the control of the parlia- tendine ce pot fi scpate de sub control
ment is exerted over the actions of i care pot conduce la o ordine/dezordi-
these or the executive actions. ne mondial imprevizibil, n care nu pot
fi anticipai ctigtorii i perdanii.
Principala consecin a globaliz-
Keywords rii este reprezentat de noua arhitectu-
globalisation, mondialisation,
r de securitate a lumii, care cunoate
parliament, parliamentary
profunde transformri i mutaii struc-
diplomacy, Interparliamentary Union
turale, conceptuale i strategice, trans-
1 Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity, (Polity Press, Cambridge, 1990), 22.
2 Jean Chevallieri, ltat-nation face la mondialisation , Regards sur lactualit n 233, 1997,
7-17.
3 La vision parlementaire de la cooperation internationale a laube du troisieme millenaire,
Declaration adoptee par consensus a Conference des presidents des parlements nationaux,
New-York, 30 aout 1er septembre 2000.
4 Peter Schieder, Coopration pour plus de dmocratie: parlements nationaux et assembles
Europennes http://www.senat.fr/europe/dossiers/conference_presidents/CR3_strasbourg2004.
pdf .
1 Alocuiunea lui Jan Lenssens, vicepreedinte al Camerei Reprezentanilor din Belgia, Le defis de
la globalisation pour les parlements, n cadrul Conferinei preedinilor parlamentelor Uniunii Eu-
ropene, Lisabona, 20-22 mai 1999 http://www.lachambre.be/FLWB/PDF/50/0022/50K0022001.
pdf .
1 http://web.eduskunta.fi/Resource.phx/parliament/aboutparliament/eu-affairs/index.htx).
2 www.assemblee-nationale.fr.
3 Rapport dinformation de MM. Christian Cambon et Andr Vantomme, fait au nom de la
commission des affaires trangres n 566 (2009-2010) 17 juin 2010 http://www.senat.fr/
notice-rapport/2009/r09-566-notice.html.
4 http://www.dekamer.be/doc/flwb/pdf/50/2330/50k2330001.pdf .
5 http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/bundestag/committees/index.html.
BOGDAN TEFANACHI
F
r1 a pretinde c exist o si-
Abstract
nonimie perfect ntre glo-
Globalization could be balizare i neo-liberalism, n
understood from the spaiul economiei globale argumentele
enlargement and redefinition of neo-liberale mpotriva interveniei pro-
the power relations perspective: active a statului2 pentru a gestiona func-
firstly, nation-states have ionarea pieei sunt cele care pot reflecta
functionally became parts of a cel mai bine tendinele economico-politi-
vaster pattern of global changes ce ale sfritului de secol XX. Acceptnd o
and, secondly, the idea of global astfel de matrice interpretativ a econo-
politics underlines the complexity miei mondiale contemporane, devine
of the interpenetrations that evident c trsturile globalizrii sunt
transcend states and societies, identice cu disciplina fiscal, liberalizarea
adding them a large network of financiar, liberalizarea comerului, pri-
agencies and organizations. On vatizare i dereglementare, precum i ga-
the other hand the article stresses rantarea proprietii3. Astfel, globaliza-
the fact that globalization has rea i liberalismul (neo-liberalismul) sunt
eroded the nation states mcar interdependente, dac nu n ntre-
monopoly of scientific knowledge gime congruente, sau dup cum susinea
and its ability to use that Andrew Gamble, una dintre cele mai
knowledge to reproduce (class) semnificative tendine ale ultimilor 30 de
power, even as the nature of class ani se constituie sub forma revitalizrii
power relations itself moves away liberalismului economic att ca econo-
from nation state control. Placed
between these two challenges of
1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: This paper was
globalization the state loses its made within The Knowledge Based Soci-
traditional characteristics and in ety Project supported by the Sectoral Op-
the new world the trends of erational Programme Human Resources
supranationality and devolution Development (SOP HRD), financed from the
go hand in hand. European Social Fund and by the Romanian
Government under the contract number
POSDRU ID 56815.
2 Jan Aart Scholte, Globalization. A Critical
Introduction,( London: Palgrave, 2000), 34.
3 John Willianson, In search of a Manual
Keywords for Technopols, n John Willianson (edi-
tor), The Political Economy of Policy Re-
globalization, state, power, form, (Washington: Institute for Interna-
knowledge, descentralization tional Economics, 1994), 26-28.
1 John Baylis, Steve Smith, The Globalization of World Politics. An Introduction to International
Relations, second edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 620.
2 Michael Mann, The Sources of Social Power, (Cambridge University Press, 1986), 7-10.
3 Craig Calhoun , Nationalism, (University of Minnesota Press, 1998).
4 Saskia Sassen, Losing Control? Sovereignity in an Age of Globalization, (Columbia University
Press, 1996).
5 James Rosenau, Along the Domestic Foreign Frontier (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1997).
1 Haas, Ernst B., When Knowledge is Power: Three Models of Change in International Organiza-
tions (California: University of California Press, 1990), 14.
2 Martin Carnoy, Manuel Castells, Globalization, the Knowledge Society, and the Network
State: Poulatzas at the millenium, Global Networks, 1(2001).
3 Kenichi Ohmae, The Next Global Stage. Challenges and Opportunities in Our Global World
(New Jersey: Wharton School Publishing, 2005).
4 Ulrich Beck, Ce este globalizarea?: Erori ale globalismului - rspunsuri la globalizare, traducere
de Ida Alexandrescu i Diana Popescu (Bucureti: Trei, 2003).
5 Ohmae, The Next, 82.
1 Friedrich A. Hayek, The Counter-Revolution of Science (New York:The Free Press, 1955), 183.
2 Norman P. Barry, The New Right (London and New York: Croom Helm, 1987), 32.
3 Gray, John, Hayek on Liberty (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1984), 15.
4 Carnoy, Globalization, 14.
Argument1
Abstract
The basic idea of this article is Fenomenele globalizrii, conver-
that there are new international genei ideologice, destructurrii statu-
phenomena which call for new lui i noile mecanisme de guvernare
geopolitical instruments. They sunt n acelai timp rezultate ale unor
have to be designed for a evoluii istorice, precum modificrile
pragmatic, efficient and balanelor de putere la nivel mondial
comprehensive analysis, in order sau progresele tehnologice, ct i cau-
to predict and engineer the ze ale apariiei unor noi actori interna-
strategies of international actors. ionali. Scopul acestui articol este de a
prezenta modul n care noile evoluii
istorice impun noi categorii n instru-
mentarul de lucru al geopoliticii.
1 Frederic S. Pearson, J. Martin Rochester, International Relations, The Global Condition in the
Late Twentieth Century, (McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1992), 81.
O
ver the last three dec-
Abstract
ades the foreign policy
This paper explores the ways in of the European Union
which the role of the European has been shaped by the debate around
Union as an international actor is civilian power Europe and militarized
affected by provisions of the power Europe1. This debate reflects the
Lisbon treaty. It will be argued dichotomous relations between the sup-
that the adoption of the treaty porters of intergovernmentalism and
has the potential of fostering those of supranationalism within the
cooperation between the EU. While both those perspectives strive
member states and the Unions for the creation of a common foreign
institutions towards the creation policy for the Union, intergovernmen-
of a common approach to foreign talism stresses that this can only be
policy. At the same time, the achieved by building military capabili-
establishment of new foreign ties2. Such a Realpolitik view of interna-
policy positions and institutions tional relations is contrasted by the
are to promote a normative rather neo-functionalist approach pro-
stance for the EU in its moted by those who support suprana-
international relations. tionalism within the EU. They recognize
that because the consensus on foreign
and security policy between the EU
member states has been difficult to
forge, the Union must try to construct a
common approach to foreign policy
based on other principles besides power
politics. Thus, the European Union is a
normative actor who seeks to promote
the norms and values that are found at
its base in its external relations. Only af-
1 M. Pace, The construction of Normative Power, Journal of Common Market Studies, 45,
5(2007): 1041-1064; Natalie Tocci, et al., The European Union as a Normative Foreign Policy
Actor, in Tocci (ed.). Who is a Normative Foreign Policy Actor? The European Union and its
Global Partners. (Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies, 2008).
2 Francois Duchene, Europes role in world peace, in R. Mayne (ed.) Europe Tomorrow: Sixteen
Europeans Look Ahead (London: Fontana/Collins, 1972); Francois Duchene, The European
Community and the uncertainties of interdependence, in M. Kohnstamm and W. Hager (eds.)
A Nation Writ Large? Foreign-Policy Problems Before the Community (London: Macmillan, 1973).
3 Hedley Bull, Civilian Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?, Journal of Common Market
Studies 12, 2(1982): 14964.
4 Thomas Diez, Constructing the Self and Changing Others: Reconsidering Normative Power
Europe, Millennium Journal of International Studies, 33, 3(2005): 620.
5 Jan Zielonka, Europe as a Global Actor: Empire by Example, International Affairs, 84,
3(2008): 471-484.
6 Ian Manners, Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?, Journal of Common
Market Studies, 40, 2(2002): 235-258.
7 Ian Manners, Normative Power Europe Reconsidered: beyond the Crossroads, Journal of
European Public Policy, 13, 2(2006): 182-199; Ian Manners, The Normative Ethics of the European
Union, International Affairs, 84, 1(2008): 45-60.
8 Richard Whitman, Muscles from Brussels: The demise of civilian power Europe?, in Ole
Elgstrom & Michael Smith, The European Unions Roles in International Politics: Concepts and
analysis. (New York: Routledge, 2006), 115.
9 Helen Sjursen, Karen E., Justifying EU Foreign Policy: The Logics Underpinning EU Enlarge-
ment, in T. Christiansen and B. Tonra (eds.) Rethinking EU Foreign Policy: Beyond the Common
Foreign and Security Policy (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004), 130.
1 Thomas Forsberg, Normative Power Europe (Once More): A Conceptual Clarification And
Empirical Analysis. Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, New York, 15-18
February 2009.
2 Adrian Hyde-Price, Normative power Europe: a realist critique, Journal of European
Public Policy, 13, 2(2006): 251.
3 Adrian Hyde-Price, A tragic actor? A realist perspective on ethical power Europe,
International Affairs, 84, 1(2008): 2944.
4 Jan Orbie, (ed.), Europes Global Role: External Policies of the European Union, (London:
Ahsgate, 2008).
5 Article 1 19) of the Lisbon Treaty, inserting Article 9E TEU; Article 1 30) of the Lisbon Treaty,
inserting Article 13a TEU.
6 Article 1 19) of the Lisbon Treaty, inserting Article 9e TEU; Article 1 27) of the Lisbon Treaty,
amending Article 11 TEU; Article 1 29) of the Lisbon Treaty, amending Article 13 TEU; Article 1 30)
of the Lisbon Treaty, inserting Article 13a TEU; compare the current Article 18 TEU 313 Article 1
30) of the Lisbon Treaty, inserting Article.
ntr-un articol, publicat in 20061
Abstract
mi exprimam scepticismul cu
This paper analyzes the Obama privire la posibilitatea ca n
administrations vision towards a viitorul apropiat, principalii actori s i re-
"nuclear-free world" and the vizuiasc poziiile fat de chestiunea ar-
global approach toward global melor nucleare. n argumentarea unei
nuclear arms control and astfel de poziii, invoc acum efectele
disarmament, the erei-Bush, caracterizate prin ceea ce
nonproliferation regime, and the analistul Michael T. Klare numea US
future role of nuclear weapons. permanent supremacy2, concomitent
It also makes case for why a cu adncirea clivajului ruso-american i
successful 2009 Nuclear Posture ngrijorri intense n mediul comunitii
Review (NPR) will heavily internaionale fa de eventualul peri-
influence the implementation of col ca armele nucleare, considerate
Washington's ambitious arms pn atunci un instrument de descura-
control and nonproliferation jare, s se tranforme ntr-un instrument
agenda, which includes de lupt. Iat ns c succesorul lui Bush
negotiation of a Strategic Arms jr., Barack Obama a reuit s readuc n
Reduction Treaty (START I) atenia lumii chestiunea privind rolul i
follow-on agreement as well as mai ales ameninarea creat prin exis-
achievement of a Fissile Material tena armelor nucleare, strrnind mari
Cutoff Treaty, ratification of the ateptri i mult entuziasm n rndul co-
Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban munitii internaionale, revigornd dez-
Treaty (CTBT), and a favorable baterile privind oportunitatea implemen-
outcome at the 2010 review trii n practic a principiilor neproliferare
conference of the nuclear i dezarmare nuclear global. n con-
Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT). textul primului su discurs oficial n Eu-
ropa n calitate de preedinte al SUA
(Praga, 5 aprilie 2009), Barack Obama
fcea un apel ctre comunitatea inter-
1
The Russian-American Nuclear Diploma-
cy At The Millennium Crossroads, Strategic
Keywords Impact (Impact Strategic), issue: 3 / 2006,
pages: 7781, on www.ceeol.com.
nuclear weapons, disarmament,
2 Klare
Michael T., Endless Military Supe-
strategic priorities, material nuclear, riority, June 27, 2002, http://www.thena-
nuclear doctrine tion.com/doc/20020715/klare.
1 Foreign Missile Development and the Ballistic Missile Threat Through 2015 - document
elaborat de Administraia Bush, n 2002.
2 Potrivit oficialilor europeni, Obama ar fi respins recent o prim variant propus de Pentagon
privind revizuirea dotrilor nucleare, solicitnd opiuni mult mai largi n conformitate cu
scopul su de a realiza o lume fr arme nucleare, care s prevad, ntre altele: reconfigurarea
forelor nucleare americane care s permit limitarea numrului ogivelor strategice desfurate
la un nivel inferior celui de 1000, precum i limitarea situaiilor care s permit folosirea armei
nucleare.
3 Triada nuclear se compune din trei picioare, care asigur lansarea unui atac din aer, de pe
mare i de pe sol, fiecare dintre ele avnd importana sa strategic:
ICBM rachete balistice intercontinentale
SLBM- rachete balistice lansate de pe submarine
Aviaia de bombardament strategic
4 extrase din discursul pe care Bush l-a inut la 1 mai 2001 la National Defense University din
Washington, http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/10/20071023-3.
Viziunea lui Obama privind instaurarea unei lumi libere de arme nucleare nu
este una nou. Luri de poziie similare i argumente n favoarea stabilirii unei
agende comune n acest sens au fost aduse chiar din timpul ultimului mandat al
fostului preedinte Bush, relevante n acest sens fiind:
- propunerile de dezarmare, precum cele solicitate de fotii Secretari de Stat George
Shultz i Henry Kissinger, precum i fostul Secretar al Aprrii William Perry4;
- campanii precum Global Zero5, potrivit creia armele de distrugere masiv nu-i
html
1 Documentul nu e nc declasificat, ns pasaje din el se pot gsi pe site-ul GlobalSecurity.org.:
http://globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/policy/national/wmdstrategy2002.pdf
2 Exist trei cazuri n care s-ar putea recurge la asemenea arme: Primul, mpotriva intelor
capabile s reziste la un atac convenional, apoi ca represalii la un atac cu arme nucleare,
biologice sau chimice i, n cele din urm, n cazul unor evenimente militare surprinztoare.
3 Noua doctrin a dus la creterea cheltuielilor pentru ntrirea potenialului militar. n anul
rzboiului mpotriva Irakului, bugetul militar al SUA a ajuns la 396 de miliarde de dolari, Casa
Alb cernd pentru asigurarea cheltuielilor campaniei un supliment de 80 de miliarde (n
1945, anul victoriei asupra nazismului, cnd efortul militar al Americii a fost cel mai mare din
istoria sa, bugetul de rzboi a ajuns la 50 de miliarde de dolari). Pentru anul 2004, la cererea
administraiei, Congresul a aprobat Pentagonului cheltuieli de 401 miliarde de dolari. Specialitii
au calculat c acest buget este de trei ori mai mare dect cele cumulate ale Rusiei, Chinei,
Irakului, Iranului, Coreii de Nord, Libiei, Cubei, Sudanului si Siriei. Pentru sectorul militar SUA
au alocat de ase ori mai muli bani dect Rusia, care, dup volum, dispune de al doilea buget
militar din lume.
4 n ianuarie 2007, n cuprinsul unui articol din Wall Street Journal, Henry Kissinger, George P.
Shultz, William J. Perry i Sam Nunn pledau pentru realizarea unui consens la nivel internaional
n vederea dezarmrii i neproliferrii nucleare, proces n cadrul cruia SUA s i asume rolul
de catalizator / lider: George P. Shultz, William J. Perry, Henry, A. Kissinger, and Sam Nunn, A
World Free of Nuclear Weapons, The Wall Street Journal, January 4, 2007.
5 Iniiativa a fost lansat la Paris, n decembrie 2008, de catre o sut de personaliti
internaionale. Promotorii acestei campanii doresc asocierea refleciei politice la cel mai nalt
1 Serghei Lavrov, ministrul de externe al Federaiei Ruse declara participanilor la cea de-a 45-a
Conferin Internaional pe probleme de Securitate de la Munchen (februarie 2009).
Wilsonism i imperialism
SILVIU PETRE
Introducere
Abstract
The classical view, dispersed A fost Woodrow Wilson un idea-
through school manuals and list naiv? Ne-am ncetenit prerea de
reinforced by Kissingers a crede astfel.1 Manualele colare ne-au
Diplomacy, holds Woodrow nvat cu tabloul unui 1918 ce opune o
Wilson like a sort of nave Americ triumftoare dar naiv i o Eu-
utopian who did not understand rop n ruin dar mult mai ireat i mai
the European Realpolitik. Going versatil n arta diplomaiei. Henry Kis-
beyond the shallow reading of singer n Diplomaia nu face dect s
history, Woodrow Wilson cimenteze stereotipul. Pentru fostul Se-
envisaged a liberal security cretar de Stat american, politica State-
architecture for the post WWI lor Unite s-a desfurat de-a lungul tim-
international order. His failure pului ntr-un continuum care are la
originated not in his presumed capt marca idealismului normativ per-
idealism but lack of diplomatic
skills- both in relation to the 1 John Morton Blum, Woodrow Wilson and
the politics of morality, (Little, Brown &Co.,
European rulers and home, with
Boston/Toronto, 1956), 5-9. Pierre Renouvin,
the US Congress and especially Primul Rzboi Mondial, (Corint, Bucureti,
the pro-European Republicans. 2001), 83-89. Martin Griffiiths, Relaii
internaionale: coli, curente, gnditori,
(Editura Ziua, Bucureti, 2003),169-170.
Charles Zorgbibe, Woodrow Wilson, un
cruciat la Casa Alb, (Fundaia European
Titulescu, Bucureti, 2003). American
Presidents: Woodrow Wilson, http://www.
youtube.com/watch?v=RyKTMW7lnpE.
Niall Ferguson, Colossus. The Rise and
fall of the American Empire, (Penguin
Books, London, 2004, 2005), 63. Chalmers
Johnson, Gustul amar al imperiului, (Antet,
Prahova, 2006), 41. Subroto Roy, Modern
World History The Sunday Statesman
Editorial Page Special Article May 7 2006,
http://independentindian.com/category/
woodrow-wilson/; Constance G.Anthony,
Keywords American Democratic Interventionism:
Romancing the Iconic Woodrow Wilson,
Woodrow Wilson, Henry Kissinger, International Studies Perspectives, Volume
League of Nations, realism, idealism 9, Number 3, (2008):239-254.
Dac Al Doilea rzboi mondial pare mult mai inteligibil ochiului privitor dato-
rit dinamicii internaionale mult mai evidente lucrurile nu stau la fel n ceea ce
privete primul. Originile Marelui Rzboi apar mult mai disparate i deci considerabil
mai dificil de nmnunchiat. Intrarea unor actori extraeuropeni vine s complice i
mai mult tabloul.4 Astfel, intrarea Statelor Unite pare greu de nteles ntruct por-
1 Ren Remond, Istoria Statelor Unite ale Americii, (Corint, Bucureti, (1959)1999), 35.
2 Recenzie: Owen Harries- Walter Russel MEAD, Anglo-Saxon Attitudes. The making of the
Modern World., Forreign Affairs, Jan/Feb 2008, vol. 87, No.1: 170-171. Vezi i Walter Russel
Mead, Britain, America and the Making of the Modern World, New American Foundation, 27
November 2007, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=36FUyM4HKGo
3 Philip Jenkins, O istorie a Statelor Unite, (Editura Artemis, Bucureti, 2002), 62-75. Gore Vidal,
United States 1952-1992: Essays, (Random House, New York 1993), Cap.: First note on Abraham
Lincoln, 667 i Cap.: Lincoln, Lincoln and the priest of Academ, 684. Theodore Roosevelt, Henry
Cabot Lodge, Hero Tales from Amerian History, Project Gutenberg, http://www.gutenberg.org/
catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=917104&pageno=89
4 Enciclopedia Britanic listeaz o serie de factori precum naionalismul extrem, cursa narmrilor,
lupta pentru colonii. The roots of World War I, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/
topic/291225/international-relations/32817/The-war-guilt-question#ref=ref114865, accesat
noiembrie 2008. De pe poziii teologice, Berdiaev regsete cauzele Marelui Rzboi n criza culturii
i civilizaiei occidentale. Vezi N.A.Berdiaev, The end of Europe (1915) http://www.berdyaev.com/
berdiaev/berd_lib/1915_195.html. i NA.Berdiaev, Thoughts about the nature of war (1915), http://
www.berdyaev.com/berdiaev/berd_lib/1915_197.html, accesate n octombrie 2008.
Pentru gnditorii marxisti precum Lenin sau David Harvey originile Primului rzboi mondial
rezid n lupta marilor puteri europene pentru colonii ca debuee ale surplusului de capital
creat. Vezi David Harvey, Noul Imperialism, (All, Bucureti, 2006), 48-52. Un punct de vedere
neo-marxist dar diferit l furnizeaz Immanuel Wallerstein pentru care cauza celor dou
rzboaie mondiale, unite de fapt ntr-un singur conflict de 30 de ani este rivalitatea n sistemul
internaional dintre SUA i Germania, cele mai dezvoltate economii. Vezi Immanuel Wallerstein,
Filozofia wilsonist
Raportat la context, discursul wilsonist era una din versiunile diferitelor pla-
nuri i micri ecumeniste existente n lume la acea dat. Dorina de a aboli ntr-un
fel sau altul balana de putere i ordinea european post-vienez din 1815 avea nu-
meroi promotori, chiar dac originea i manifestarea lor erau eclectice. Astfel libe-
ralii britanici tip laissez-faire sperau ntr-o lume n care exemplul britanic s poat fi
aplicat la scar global. Tocmai ntinderea cvasi-planetar a Imperiului Britanic a
fcut ca balana de putere european s par doar un punct periferic n calea posi-
bilitii instaurrii unui imperiu universal.
Internaionalele I i II din perioada Blle Epoque doreau o schimbare sistemic
prin revoluionarea de jos a ordinii mondiale. n cercurile scriitorilor rui, ideea me-
sianismului rus chemat s salveze Occidentul decadent i materialist se bucura de o
Declinul puterii americane, (Incitatus, Prahova, (2003; 2005), 16. O prere de stnga o are John
Hobson pentru care cauzele Marelui rzboi se pot reduce la social-imperialism i la naionalismul
exacerbat. Vezi John Hobson, Why the war came as a surprise? Political Science Quarterly,
Vol.35 No.3, September 1920, 337-359. http://www.marxists.org/archive/hobson/1920/09/war.
htm#top.
1 Philip Jenkins, O istorie, 68.
2 John A.Hobson, Socialistic imperialism, International Journal of Ethics, Vol.12 No.1, October
1901, pp.44-58, www.marxists.org.
3 Chalmers Johnson, Gustul, 39-44.
4 Philip Jenkins, O istorie, 133.
5 Pierre Renouvin, Primul, 83.
6 John Morton Blum, Woodrow, 94.
Mai mult dect poate oricare alt preedinte american, Woodrow Wilson a
stabilit un record n ceea ce privete numrul de intervenii militare, continund
totodat i diplomaia dolarului iniiat de predecesorulsu, preedintele Taft. Ar-
mata american s-a implicat n operaiuni de durat n Mexic, Nicaragua, Haiti, Re-
publica Dominican i Marea Caraibelor. Unele dintre aceste intervenii vor conti-
nua mult timp dup finalul adminstraiei sale la Casa Alb. De o atenie special a
beneficiat Mexicul unde Washingtonul a sprijinit diferii candidai la preedinie.
Nerecunoaterea dictatorului Victoriano Huerta (1914) i-a determinat pe americani
s l sprijine pe Venustiano Caranza, un aprig rival al primului. Dup instalarea la
putere a lui Caranza, armata american a avut probleme pn n ajunul Primului
rzboi mondial cu trupele guerillere ale lui Pancho Villa care producea pagube im-
portante la grania celor dou state.
Comunitarismul multicultural
i efectul Bosnia-Heregovina
CRISTIAN GHERASIM
Pluralismul liberal vs
Abstract
comunitarismul multicultural
Multiculturalism, as a
reconstruction strategy applied by Reacionnd mpotriva individu-
the International Community in alismului contemporaneitii i alienrii
post-war Bosnia, meant that, in pe care liberalismul o creeaz, comunita-
order to keep peace, ethnic ritii consider c societatea i statul pot
communities should interact as fi reformate doar prin ntrirea ideii de
little as possible. Seen now as a comunitate. Ei vor prelua tezele lui Bur-
failed approach, the IC wants to ke despre organicitatea comunitilor
abandon this action plan and tries naturale i vor ncerca s transpun n re-
to promote interethnic alitate principiul subsidiaritii, plednd
cooperation. But the division lines pentru o intervenie limitat a statului
created by the Dayton Peace numai acolo unde societatea nu are posi-
Accords are not as easy to bilitatea sau interesul s acioneze1. Sta-
override as initially thought. tul comunitilor este un stat reea, or-
ganizat pe orizontal, cu unic scop de a
asigura implicarea ct mai multor gru-
puri n punerea n practic a Binelui co-
mun. Dar ce se ntmpl dac aceste
comuniti au concepii diferite asupra
ceea ce trebuie s reprezinte Binele co-
mun? Ce se ntmpl atunci cnd con-
troversa valorilor nu devine condiia co-
mun, ci cauza conflictelor, clivajelor i
secesiunilor ntr-un stat multi-etnic?
Rspunsul pare a fi simplu: caui
consensul. Totui, consensul presupune
toleran, presupune compromis, ceda-
re i acceptare a valorilor celuilalt. Tole-
rana, aa cum Michael Walzer o de-
scrie, cuprinde o varietate de posibiliti:
de la acceptarea resemnat a diferenei
Keywords de dragul pcii, pn la deschiderea
multiculturalism, communitarism,
1 Andrei ranu, Doctrine politice moderne
ethnic division, pluralism, liberalism, i contemporane, (Bucureti: Ed. Fundaiei
balkanization Pro, 2005), 214.
1 Timoty William Waters, Assuming Bosnia: Taking Polities Seriously in Ethically divided states,
n Dina Francesca Haynes( coordinator), Human Rights and Rule of Law in Postwar Bosnia and
Herzegovina, (Burlington: Asghate Publishing Company, 2008), 61.
2 Andela Lalovic, BiH Fairytale on CSR Legislation and Practice, n Balkan Yearbook of Human
Rights 2008 (Sarajevo: Balkan Human Rights Network, 2008), 82.
1 Cristian Preda, Mic dicionar de gndire politic liberal, (Bucureti: Humanitas, 2004), 85.
2 Sartori, Ce ne facem cu strinii?, 158.
Scutul anti-rachet:
o form de reasigurare strategic
LIVIU TATU i OCTAVIAN MANEA
A
nunul oficialilor Departa-
Abstract
mentului de Stat al SUA pri-
The recent debate surrounding vind o posibil amplasare n
the Obama missile defence had Romnia a unor elemente balistice inter-
the virtue of revealing an ceptoare de tip SM-3, dezbaterile consis-
uncomfortable and inconvenient tente din cadrul NATO, dar i reaciile
truth that has been there for Moscovei au readus n discuie chestiu-
more than a decade or so: what nea delicat a ameninrii balistice, pre-
really mattered for East cum i modalitile de consolidare a siste-
Europeans was hardly the shield mului euro-atlantic de aprare balistic.
per se, but the informal security Pe fond, anunul plasrii Romniei pe
guarantees provided by the harta scutului antirachet nu poate fi se-
presence of the US facilities in this parat de celelalte evoluii continentale.
part of Europe! n cele din urm, spaiul securitii euro-
pene este indivizibil. Desfurarea fizic
a scutului antirachet pe flancul estic al
NATO a devenit tot mai mult o problema
de reasigurare strategic n direct leg-
tur cu recredibilizarea angajamentului
muchetarilor (toi pentru unul, unul
pentru toi) din tratatul fondator al
NATO. i totui de unde aceast nevoie?
Problema reasigurrii strategice a
flancului estic a revenit n atenia opini-
ei publice, pe fondul vizitei ntreprinse
n octombrie 2009 de ctre vicepreedin-
tele SUA, Joe Biden, la Bucureti i Var-
ovia. Discursurile sale, adevrate lecii
de diplomaie public, au fost special
gndite pentru o audien dominat de
profunde temeri regionale i condiio-
nat de un imaginar istoric traumatizat.
Turneul a urmrit s promoveze i toto-
Keywords dat s conving statele din aceast re-
strategic reassurance, missile defense, giune de avantajele comparative ale
Eastern Flank, Phased Adaptive proiectului sistemului antirachet pro-
Approach, anti status-quo power pus de administraia Obama: este mai
1 If you are asking me whether its better to have guarantees that are not credible rather than
not to have them at all, then speaking very bluntly here I will tellyou that our historical experi-
ence in Poland is that it is better not to have the guarantees.Because in 1939 we were the first to
stand up to Hitler. We thought we had guarantees but they proved to be not credible, militarily
speaking. A countrys calculations are affected by guarantees and theyd better be credible.,
vezi Octavian Manea, Speeking truth to DC: Sikorscki Radek Sikorski, Revista 22, http://
politicaex.wordpress.com/2009/11/05/speaking-truth-to-dc-sikorski-radek-sikorski/ .
1 Ballistic missile proliferation poses an increasing threat to Allies forces, territory and popula-
tions. Missile defence forms part of a broader response to counter this threat. We therefore rec-
ognise the substantial contribution to the protection of Allies from long-range ballistic missiles
to be provided by the planned deployment of European-based United States missile defence
assets. We are exploring ways to link this capability with current NATO missile defence efforts
as a way to ensure that it would be an integral part of any future NATO-wide missile defence
architecture. Bearing in mind the principle of the indivisibility of Allied security as well as NATO
solidarity, we task the Council in Permanent Session to develop options for a comprehensive
missile defence architecture to extend coverage to all Allied territory and populations not oth-
erwise covered by the United States system for review at our 2009 Summit, to inform any future
political decision., Bucharest Summit Declaration Issued by the Heads of State and Government
participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Bucharest on 3 Aprilie 2008, http://
www.nato.int/docu/pr/2008/p08-049e.html#missile.
1 We also commend the work already underway to strengthen NATO-Russia missile defence
cooperation. We are committed to maximum transparency and reciprocal confidence building
measures to allay any concerns. We encourage the Russian Federation to take advantage of
United States missile defence cooperation proposals and we are ready to explore the potential
for linking United States, NATO and Russian missile defence systems at an appropriate time..
2 Speech by NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen at NATOs New strategic Concept
Global, Transatlantic and Regional Challenges and Tasks Ahead, Warsaw, 12 March 2010, http://
www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/opinions_62143.htm
3 NATO Strategic Concept Seminar, Remarks as Delivered by Secretary of Defense Robert M
Gates, National Defense University, Washington, D.C., Tuesday, 23 February 2010, http://www.
defense.gov/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=1423.
4 Missile Defense in Europe Stronger. Smarter. Sooner, Ambassador Daalder op-ed in Die Zeit,
11 March 2010, http://nato.usmission.gov/Speeches/Daalder_DieZeit032010.asp .
Pentru unii analiti, precum Dmitri Trenin, director al Centrului Carnegie din
Moscova, anunul Bucuretiului nu a constituit nici pe departe o surpriz, Romnia
fiind una dintre opiunile sugerate chiar de ctre liderii rui. n plus, aa cum se pre-
zint acum, sistemul antibalistic n versiunea Obama nu va fi capabil s doboare ra-
chete intercontinentale lansate din zona Orientul Mijlociu nainte de 2020.Sistemul
Obama este configurat preponderent mpotriva rachetelor cu raz scurt i medie
de aciune. Astfel, se elimin un element de maxim anxietate pentru Moscova: cele
10 interceptoare terestre, care ar fi fost desfurate pe teritoriul polonez, n arhitec-
tura Bush, ar fi putut dobor inclusiv rachete intercontinentale lansate dinspre Rusia
spre SUA, peste Oceanul Arctic.
n noua configuraie, aceast potenial vulnerabilitate a Rusiei dispare. Spre
deosebire de proiectul anterior (unul dominant static, format din 10 interceptoare
GBI i un radar amplasat n Cehia), Administraia Obama propune o arhitectur dis-
persat, flexibil construit n jurul platfomei SM-3.Aceasta din urm este gndit ca
o capacitate de interceptare cu o raz de aciune exclusiv regional. Spre deosebire
de sistemul anterior bazat pe rachete de 25 de tone, care puteau ajunge pn la
12.000 de km, SM-3 este un interceptor de 25 de ori mai mic i a crui raz de aci-
une (capacitatea de a-i atinge literalmente inta nainte de a se prbui pe pmnt)
este mai scurt cu cteva mii de km, declara, n octombrie 2009, poate cea mai
avizat voce - generalul Patrick OReilly, director al Missile Defense Agency al SUA1.
Mesajul transmis Moscovei, cu mult timp nainte ca Romnia s devin oficial parte
a scutului, este foarte clar: Principiile fizicii sunt evidente. Dac te afli n raza de
aciune a interceptorului SM-3, acesta poate distruge rachete de orice fel. Dar liter-
lalmente, dac eti plasat n afara zonei, nu avem nicio capabilitate, preciza gene-
ralul Patrick OReilly n octombrie 2009. Iar Rusia pare s fi neles, cel puin pn
acum, acest lucru. Scutul american desfurat n Europa nu este ndreptat spre Rusia,
ci face parte dintr-un sistem mai larg de descurajare i prevenire a oricrei intimidri
sau antaj pe care le-ar putea exercita Teheranul la adresa statelor europene sau a
celor 80.000 de militari americani staionai n Vestul Europei.
1 Patrick OReilly, director al Missile Defense Agency al SUA, Atlantic Council, 7 octombrie 2010,
http://www.acus.org/event/missile-defense-europe-next-steps/oreilly-transcript.
1 Hillary Clinton, Remarks on the Future of European Security, Paris, 29 ianuarie 2010, http://
www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/01/136273.htm.
2 James Jones, Speech at the 46th Munich Security Conference, http://www.securityconference.
de/Jones-James-L.449.0.html?&L=1.
3 Radoslaw Sikorski la Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), 4 Noiembrie 2009,
Washington DC, http://opinia.us/AmerOp/english/us-media/russia-attacks-sikorski-on-comments-
about-u-s-troops-in-poland/.
Paradigma constructivist
i culturile de securitate
IOANA-BIANCA BERNA
1 Valerie Hudson., ed, Culture and Foreign Policy, (Boulder : Lynne Rienner Publishers,
1997), 28.
2 Theo Farell, Constructivist Security Studies: Portrait of a Research Program, International
Studies Review 4, 1 (2002): 49.
3 Dup cum menioneaz Hopf, The promise, 178.
4 Ameninrile pot exista n absena unor identiti predefinite.
5 Farell , Constructivist Security, 70.
Concluzii
1 Stephen Peter Rosen, Societies and Military Power, (New York, Cornell University Press, 1996) 12.
2 Excesele metodologice sunt, de altfel, una dintre unul dintre semnele distinctive ale construc-
tivismului.
3 Jeffrey S. Lantis, Strategic culture: From Clausewitz to Constructivism, Strategic Insights, 10
(2005).
Dreptatea intergeneraional.
Principii i teorii (II)
NICOLAE DRGUIN
O
abordare cuprinztoare
Abstract
a dreptii intergenerai-
Whereas the previous part of this onale se construiete cu
essay introduced the reader to ajutorul a dou teorii ale dreptii: teo-
the notion of justice between ria libertarian i cea liberal. De fapt,
generations (inter- or intra- sintagmei ,,teorie liberal a dreptii i
generational), this second part s-ar putea aduce ca repro neclaritatea.
makes a step further in nainte de toate, teoriile libertarian i
investigating it within the liberal introduc un tip de excludere care
framework of libertarian and nu este precis. Mai simplu spus, liberta-
liberal theories of justice. rianismul reprezint o ramur a liberalis-
Secondly, the essay establishes mului; n plus, Rawls -despre care va fi
the reflection upon the issue of vorba n continuare- este cel pe care No-
justice between generations on zick l-a criticat din punct de vedere liber-
the three principles (social tarian i nu invers. n cele din urm, apre-
contract, egalitarian and cierile liberale i libertariene n legtur
utilitarian principles) of liberal cu dreptatea apar n contrapartid la te-
theory. It argues that the issue of oria socialist, spre exemplu. Din acest
justice between generations is punct de vedere, asemnrile copleesc
reflected differently in the light diferenele inerente dintre liberalism i
of the two theories. libertarianism. n consecin, ar fi mai
potrivit redenumirea acestora ca teorii
ale dreptii non-libertariene i de inspi-
raie liberal? Pentru un plus de claritate
se poate, firete, proceda astfel. Iat care
ar fi cteva asemnri i diferene ntre
cele dou teorii. n primul rnd, ceea ce
au mprtesc ambele este crezul n
dreptul la libertate individual i propri-
etate privat, iar ceea ce i deosebete
este rolul atribuit instituiilor. Dac pen-
tru libertarieni, dup cum se va preciza
mai jos, instituiile exist doar pentru a
proteja drepturile negative i pentru a
Keywords repara nedreptatea atunci cnd acestea
intergenerational justice, human sunt nclcate, liberalii devin ceva mai
rights, libertarianism, liberalism generoi n ceea ce le privete. Ei le atri-
1 Diferena este prezentat n detaliu n in Brian Barry. Theories of Justice. (London: Harvester
Wheatsheaf, 1989). Voi face o expunere sumar a diferenelor eseniale dup cum sunt expuse
n cartea sa.
2 Brett M. Frischmann, Some Thoughts and Shortsightedness and Intergenerational Equity,
Loyola University Chicago Law Journal, 36 (2005): 460.
3 Wolf, Intergenerational, 285.
Tnrul Ceauescu
Arhivele Sfera Politicii
STELIAN TNASE
Tnrul Ceauescu
Young Ceauescu
Up till now nobody has ever written Nicolae Ceauescus full biography, al-
though few attempts have been made. What misses the most are the rigorous re-
searches based on archived documents, and respectively drawing those proper links
between all these documents. Even if submitted to intense research, the darkest part
of Ceauescus life still remains his apprenticeship from the 30s. His professional spe-
cialization might be also worth noticing. He had no studies, he was almost an illiterate.
He quickly joined in the communist undergrounds and followed a training program in
clandestine techniques. He was practically an outcast, coming from a small village, job-
less, trying with a little help from his relatives to do something for a living. He arrived
in Bucharest in the context of Hitlers ascension, time during which the Romanian soci-
ety was highly polarized. In accordance with this, he turned to the Romanian Commu-
nist Party (R.C.P.), even if his brother was enrolled in the legionary movement. Thus, we
have laying in front of our eyes a young Ceauescu, hanging on several shadow or-
ganizations, clinging in their turn on the R.C.P. In his biography written in 1946, biog-
raphy that we actually reproduce in the following, he states that he entered the Union
of Communist Youth in 1933, as an antifascist gesture. He then after took a journey
throughout regional organizations (which were as a matter of fact almost annihilated
by Police forces). In Oltenia, for instance, he succeeds Esther Radosovetki, a Comintern
agent and the future wife of Alexander Moghioros. Elsewhere, he worked with Matei
Socor, a fanatical Bolshevik (son of Em. Socor who was an eminent journalist, at a time
director of Adevrul and Dimineaa) who once conducted a concert at Sala Dalles
dressed up in a red tailcoat, all to show his political sympathies! Another interesting
character shows up: Petre Vulpescu, secretary of the C.C. of the U.C.Y., close to Gogu
Rdulescu, Fischer-Navodaru (later on Paul Gomas father in law), Ilie Constatinovki
(who left for the U.S.S.R in 1940, soon followed by Gogu Radulescu in 1941). Petre Vul-
pescu used to be a Secret Intelligence Service agent, working for Moruzov and Cristes-
cu. After the War, Ceauescu has been imprisoned right by his former comrades. At this
point Ophelia Manole turns up. She was a long run activist, who decades later would
be murdered in her home in Primverii district. Scarlat Callimachi, also known as The
Red Prince and Ptracanu come out too. Ceauescu encountered them both after
leaving Tg. Jiu. They however ignored him and gave him practically nothing to do, not
even in the eve of August 23, 1944 Coup, where he was one of the leaders of the plot.
From this moment on Ceauescu exits the undergrounds, leading instead a newly re-
founded transient U.C.Y. eventually scaling the heights of glory, as already known.
Of course, his ritual biography masterly depicts both his high-level acquaintances
and the great feats of arms preceding his capturing. In January 1936 he got arrested for
communist activity and sentenced to two years and six months of prison. He has been
set free in 1938, then arrested once again in 1940 and eventually released for good in
1944. In the hand written pages Ceauescu recalls all the jails and prisons he went
through. The classic route starts with Doftana, followed by Caransebe and finally by
the Tg. Jiu camp, place where he actually met Gheorghe Gheorghiu Dej, head of the
imprisoned group, soon to became his political patron. He was also sanctioned in
1942, because, along with Elena Petrescu, he rested for a short while in a safe house ap-
parently for other purposes than fighting against fascism. The comrades have not really
understood and gave him a reprimand. Generally speaking, this promising young man
proved to be a pretty poor conspirator, as several other citations well prove.
......................................................................
Arhivele Statului
Fd 95/D. 14323/832
Fila 78, 79, 80.
Proces Verbal
Astzi, anul 1934, luna septembrie, ziua 20, ora 22. Noi Ananiu An-
ton, comisar ajutor de poliie, comisariatul circ. 13 din Prefectura Mu-
nicipiului Bucureti, domiciliat n Calea Clrai nr. 224, fiind de
serviciu la biroul comisariatului, am fost anunat de dl. Enache Petre,
proprietarul imobilului din str. Foior, nr.9, unde are sediul Comitetu-
lui Antifascist, sectorul II, negru, c mai muli indivizi in ntrunire
la acel sediu. Cum acest Comitet nu posed autorizaia Corpului II Arma-
t, ne-am transportat la faa locului unde am gsit mai muli indivizi
crora le vorbea tnrul MATEI SOCOR despre fascism i cerea egalitate
pentru toi cetenii.
Somndu-i s prseasc sediul, numiii s-au opus, continund n-
tlnirea. Vznd opunerea lor am intervenit telefonnd la Prefectura Po-
Comisar
Indescifrabil
......................................................................
Arhivele Statului
Fd 95/D. 14323/832
Fila 12
Ceauescu Nicolae
Coord. Radu Pavel Gheo i Dan Lungu, Tovare de drum. Experiena feminin n
comunism
Editura Polirom, Iai, 2008, colecia Ego-grafii, 316 pp., cu o prefa semnat de coordonatori.
Economia politic
Semnale
Ideologiile reformatoare
Autor: Henrieta Anioara erban, Editura Institutului de tiine Politice i
Relaii Internaionale
Cuprins:
Postmodernismul - un (pre)fix?; Curente alternative ale postmoderni-
tii (Transmodernitatea; Cosmodernitatea; Hipermodernitatea; Para-
modernitatea; Metamodernitatea; Remodernitatea); Secularizarea
o nou teologie? (Sub vlul teologico - politic al secularizrii: (re)activri
istorice); Ideologii post - ? Post Ideologii? (Globalizare i postmoder-
nism: evaluri slabe ale realitii politice romneti; Invariani politici
de factur liberal; Invariani politici de factur conservatoare; Invari-
ani politici de factur socialist; Invariani politici alternativi; Reactiva-
rea diferenelor ; O (alt) a treia for. Romnia profund; Soft power
o postideologie?; Geografia postmodern a Uniunii Europene; O alt teritorializare: Declaraia de
la Bucureti); Concluzii; Abstract; Bibliografie
ntr-o apoftegm a dezamgirii, Ion D. Srbu, dezavund modelele externe, recomanda ritos:
Ar trebui s fim lsai s cretem organic, dinluntrul nostru. Scriitorul pleda cu fermitate pentru
emergena naional. Adpat la lecturi subiri, romneti i strine, adecvate staturii profesiona-
le a cercettorului academic, foarte tnra Viorella Manolache i-a alctuit o panolpie livresc
spectaculoas: Postmodernitatea romneasc ntre experien ontologic i necesitate politic,
Sibiu, Editura Universitii Lucian Blaga, 2004; Cecitatea politic ntre sindrom ereditar i faza
lung a mainistului, Sibiu, Editura Universitii Lucian Blaga, 2005; Elite. Legitimri juridice i
moderne, Sibiu, Editura Universitii Lucian Blaga, 2006; Ipostaze ale fetiului n presa cultural
romneasc, Sibiu, Editura Universitii Lucian Blaga, 2006; Antielite. Forme tipice i atipice ale
elitismului politic contemporan, Sibiu, Editura Universitii Lucian Blaga, 2007; Elitele politice ro-
mneti ntre deconstrucia comunismului i reconstrucia democraiei, Sibiu, Editura Techno Me-
dia, 2008; Cartografierea marginalitii (n colab. cu Henrieta Anioara erban), Bucureti, Editura
Institutului de tiine Politice i Relaii Internaionale, 2010.
Lucrrile citate trateaz teme/fenomene actuale, modificnd optica prin abordri originale: (Re)
dialectizat, (re)injectat cu/de alt sens, ca produs derivat, lateral, postmodernismul devine un concept
supus (re)teritorializrii, vnat de ameninarea de aezare, sedentarizare, comoditate sau nfunda-
re, de ipostaza penultimativ. Optnd pentru reactivarea paenultimus-ului, n ipostaz de ambre-
ior, cuvintele i ideile (re)investite filosofico-politic, ntr-un circuit (re)activ imprevizibil, nepremedi-
tat, devin parole, cuvinte de acces, passwords, operatori nontehnici, verificnd ipoteza lansat de
noi, potrivit creia postmodernismul nu ncremenete n fix, n continuum, ci devine mobil, prin
aplicarea tensiunilor, curentelor alternative, ce justific o (am)plasare sub un Postmodern Turn.
Autoarea pune n ecuaie curentele alternative: (Pre)fixul post- se (auto)plaseaz ca produs al mo-
dernului, n afara acestuia, nefiind depit, ci doar asumat. Dubla sa situare, n afara i (n)luntrul
modernitii, prin inocen i ironie, nu exclude nivelul meta, jocul experimentului, care stabilete
c noutile sale, departe de a-l anula, l desprind definitiv de orice borne fixe. Depirea lui post-
devine (re)cunoatere dinamic, acceptare, aprofundare! Logica lui post- ne plaseaz n pliul critic
al lui ntre, multiplicnd distanele, ntr-o disput inegal, aleatorie. Viorella Manolache investi-
gheaz spaii teoretice ample, bibliografii recente, realiznd un temeinic studiu filosofico-politic.
Dinuirea se construiete cu migal...
Din dosarul postmodernitii lipsea piesa esenial: Curente alternative ale prefixului POST. Eva-
luri filosofico-politice (Sibiu, Editura Techno Media, 2010). n preambulul lucrrii sale, tnra cerce-
ttoare postuleaz: Noile forme/formule filosofice, culturale, politice, sociale, economice etc. mo-
deleaz stricteea ordinii moderniste, fr a nega, ns, ordinea propriu-zis. Ele ademenesc ctre
secundarul, de sorginte postmodernist, i n interiorul acestuia mblnzesc teoria aseptic-modernis-
t, o fragmenteaz i o diversific, mediatiznd-o, decanoniznd-o i, n cele din urm, resemnifi-
cnd-o (pp. 31-32). Comentariul filosofico- politic, alctuit cu acribie sub vremi careniale ca aces-
tea, e nu doar salutar, ci necesar. Istoria se tie refuz sincopele. Condeiele primenite,
emergente se cuvin respectate. Quod bene fit haud perit.
Doina Florea
Cuprins:
Timp, spaiu i schimbare instituional n Europa Central i de Est Spaii postcomuniste: o per-
spectiv a geografiei politice n explicarea rezultatelor postcomuniste Motenirile leniniste i mo-
tenirile socialismului de stat n dezvoltarea constituional a Europei Centrale postcomuniste Poli-
tica omajului postcomunist: motenirile istorice i acceptarea nefireasc a pierderii locului de
munc Moteniri culturale ale socialismului de stat
Putere i interdependen
Autor: Robert Keohane, Joseph S. Nye, Editura Polirom
Cuprins:
Interdependena n politica mondial Realism i interdependena complex Explicarea schimb-
rii regimurilor internaionale Schimbarea de regim n domeniul oceanelor i a sistemului financiar
Statele Unite i interdependena complex Putere, interdependen i epoca informaiei Pute-
re, interdependen i globalism
Cuprins:
Democraia Democratizarea din perspectiv istoric Teoriile democratizrii Democratizarea i
statul Democratizarea i societatea civil Democratizarea i globalizarea Democratizarea n
Europa de Sud Democratizarea n rile n curs de dezvoltare: America Latina i Africa Democra-
tizarea n rile postcomuniste Democratizarea n Asia
Oper capital a lui Hans J. Morgenthau, Politica ntre naiuni este lu-
crarea care a impus relaiile internaionale ca disciplin tiinific dup
cel de-al doilea rzboi mondial.
Cuprins:
Teoria i practica politicii internaionale Politica internaional ca lupt pentru putere Puterea
naional Balana de putere Moralitatea i opinia public internaional Dreptul internaional
Politica internaional n lumea contemporan Pacea prin limitare Pacea prin transformare
Pacea prin acomodare
Titlul articolului
Prenumele Numele Autorului
Funcia i Instituia de apartenenn
Adresa de e-mail.
ABSTRACT:
Toate articolele trebuie nsoite de un abstract care rezum tematica articolului, evideniind contribuia autorului.
Abstractul nu trebuie sa fie mai lung de 140 de semne. Abstractul trebuie redactat n limba englez. Articolele trebuie
trimise n format Microsoft Word (.doc) sau Rich Text Format (.rtf). Lungimea dezirabil a unui articol este de 10.000-18.000
de semne. Pentru a vedea cte semne are articolul dumneavoastra, putei folosi opiunea word count din orice pagin pe
care o deschidei n programul Microsoft Word. La sfritul abstractului trebuie s menionai titlul articolului n limba
englez.
KEYWORDS:
Drept Keywords trebuie sa indicai, n limba englez, cu italice, un numar de 5-7 termeni principali din articolul
dumneavoastr. De exemplu n foma: abstract, author name, title of the paper, references, submission.
ARTICOLUL:
Articolul trebuie redactat folosindu-se alienate de felul acelora care se folosesc n acest document. Ele trebuie redactate cu
fonturi Times New Roman, de preferin, de mrimea 12 pt., la doua rnduri, pentru textul articolului, Times New Roman,
mrimea 10, la un rnd, pentru footnotes. n cadrul articolului se respect normele ortografice n vigoare stabilite de
Academia Romn. Atunci cnd este nevoie, diferitele note sau referine se realizeaz prin utilizarea opiunii footnotes din
programul Microsof Word1. De fiecarea dat cnd orice referin bibliografic este menionat prima dat, trebuie s dai
informaia bibliografic integral. Traductorul trebuie ntotdeauna menionat n prima citare. Vezi urmtoarele exemple
de citare:
Pentru cri
Se indic prenumele i numele autorului, titlul crii integral (titlu i subtitlu) scris cu italice, urmat de parantez, n
interiorul creia se dau localitatea apariiei crii, urmat de dou puncte, editura la care a aprut cartea, anul, iar dup
nchiderea parantezei se indic pagina sau paginile din care se citeaz. Dac snt mai muli autori sau editori, se dau toate
numele. Notele de subsol corespunztoare arat astfel:
1 Giovanni Sartori, The Theory of Democracy Revisited (Chatam, New Jersey: Chatam House Publishers, 1987), 23.
2 Giovanni Sartori, Teoria democraiei reinterpretat, traducere de Doru Pop (Iai: Polirom, 1999), 272-27.
3 Juan Linz, Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation. Southern Europe, South America,
and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press, 1996), 74.
Pentru capitole din cri
4 Edward G. Carmines, Robert Huckfeldt, Comportamentul politic o perspectiv de ansamblu, n Robert E. Goodin,
Hans-Dieter Klingemann (coordonatori), Manual de tiin politic, traducere colectiv (Iai: Polirom, 2005), 206.
Pentru referine la o not de subsol
5 Robert A. Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), 164, n.1.
Pentru articole
Se respect aceleai norme, menionndu-se prenumele i numele autorului, titlul articolului n caractere drepte, ntre
ghilimele, urmat de numele revistei/publicaiei n italice, numrul publicaiei, anul apariiei (n parantez), urmat de dou
puncte, pagina sau paginile citate.
6 Adrian Cioroianu, i totui, Europa unit exist dei nu toi europenii voteaz, Sfera Politicii 136 (2009): 9.
Pentru articole din ziare
7 Daniel Dianu, Schimbarea modelului, Jurnalul naional, 29 iulie 2009.
Pentru texte nepublicate
8 Ion Popescu, Coaliiile din perioada postcomunist. Cercetare comparat Romnia, Ungaria, Bulgaria (lucrare de
licen, Facultatea de tiine Politice, Universitatea Bucureti, 2009).
Pentru documente sau texte de pe Internet
9 Francis Fukuyama, The Neoconservative Moment, The National Interest 12 (2003), http://www.thetharmaproject.
com, accesat 12.09.2009.
Pentru documente din arhive
Dac se folosesc surse primare din arhive, trebuie s dai sursa n concordan cu sistemul relevant de catalogare i locaia
arhive. Dac referinele snt la documente guvernamentale, ale partidelor politice, ale unor fundaii, societi, think-tanks
sau alte organizaii ale societii civile, atunci sursele vor fi identificate pe ct de complet este posibil.
10 ASRI, fond D, dosar 9897, f. 93.
11 Documentul poart meniunea Strict secret de importan deosebit. Exemplar unic, Arhiva Comitetului Executiv
al CC al PCR, dosar 264/1972, vol. VI, f. I-II.
12 Petre Roman, Viziune politic asupra strategiei de dezvoltare a Romniei n ntmpinarea secolului XXI. Pentru o
bun guvernare a rii calea social-democrat (Caiet politic distribuit participanilor la Congresul extraordinar al
Partidului Democrat, 16 martie 2001, fr alte meniuni).
Atenie!
n citatele urmtoare din cri sau articole deja citate, nu se mai dau prenumele i numele autorului, ci doar numele, nici
titlul integral, cu referine, ci doar titlul prescurtat, urmat de pagin, nu se vor folosi op.cit., p. 23, sau loc. cit., nici ibid. ori
ibidem. De exemplu:
13 Sartori, Teoria, 29.
14 Cioroianu, i totui, 8.
15 Tismneanu, Dynastic, 35-38, esp 36.
Atenie!
Trimiterile bibliografice se fac ntotdeauna folosind limba originar a referinei, nu prin traducerea titlurilor de cri sau
articole. Titlurile unor cri sau articole din limbi strine care nu folosesc alfabetul latin se dau prin transliterare fonetic a
titlului din limba respectiv.
Cnd se citeaz cuvinte strine ori numele unor autori strini sau ale unor personaje politice strine, se pstreaz ortografia
din limba originar, cu respectarea normelor ortografice din limba respectiv.
1 Alegei din bara de titluri opiunea footnotes i adaugai, la subsol, clarificarile dumneavoastr.
SUMMARY
Editorial
Constructivism: a strategy for justifying Justice as Fairness..........................................3
Cecilia Tohneanu
Politics
The Stakes in the Presidential Election..............................................................................8
Alexandru Florian
About comrade Ulianov and the Party of New Type...................................................... 16
Andrei Stan
National Parliaments in the era of globalization............................................................ 23
Adrian Helstern
State and the Challenges of Globalization: Governance Decentralization
and Knowledge Decentralization..................................................................................... 27
Bogdan tefanachi
Geopolitics
The international system in the context of new geopolitical phenomena....................34
Marian ranu
The role of the EU as an international actor after the Lisbon treaty.............................39
Cristian Nioiu
Obamas Odyssey towards a nuclear-free world.........................................................45
Iulia Bdlu
Wilsonianism and Imperialism.......................................................................................... 52
Silviu Petre
Multicultural Communitarianism and the Bosnia-Herzegovina effect .........................60
Cristian Gherasim
Anti-missile defense system: a form of strategic reassurance........................................66
Liviu Tatu i Octavian Manea
The Constructivist Paradigm and the Security Cultures.................................................. 72
Ioana-Bianca Berna
Essay
Intergenerational justice. Principles and theories (II)...................................................... 77
Nicolae Drguin
Archive
Sfera Politiciis Archives Young Ceauescu....................................................................82
Stelian Tnase
Reviews
Women and their life in communism...............................................................................87
Simona Deleanu
Coord. Radu Pavel Gheo i Dan Lungu, Tovare de drum. Experiena feminin n comunism
Political economy.............................................................................................................. 89
Mirela Bcanu Vasile
Robert Gilpin (ajutat de Jean GILPIN), Economia politic a relaiilor internaionale
Signals. ............................................................................................................................... 91
Index of authors.............................................................................................................95
Politics, geopolitics
Sfera Politicii este nregistrat n Catalogul Publicaiilor din Romnia la numrul 4165.
Textele vor fi trimise redaciei. Deciziile privind publicarea sunt luate de ctre echipa editorial.
Pentru a reproduce un text din revist este necesar acordul scris al redaciei Sfera Politicii.
Reproducerea textelor n alte condiii constituie o infraciune i se pedepsete conform
legilor n vigoare.
Sfera
EDITORIAL
Cecilia Tohneanu
POLITIC
Politicii
Alexandru Florian
Andrei Stan
Adrian Helstern
Bogdan tefanachi
ESEU
Nicolae Drguin
ARHIVA
Stelian Tnase
RECENZII
Simona Deleanu
Mirela Bcanu Vasile
SEMNALE
Grandville