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FUNDAMENTALS OF ACUPUNCTURE
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Development-Group Discussion.
FUNDAMENTALS OF ACUPUNCTURE
UNIT I
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During archaeological excavations in China, various types of gold and
silver acupuncture needles were found in the tomb of Prince Liu Sheng who
died around 200 B.C. This confirms that these different types of needles
were in use over two thousand years ago.
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Association, and various government reports have studied and commented
on the effects of acupuncture.
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): TCM is the general term for the
style of acupuncture which most acupuncturists are trained in, at least
initially, and the style which most people practice. As this is the most
foundational grouping there is a broad range of techniques used and
treatment protocols. Most recent clinical studies regarding acupuncture
usually use treatment techniques a/or protocols based on TCM Theory.
One of these was a famous Chinese physician called Pien Chueh who lived
around 400 B.C. While visiting the province of Quo with some of his
students, he arrived at a town there the people seemed very sad since their
beloved prince had suddenly become unconscious. The doctors had been
unable to revive him and it seemed that he was going to die.
Hearing that Pien Chueh was a great physician, the people asked him if
there was anything he could do to help their prince. Pien Chueh agreed to
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examine the prince. Arrangements were made and he was received by the
king, who willingly allowed him to examine the unconscious prince.
The first state sponsored acupuncture school in China was founded in 443
A.D. unfortunately it was closed within ten years. Student physicians then
reverted to the traditional method of learning, which was by apprenticeship
to an experienced physician. In 581 A.D. an imperial Medical Academy for
teaching Acupuncture was again established, but it was only many years
later that the Academy flourished.
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traditional acupuncture. After this, they were allowed to specialize in a
subject of their choice. Internal medicine took another seven years of
study, while surgery and pediatrics (children's diseases) took five years
each. Less time was required to study limited subjects like diseases of the
eye, ear, nose and throat.
Over the years, many physicians who served the Emperors of China tried to
improve the teaching methods of acupuncture. In the year 1034 A.D. during
the rule of the Emperor Jen-Tsung, the Court physician Wang Wei-I made
two hollow life size male statues of bronze. These bronze statues were
used to test the knowledge of students appearing for examinations held at
the Imperial Medical Academy. The surfaces of each of these figures had
holes, which were accurately placed over the acupuncture points. Before
the examination the models were covered with wax so that the holes could
not be seen. The interior of the model was then filled with warm water. The
student taking the examination was questioned about a case and asked
how he would treat it with acupuncture. They asked to locate the points on
the model and insert a needle into each point, through the wax. If he
located the acupuncture points correctly, water would flow out from the
holes when the needles were removed.
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Medical Academy and the practice of acupuncture gradually declined. In
1912, the Imperial dynasty was overthrown and replaced by the radical
Kuomingtang party who ruled China till the end of the Second World War.
They too were not in favor of acupuncture and encouraged Western
medicine at the expense of acupuncture
When the Communist Party took over in 1949, they were aware that
acupuncture was still the preferred form of treatment among millions of
people so they removed the prohibition on its teaching and practice.
However Acupuncture really regained its popularity in China only after the
Cultural Revolution in 1966. Colleges were set up and research institutes
were founded, but in the intervening period of a hundred and fifty years, the
practice of acupuncture in China had largely fallen into disuse.
A lot of research has been undertaken in China for the last few years
leading to the development of two new specialties, acupuncture anesthesia
and scalp acupuncture.
Acupuncture in India:
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heat treatment, which is used in Chinese medicine.
There has been a rich exchange of ideas, philosophy and literature between
India and China over thousands of years. Travelers and scholars from India
went to China to teach and pilgrims from China came to visit Buddhist
shrines and universities in India. This gave rise to the belief prevalent in
many parts of India and Japan that acupuncture actually originated in India
from where it spread to China.
With the onset of British rule and their promotion of the Western system of
medicine, the art of acupuncture was largely lost. It was practiced only by a
few village doctors with a very basic knowledge of certain "effective points"
which were passed down from father to son. It is only recently that there
has been a resurgence of interest in acupuncture in India, fueled by the
intense worldwide awareness of its efficacy in curing a multitude of
ailments.
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Acupuncture in the Far East:
Over the years, Acupuncture and Chinese medicine spread beyond the
borders of China, to Japan and Korea, where it soon became the accepted
form of medicine. Acupuncture was first introduced to these countries
around two hundred years before Christ. It only became popular there after
the arrival of Buddhism, which reached China about the middle of the first
century A.D. Buddhism developed and spread from China to Korea and
Japan between 400 A.D. and 800 A.D. Chinese medicine remained popular
in Japan till the 16th Century, after which it was gradually overshadowed by
influences from the West. Over the next 300 years, Western medicine
overshadowed acupuncture in Japan.
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These were written by a respected Frenchman who had lived and studied in
China, but who withheld his name for fear of ridicule. Acupuncture has
been practiced sporadically in France over the last 200 years and is now
well established.
There were also missionaries from Austria and Germany who went to China
in the l7th and 18th centuries and learnt the art of acupuncture. They
returned to their own countries and started schools and institutes for
acupuncture, some of which flourish to this day.
However, acupuncture did not become popular in the West till the second
half of the 2Oth century. Acupuncture received the attention of the world
after President Nixon went to China in 1971 and the journalists
accompanying him publicized the practice and efficacy of acupuncture in
various American magazines.
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some diseases, but not so effective in others. Subsequent chapters
describe some ailments that respond better to acupuncture than to any
other system of medicine.
TCM is the general term for the style of acupuncture which most
acupuncturists are trained in, at least initially, and the style which most
people practice. As this is the most foundational grouping there is a broad
range of techniques used and treatment protocols. Most recent clinical
studies regarding acupuncture usually use treatment techniques a/or
protocols based on TCM Theory.
Taoism as a religion began in the year 142 C.E. with the revelation of the
Tao to Zhang Daoling or Chang Tao-ling by the personified god of the Tao,
Taishang laojun (Lao Tzu), the Highest Venerable Lord. ( Livia Kohn)
Zhang Daoling became the first Celestial Master and founder of the first
organized Taoist school of thought. This tradition continues to the present
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day, with the current Celestial Master living in Taiwan.
The philosophy grew from an observance of the natural world, and the
religion developed out of a belief in cosmic balance maintained and
regulated by the Tao. The original belief may or may not have included
practices such as ancestor and spirit worship but both of these principles
are observed by many Taoists today and have been for centuries.
The historian Sima Qian (145-86 BCE) tells the story of Lao-Tzu, a curator
at the Royal Library in the state of Chu, who was a natural philosopher.
Lao-Tzu believed in the harmony of all things and that people could live
easily together if they only considered each other's feelings once in a while
and recognized that their self-interest was not always in the interest of
others. Lao-Tzu grew impatient with people and with the corruption he saw
in government, which caused the people so much pain and misery. He was
so frustrated by his inability to change people's behavior that he decided to
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go into exile.
As he was leaving China through the western pass, the gatekeeper Yin Hsi
stopped him because he recognized him as a philosopher. Yin Hsi asked
Lao-Tzu to write a book for him before he left civilization forever and
Lao-Tzu agreed. He sat down on a rock beside the gatekeeper and wrote
the Tao-Te-Ching (The Book of the Way). He stopped writing when he felt
he was finished, handed the book to Yin Hsi, and walked through the
western pass to vanish into the mist beyond. Sima Qian does not continue
the story after this but, presumably (if the story is true) Yin Hsi would have
then had the Tao-Te-Ching copied and distributed.
THE TAO-TE-CHING
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The Tao-Te-Ching was most likely not written by Lao-Tzu at the western
pass and may not have been written by him at all. Lao-Tzu probably did not
exist and the Tao-Te-Ching is a compilation of sayings set down by an
unknown scribe. Whether the origin of the book and the belief system
originated with a man named Lao-Tzu or when it was written or how is
immaterial (the book itself would agree) and all that matters is what the
work says and what it has come to mean to readers. The Tao-Te-Ching is
an attempt to remind people that they are connected to others and to the
earth and that everyone could live together peacefully if people would only
be mindful of how their thoughts and actions affect themselves, others,
and the earth.
YIN-YANG THOUGHT
A good reason to believe that Lao-Tzu was not the author of the
Tao-Te-Ching is that the core philosophy of Taoism grew up from the
peasant class during the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BCE) long before the
accepted dates for Lao-Tzu. During the Shang era, the practice of divination
became more popular through the reading of oracle bones which would tell
one's future. Reading oracle bones led to a written text called the I-Ching (c.
1250-1150 BCE), the Book of Changes, which is a book still available today
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providing a reader with interpretations for certain hexagrams which
supposedly tell the future.
The broken and the unbroken lines, the yin and yang, were both necessary
for that answer because the principles of yin and yang were necessary for
life.
Although Taoism and the Tao-Te-Ching were not originally associated with
the symbol known as the yin-yang, they have both come to be because the
philosophy of Taoism embodies the yin-yang principle and yin-yang
thought. Life is supposed to be lived in balance, as the symbol of the yin
and the yang expresses. The yin-yang is a symbol of opposites in balance -
dark/light, passive/aggressive, female/male - everything except good and
evil, life and death, because nature does not recognize anything as good or
evil and nature does not recognize a difference between life and non-life.
All is in harmony in nature, and Taoism tries to encourage people to accept
and live that kind of harmony as well.
After the communist takeover of China, Taoism was banned and its
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followers re-educated, with the result that the number of practicing Taoists
fell by 99% in 10 years. At the time Taoism began to flourish in the greater
freedom on offer in Taiwan.
After the end of the Cultural Revolution the Chinese government began to
allow a small measure of religious freedom. Taoism began to revive in
China, and Taoist temples and practitioners can now be found throughout
the country.
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professional society of physicians (MDs and DOs) in North America who
have incorporated acupuncture into their traditional medical practice. The
AAMA was founded in 1987 by a group of physicians who were graduates
of the "Medical Acupuncture for Physicians" training programs sponsored
by University Extension, UCLA School of Medicine.
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UNIT II
Acupuncture:
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first the insertion of needles into the body to eliminate pain. Acupuncture,
properly practiced, is a bloodless, apparently painless procedure, however,
and it has no unpleasant aftereffects. Hungarian-born Stephan Palos, a
Buddhist monk thoroughly familiar with acupuncture procedures, reports
that acupuncture produces no pain, except on the fingers. Other sensations
may be produced, however, such as a bitter or sour taste or a feeling of
warmth.
Laser Acupuncture:
Laser acupuncture therapy greatly reduces the time needed for each
individual session. A normal acupuncture session may require the needles
to be left in for 20-30 minutes, yet a full laser therapy treatment usually only
takes around 5 minutes once the laser is applied. This along with the
gentleness of the therapy makes it extremely suitable for children and
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those with an aversion to needles.
Moxabustion:
Cupping:
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Electro Acupuncture:
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other health practitioners for relieving pain and several other health related
problems.
Benefits of Acupuncture:
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facilitate healing.
The treatment helps remove toxins and helps fast healing, because it
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increases blood flow, when the needles are inserted into the strategic
locations of the human body.
Since acupuncture works on the vital energy (Qi) points of the body, it
restores and maintains the overall health.
The treatment of acupuncture is suitable for all age groups, from children,
adults to even senior citizens.
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Risks of Acupuncture:
While acupuncture can eliminate the cause of certain diseases and provide
relief from pain, it might not be able to detect certain other disease
conditions that are prevalent.
If needles used are not sterile or are reused, it could result in patients
suffering from infectious disease.
The most common serious injury reported from the needles of acupuncture
has been accidental puncture of the lung, which results in a partial collapse
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of the lung called pneumothorax.
People with bleeding disorders or who are taking blood thinners should
check with their doctors before having acupuncture. The most common
acupuncture side effects are bleeding and bruising at the site, along with
minor pain and soreness. It is recommended that a disinfectant such as
alcohol be swabbed over the area prior to needle insertion to decrease the
very small possibility of infection. Obviously, needles should be clean and
never shared between clients. Rarely, a needle may break. The worst case
scenario is a punctured organ. However, serious complications are
extremely rare when acupuncture is performed by a qualified, certified
practitioner.
The needles for the treatment should be non-toxic and used only once.
They should be properly labeled and sealed. The patient may suffer from
various infectious diseases, if the needles are re-used or not sterile.
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from person to person.
The patient can incur mild soreness in the acupunctured areas in his/her
body, after the completion of the treatment.
Few complications have been reported due to the use of needles. If the
needles are not inserted properly, it may lead to organ rupture or infection.
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Integral to Chinese Culture for Thousands of Years
Yin and Yang, like TCMs Five Element theory, are integral to the Chinese
culture and have been so for thousands of years. Unbelievably, references
to Yin and Yang. Yin and Yang are distinctively Chinese in terms of
perception of profound fundamental principles and as an expression of a
unique way of viewing the world and the greater universe. They are literally
and figuratively a world apart from Western thinking.
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Opposite yet Complementary Energies
Everything contains Yin and Yang. They are two opposite yet
complementary energies. Although they are totally differentoppositein
their individual qualities and nature, they are interdependent. Yin and Yang
cannot exist without the other; they are never separate. For example, night
and day form a Yin-Yang pair. (Night is Yin and day is Yang.) Night looks
and is very different than day, yet it is impossible to have one without the
other. Both create a totality, a complete whole.
In the Chinese Yin-Yang model, Yin (the black) contains a seed of Yang (in
the form of a white dot). There is Yin, but interestingly, Yin is also Yang
because it contains some Yang. The truth is Yin can transform into Yang
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under certain conditions. It can do this because Yang is present in Yin. So
there is balance, but the relationship goes beyond balance to one of
harmony. When two things are balanced, they are equal but still separate.
In a relationship of harmony, the two energies blend into one seamless
whole, as perfectly embodied by the swirling Yin-Yang symbol.
The theory of Yin and Yang is fundamental to the practice of TCM in terms
of understanding, diagnosing, and treating health issues. At the most basic
and deep level, TCM treatment seeks to balance Yin and Yang in each
person. One ancient TCM text expressed the power and importance of Yin
and Yang this way.
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Yin and Yang Apply to Life
First, the theory of Yin-Yang tells us that at the macro levelthe largest
scale imaginableall things are always balancing and rebalancing into a
state of perfect harmony. There is ceaseless change, yet this movement
and flux, at its deepest level, is creating harmony, is perfect harmony. Yin
and Yang are the two energies that embody Universal law, which ensures
that all things remain in harmony.
Its often difficult to actually see this harmony on a smaller scale, in the
world around us, for instance. It is not always apparent in the world
humans have created and especially in our busy, frequently complicated
modern lives. But think about it really understand and believe in Yin and
Yang, harmony is the Universal architectural framework that underlies and
impacts this reality. So in essence, harmony is the only ground we walk on
and is the very air we breathe.
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of establishing balance and harmony. This perspective can help more
peacefully view the world and role in it.
Most people have heard the saying, As above, so below. Universal law is
all about creating and maintaining harmony, wouldnt the limitless power of
that energy force support in some way own efforts to create harmony in
own body and being. As a deep and authentic healing system, TCM
understands and applies Yin and Yang to help harmonize body, mind,
emotions, and spirit, and then harmonize individual energy with nature.
In a typically poetic way, the Chinese characters for Yin and Yang reveal
something about their respective qualities. For example, the character for
Yin can represent the shady side of a hill, while the one for Yang can
indicate the sunny side of a hill.
Yang Yin
Heaven Earth
Sun Moon
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Light Darkness
Fire Water
Time Space
Energy Matter
Activity Rest
Generates Grows
Expansion Contraction
Round Flat
Rising Descending
Above Below
East West
South North
Left Right
Male Female
Exterior Interior
Front
Back
Body
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Head Below the Waist
Structure
Above the Waist
Function
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UNIT III
The five elements theory evolved from the study of various processes,
functions, and phenomena of nature. The theory asserts substances can be
divided into one of five basic elements: wood, fire, water, metal and earth,
which contain their own specific characteristics and properties. Today, the
five elements theory is still used as a tool for grouping objects, and as a
method for analyzing changes of natural phenomena.
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Principles of five element theory:
The five elements theory evolved from the study of various processes,
functions, and phenomena of nature. The theory asserts substances can be
divided into one of five basic elements: wood, fire, water, metal and earth,
which contain their own specific characteristics and properties. Today, the
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five elements theory is still used as a tool for grouping objects, and as a
method for analyzing changes of natural phenomena.
EARTH
Color: yellow
Sound: singing
Odor: fragrant
Distorted belief: 'I am not enough; therefore, I must put others or myself
first in all situations.'
METAL
Color: white
Season: fall
Sound: weeping
Odor: rotting
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Distorted belief: 'Life has no value and is meaningless; therefore, I must
attach to the material world or renounce it altogether.'
WATER
Color: blue
Season: winter
Sound: groaning
Odor: putrid
Distorted belief: 'My purpose is not powerful enough to change the world. I
am subject to the whims of fate.'
Water in Balance: Purpose and potential fulfilled, feeling the fear and doing
it anyway, power
WOOD
Color: green
Season: spring
Sound: shouting
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Odor: rancid
FIRE
Color: red
Season: fire
Sound: laughing
Odor: scorched
Distorted belief: 'Life isn't safe. It's impossible to find real intimacy.'
The yin yang theory has a close relationship with the five elements theory.
They are often used simultaneously to explain natural phenomena. Ancient
Chinese medical philosophers integrated the yin yang and five elements
theories into their medical practices as early as the Warring States Period
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(475-221BC). As integration of these theories took place, a more
formalized system of medicine was established. Today we refer to this
medical system as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM).
The Five Elements and their Relationships with Nature and the Body
An ancient Chinese adage says: 'A tree grows from the roots.' Yin and yang
and the Five Elemental Energies form the main roots in the Taoist tree of
health, and the entire edifice of traditional Chinese medicine and physiology
is based upon the foundation of these energy principles.
The five elements correspond to different aspects of the natural world and
the body. Wood, for example, corresponds to spring and wind in the natural
world and to the liver, gall bladder, eyes and tendons in the body.
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The Five Elements and their Relationships with Nature and the Body
The five elements correspond to different aspects of the natural world and
the body. Wood, for example, corresponds to spring and wind in the natural
world and to the liver, gall bladder, eyes and tendons in the body.
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Wood Fire Earth Metal Water
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As shown in the above table, there are organized relationships between the
elements, nature and the body. The different vertical characteristics belong
to the same element, and horizontally, each characteristic interacts with
another according to a specific order and element. Working within this
system of thought, everything has a correlation in nature.
It was observed over the years that the Five Elements relate to each other
in different ways.
Sheng Cycle:
Generating Relationship
Wood (Liver) creates Fire (Heart) Wood (Liver) is the Mother of Fire
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(Heart)
Fire (Heart) creates Earth (Spleen) Fire (Heart) is the Mother of Earth
(Spleen)
Earth (Spleen) creates Metal (Lungs) Earth (Spleen) is the Mother of Metal
(Lungs)
Ko Cycle
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Earth controls Water
The "father-child" symbol relates to traditional family roles, where the father
was the patriarchal head of the household. The mother, by comparison, is
seen as the creative and nurturing force.
Destructive Cycle
Overacting Sequence
This is the same as the Ko cycle, but in this sequence, one Element is said
to "over-control" or "destroy" another, causing the controlled element to
become Deficient. This happens when balance breaks down so that one
element becomes excessive in relationship to another.
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Anti-Ko Cycle
Insulting Sequence
LU LU 11 LU 10 LU 9 LU 8 LU 5
PC PC 9 PC 8 PC 7 PC 5 PC 3
HT HT 9 HT 8 HT 7 HT 4 HT 3
SP SP 1 SP 2 SP 3 SP 5 SP 9
LV LV 1 LV 2 LV 3 LV 4 LV 8
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KD KD 1 KD 2 KD 3 KD 7 KD 10
LI LI 1 LI 2 LI 3 LI 5 LI 11
TH TH 1 TH 2 TH 3 TH 6 TH 10
SI SI 1 SI 2 SI 3 SI 5 SI 8
ST ST 45 ST 44 ST 43 ST 41 ST 36
GB GB 44 GB 43 GB 41 GB 38 GB 34
UB UB 67 UB 66 UB 65 UB 60 UB 40
Lung (Metal) LU 9 LU 5
Stomach (Earth) ST 41 ST 45
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Spleen (Earth) SP 2 SP 5
Heart (Fire) HT 9 HT 7
Kidney (Water) KD 7 KD 1
Pericardium (Fire) PC 9 PC 7
Liver (Wood) LV 8 LV 2
Point Selection
Distal Points
Acupuncture points are not always chosen locally to treat a problem. Often
distal points are chosen. These points are generally located quite far from
the diseased area (often below the elbows and knees), but are chosen for
their ability to treat the problem.
Local Points
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points which are located close to the area of pain, and, points of sensitivity
(not actual points) which are referred to Ashi points which may also be
chosen due to their responsive nature.
Experience Points
Interior- Exterior
The twelve regular meridians are paired together into six groups. One of
each pair represents the interior aspect of the relationship while the other
represents the exterior of the relationship. For example the Spleen and
stomach is one pair. The stomach represents the exterior aspect of the
couple and the spleen the interior. If there is a problem with the stomach
points may be chosen on the spleen channel to affect its partner.
Often points are chosen from both the front of the body and the back of the
body in order to elicit balance in the acupuncture treatment. A good
example of this would be the combination of a Front (Mu) point and a Back
(Shu) point in the treatment of a disorder.
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Disease in the upper part of the body can be treated by selecting points in
the lower part of the body, and disease in the lower part of the body can be
treated by selecting points in the upper part of the body. The combination
of DU 1 with DU 20 in the upper to treat prolapse of anus is one example of
this type of point location.
Acupuncture points in the right side of the body may be selected for
diseases in the left side of the body and vice versa. This type of treatment
may be implemented for the purpose of balancing the energy in a meridian
on different sides of the body OR in the case of head acupuncture; one side
of the head may be treated to affect the opposite side of the body.
UNIT IV
Energy (Qi) flow in the 12 major meridians of our body is not the
same throughout the day. At a given time one meridian/organ is very active
than others and the meridian/organ exactly opposite in the organ clock is
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least active. Each meridian is very active for two hours every day. Any
problem in the internal organs will be noticed as disturbances during the
two hour period of the corresponding meridian.
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to determine the optimal time for treating specific imbalances. Waking up
automatically at the same time could mean r body needs to bring itself into
balance in that area. This chart illustrates the flow of chi (qi or life-force
energy) through the meridians during the 24 hours of the day.
9-11am: Spleen
11am-1pm: Heart
11pm-1am: Gallbladder
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which portrays the bodys complete functions as well as its relationship with
diet. There are 12 meridians, each taking the lead for two hours during the
24-hour period. Each of the 12 meridians has a dual flow, a coming and a
going, marking 24 cycles per day.
7-9 a.m. Stomach Stomach energies are the highest so eat the most
important meal of the day here to optimize digestion/assimilation.
9-11 a.m. Pancreas the stomach passes its contents on. Enzymes from
the pancreas continue the digestive process. Carbohydrate energy made
available.
11 a.m.-1 p.m. Heart Food materials enter the blood stream. The heart
pumps nutrients throughout the system and takes its lipid requirements.
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(proteins) complete their digestion/assimilation.
5-7 p.m. Kidney Filters blood (decides what to keep, what to throw
away), maintains proper chemical balance of blood based on nutritional
intake of day. Blood to deliver useable nutrients to all tissues.
9-11 p.m. Triple Heater The endocrine system adjusts the homeostasis
of the body based on electrolyte and enzyme replenishment.
There are about 365 acupuncture points (not counting bilateral points twice)
most of which are situated along the major 20 pathways (i.e. 12 primary & 8
extraordinary channels).
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Lung (Yin) - Large Intestine (Yang)
Meridians of the body are undetectable to the naked eye yet we couldnt
live without them. They influence every organ and physiological system in
the body. Meridians carry energy throughout the body; similar to the way
the arteries carry blood. This energy is often referred to as chi, qi or prana.
Meridians of the body are responsible for all the bodys major organ
systems: endocrine, nervous, circulatory, immune, respiratory, skeletal,
muscular, digestive and the lymphatic system. If the energy flowing
through a meridian is imbalanced in any way the system it fuels is
jeopardized and disease results.
Through the flow of energy, meridians bring balance to the body. They
remove energetic blocks, excesses and imbalances, regulate metabolism
and support cellular health. Their flow is as important as the flow of blood;
r life and health rely on both.
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There are 12 major meridians in the body:
Lung meridian
Large Intestine
Spleen meridian
Stomach meridian
Heart meridian
Bladder meridian
Kidney meridian
Liver meridian
Gallbladder meridian
Extraordinary Organs
Marrow
Brain
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Bone
Uterus
Vessels
Gallbladder
Marrow
Marrow nourishes the Brain and Spinal Cord through the Jing
Nei Jing "If the Sea of Marrow is abundant, vitality is good, the body feels
light and agile, and the span of life will be long. If it is deficient there will be
dizziness, tinnitus, blurred vision, fatigue, and a great desire to lie down"
If the Marrow is Xu: Brain and Spinal cord are not adequately nourished and
become deficient
Related to Heart
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Heart Blood nourishes the Shen and mental activity
Related to Liver
Controls circulation of Qi
Bone
Stores bone marrow ("Simple Questions," chapter 17, "The bones are
the residence of Marrow.")
If Jing and Marrow are deficient, the Bones lose nourishment, cannot
sustain the body and there will be inability to walk or stand.
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Needs a rich supply of Qi, Blood, and essence for good function
Menstrual problems
Sterility
Pregnancy channel
Both the Chong Mai and Ren Mai originate in the Uterus
Vessels
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Heart controls movement of Blood through the Vessels
Gallbladder
Extraordinary because the GB does not receive food and water like
other Fu organs and does not communicate with the exterior
Stores Bile
The Conception vessel and the Governing vessel are like midnight and
midday, they are the polar axis of the body there is one source and two
branches, one goes to the front and the other to the back of the body try to
divide these, at yin and yang are inseparable it is an indivisible whole.
The Governing and Conception Vessels are two branches of the same
source, and inseparable Yin-and-Yang, front-and-back duality. These
vessels connect the uterus with the kidneys, heart, and brain. Regulating
the Governing and Conception Vessels is a priority in Medical Qigong
practice. Along these vessels, the Yang Fire and Yin Essence flow up and
down the body, fusing the Water and Fire energies together (Five Elements
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Healing).
This fusion facilitates a Yin and Yang balance throughout the body.
The Governing Vessel Meridian is yang in nature and starts from the uterus,
runs down to the central region of the pelvis around the genitals and into
the external orifice of the urethra in women and around the penis in men. It
passes by the anus, moves upward from inside the coccyx and sacrum and
enters the brain. The external portion runs to the lower end of the nose
bridge and ends at the gum.
* The first branch runs side by side with the kidney meridian, enters the
spine from the coccyx and sacrum region and links with the kidney.
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* The second branch runs side by side with the bladder meridian, ascends
from the corner of the eye, reaches the vertex (upper most part of the head)
and links with the brain. Then it runs downward the neck beside the spine.
* The third branch arises directly from the uterus and through the
umbilicus, then passes through the heart, enters the throat, comes to the
mandible, runs around the lips and ends below the eyes.
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GV2 - Yaoshu
GV4 - Mingmen - Stiffness and pain in the loins and spine, irregular
menstruation, morning diarrhea, impotence.
GV5 - Xuanshu - Local point for low back pain, diarrhea, indigestion, poor
assimilation (undigested food in stools), panic attacks, abdominal pain,
indigestion, hernias.
GV7 - Zhongshu - Local point for back pain. Epigastric pain, abdominal pain
and/or bloating, poor appetite, amenorrhea.
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GV11 - Shendao - Angina pectoris, palpitations, amnesia, insomnia, cough,
asthma, stiffness of spine and back.
GV12 - Shenzhu - Cough, asthma, epilepsy, pain and stiffness in the spine
and back.
GV16 - Fengfu - Epilepsy, stiff neck, headache, dizziness, sore throat and
loss of voice.
GV17 - Naohu - Headache, dizziness, loss of voice, stiff neck, manic and
depressive psychosis.
GV19 - Houding - Headache, vertigo, stiffness and pain in neck, manic and
depressive psychosis, epilepsy and insomnia.
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GV20 - Baihui - Headache, vertigo, wind stroke, insomnia, prolonged
diarrhea.
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GV27 - Dui Duan - Problems of the mouth and sinuses - tongue ulcers, bad
breath (halitosis), pain and/or swelling of the gums, nosebleed, nasal
congestion, manic depression, epilepsy.
GV28 - Yinjiao - Swelling and pain of the gums, oral sore, psychosis.
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CV1 - Huiyin - This Acu-point has particular and special qualities but
because of its location is not much used. Other points share some of its
qualities, such as CV2.
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constipation, hernia. Powerful revitalising and reinvigorating point.
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CV15 - Juiwei - Angina pectoris, palpitation, vomiting, cough, asthma, chest
pain, abdominal distension, diarrhea, hiccup, jaundice, depressive and
manic psychosis and epilepsy.
CV16 - Zhong Ting - Chest and intercostal distention and pain, hiccups,
nausea, anorexia and difficulty ingesting.
CV19 - Zi Gong - chest issues - pain, cough, asthma, vomiting and difficulty
ingesting.
CV20 - Hui Gai - chest issues - pain, asthma, wheezing, cough and difficulty
ingesting
CV22 - Tiantu - Cough, asthma, chest pain, sore throat, sudden loss of
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voice, goiter, obstructive sensation in throat.
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UNIT V
Basics of Computer
Input (Data):
Input is the raw information entered into a computer from the input devices.
It is the collection of letters, numbers, images etc.
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Process:
Output:
Computer System
All physical parts of the computer (or everything that we can touch) are
known as Hardware.
Software = Programs
Functionalities of a computer
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Any digital computer carries out five functions in gross terms:
Advantages
High Speed
Accuracy
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In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate.
Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy provided that correct
input has been given.
Storage Capability
It can store any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio and
many others.
Diligence
Versatility
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This machine can be used to solve the problems related to various
fields.
Reliability
Automation
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reduction in paper work and results in speeding up a process.
Reduction in Cost
Disadvantages
Dependency
Environment
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suitable.
No Feeling
Input Devices
1. Mouse
2. Keyboard
3. Scanner
4. Digital Camera
5. Web Camera
6. Joysticks
7. Track Ball
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8. Touch Pad/ Screen
9. Light Pen
11. Microphone
Processor
The main unit inside the computer is the CPU. This unit is responsible for
all events inside the computer. It controls all internal and external devices,
performs arithmetic and logic operations. The CPU (Central Processing
Unit) is the device that interprets and executes instructions.
Output Devices
1. Monitor
3. Projector
4. Plotter Laser
5. Speaker etc
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Software
Software, simply are the computer programs. The instructions given to the
computer in the form of a program is called Software. Software is the set of
programs, which are used for different purposes. All the programs used in
computer to perform specific task is called Software.
Types of software
1. System software:
b) Utility Software
Network
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through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light
beams.
Internet Services
LAN
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Is fast, with speeds from 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps
WAN
A WAN is two or more LANs connected together. The LANs can be many
miles apart.
To cover great distances, WANs may transmit data over leased high-speed
phone lines or wireless links such as satellites.
MAN
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PAN
Application Software
Microsoft Word
WordPerfect
Spreadsheets
Microsoft Excel
Lotus 123
Database
Microsoft Access
Lotus Approach
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MS Office
Word
Word processors vary considerably, but all word processors support the
following basic features:
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Delete text: Allows to erase characters, words, lines, or pages as easily as
can cross them out on paper.
Cut and paste: Allows removing (cut) a section of text from one place in a
document and inserting (paste) it somewhere else.
Page size and margins: Allows to define various page sizes and margins
and the word processor will automatically readjust the text so that it fits.
Search and replace: Allows directing the word processor to search for a
particular word or phrase. can also direct the word processor to replace
one group of characters with another everywhere that the first group
appears.
Word wrap: The word processor automatically moves to the next line when
have filled one line with text, and it will readjust text if change the margins.
Word processors that support only these features (and maybe a few others)
are called text editors. Most word processors, however, support additional
features that enable to manipulate and format documents in more
sophisticated ways. These more advanced word processors are sometimes
called full-featured word processors. Full-featured word processors usually
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support the following features:
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combinations of keystrokes.
Merges: Allow to merge text from one file into another file. This is
particularly useful for generating many files that have the same format but
different data. Generating mailing labels is the classic example of using
merges.
Spell checker: A utility that allow to check the spelling of words. It wills
highlight any words that it does not recognize.
Windows: Allow to edit two or more documents at the same time. Each
document appears in a separate window. This is particularly valuable when
working on a large project that consists of several different files.
Excel
Excel is an application that is very popular with anyone who has to crunch
numbers quickly. Although VisiCalc was the first spreadsheet application to
achieve popularity, Excel is now the spreadsheet of choice among computer
users. The application allows the user to enter formulas to do automatic
calculations, and has many standard functions such as average built in.
Excel also does an excellent job of converting the data into one of several
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different chart types that can then be copied to presentation software.
Open Microsoft Excel, not sure how to open or find Excel skip to the next
section.
In the search type "excel" and if Excel is installed should show in the results.
Power point
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can be employed to create just about any kind of presentation for any kind
of audience.
Step 1:
Step 2:
Go to File at the top of the screen and click New. A box that says New
Step 3:
Change the Slide Lat. may change the slide lat (how information is
presented in the slide) by going to the top of the screen and clicking on
Format Slide Lat. A box will appear on the right side of r screen (where
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New Presentation appeared) labeled Slide Lat. Select a design by
clicking on it.
Enter r text by clicking and then typing in the box titled Click to Add
Add pictures by clicking on the box that says Click to add content. Inside
that box, there will be a smaller box with six icons. Click on the icon that
looks like a photograph of a mountain. A new window will open; allow
browsing for a picture on computer or a CD. click Insert.
Change the size of r picture by clicking on the picture. The picture will then
have black lines around it with small bubbles or boxes in the corners. Place
the mouse over the bubbles or boxes and click. Holding the mouse pointer
down, drag the picture to the size.
Communication
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Spoken or Verbal Communication: face-to-face, telephone, radio or
television and other media.
Visualizations: graphs and charts, maps, logos and other visualizations can
communicate messages.
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wordless (mostly visual) cues.
Letter writing
Letter writing occurs in many forms and formats, including notes, letters,
and postcards. Sometimes referred to as hard copy or snail mail, letter
writing is often distinguished from forms of computer-mediated
communication (CMC), such as email and texting.
Agenda preparation
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Soft skills are a synonym for "people skills." The term describes those
personal attributes that indicate a high level of emotional intelligence.
Unlike hard skills, which describe a person's technical skill set and ability to
perform specific tasks, soft skills are broadly applicable across job titles
and industries.
Group Discussion
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discussion.
* Communication skills
* Interpersonal Skills
* Leadership Skills
* Motivational Skills
* Reasoning ability
* Different Thinking
* Initiative
* Assertiveness
* Flexibility
* Creativity
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after testing technical and conceptual skills in an exam, is to get to know
as a person and gauge how well will fit in their institute. GD evaluates
how can function as a part of a team. As a manager or as a member of
an organization will always be working in teams. Therefore how interact
in a team becomes an important criterion for r selection. Managers have
to work in a team and get best results out of teamwork. That is the
reason why management institutes include GD as a component of the
selection procedure.
Company's Perspective:
* Verbal Communication
* Non-verbal behavior
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* Confirmation to norms
* Cooperation
References:
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Acupuncture Works and How It Can Help , Published by Piatkus.
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