GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *
FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.
Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and
nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.
Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing
of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.
Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.
NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.
Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *
Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid
end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *
CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.
Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *
OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *
Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a
system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.
DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.
DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas
which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *
Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French
civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *
Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report
Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *
LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.
Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location
for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *
Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide
regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a
pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.
Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or
controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds
Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,
transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling
Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in
the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific
hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.
O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal
law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.
Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and
transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.
Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural
gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.
CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or
approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *
Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation
Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.
ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *
Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.
Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that
are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.
OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.
Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the
construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.
Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas
transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *
Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to
the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.
Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered
to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.
Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.
Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per
minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *
Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter
Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small
concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.
PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *
Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of
the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *
Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means
of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *
Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an
existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.
Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a
shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.
Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that
adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *
Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.
*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.
EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.
HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *
Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the
point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*
Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas
within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower
Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item
is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.
Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.
Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.
Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the
"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.
Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation
or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *
Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or
limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.
Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against
the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions
composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the
available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.
Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost
MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *
Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline
commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.
SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.
USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *
Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between
Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *
Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the
Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.
Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office
reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station
MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.
Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,
and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of
natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of
releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *
Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by
incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.
Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate
highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and
gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of
releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged
with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.
Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high
temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute
comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.
Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in
interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.
Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or
state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.
Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross
roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.
Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier
pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.
Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually
transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent
regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.
Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in
the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).
Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating
pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.
Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.
Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.
Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in
liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *
Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.
Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-
access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.
Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid
for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal
units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *
Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *
Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of
its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *
Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed
by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,
1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.
Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by
foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.
British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to
raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.
Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell
for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *
Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a
facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *
Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas
volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *
FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.
Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and
nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.
Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing
of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.
Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.
NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.
Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *
Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid
end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *
CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.
Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *
OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *
Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a
system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.
DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.
DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas
which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *
Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French
civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *
Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report
Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *
LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.
Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location
for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *
Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide
regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a
pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.
Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or
controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds
Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,
transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling
Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in
the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific
hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.
O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal
law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.
Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and
transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *
Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a
futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.
Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:
Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The
parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.
Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It
is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.
Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and
flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.
Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a
delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.
ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *
Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.
Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that
are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.
OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.
Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the
construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.
Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas
transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *
Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to
the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.
Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered
to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.
Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.
Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per
minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *
Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter
Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small
concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.
PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *
Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of
the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *
Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means
of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *
Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an
existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.
Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a
shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.
Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that
adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *
Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.
*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.
EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.
HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *
Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the
point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*
Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas
within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower
Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item
is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.
Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.
Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.
Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the
"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.
Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation
or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *
Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or
limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *
Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between
Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *
Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the
Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.
Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office
reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station
MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.
Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,
and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of
natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of
releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *
Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by
incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.
Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate
highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and
gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of
releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged
with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.
Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high
temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute
comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.
Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in
interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.
Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or
state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.
Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross
roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.
Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier
pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.
Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually
transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent
regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.
Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in
the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).
Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating
pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.
Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.
Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.
Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of
preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.
Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a
customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.
Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or
control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.
Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company
received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *
Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved
through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *
Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.
Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during
depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *
Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *
Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of
its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *
Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed
by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,
1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.
Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by
foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.
British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to
raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.
Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell
for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *
Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a
facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *
Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas
volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY
Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *
Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.
Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;
the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or
contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.
Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-
hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size
of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.
Operator The party in control of the physical operation and
maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.
Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives
natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point
to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.
DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.
DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas
which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *
Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French
civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *
Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report
Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *
LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.
Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location
for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *
Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide
regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a
pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.
Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or
controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds
Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,
transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling
Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in
the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific
hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.
O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal
law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.
Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and
transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.
Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural
gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.
CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or
approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *
Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation
Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *
Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a
futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.
Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:
Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The
parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.
Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It
is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.
Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and
flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.
Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a
delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.
Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas
transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *
Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to
the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.
Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered
to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.
Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.
Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per
minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *
Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter
Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small
concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.
PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *
Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of
the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *
Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means
of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *
Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an
existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.
Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a
shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *
Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a
specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *
Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is
expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *
Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the
transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.
Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.
MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *
Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in
the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.
Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively
low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection
Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to
clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of
remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *
Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in
which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*
Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas
within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower
Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item
is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.
Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.
Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.
Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the
"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.
Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation
or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *
Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or
limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.
Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against
the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions
composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the
available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.
Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost
MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *
Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline
commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.
SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.
USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *
Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between
Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *
Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the
Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.
Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office
reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station
MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.
Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,
and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of
natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.
* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.
Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate
highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and
gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.
Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross
roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.
Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier
pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.
Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually
transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent
regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.
Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in
the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).
Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating
pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.
Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.
Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.
Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of
preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.
Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a
customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.
Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or
control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.
Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company
received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *
Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved
through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *
Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.
Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during
depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.
Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in
liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *
Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.
Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-
access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.
Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid
for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal
units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.
British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to
raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.
Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell
for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *
Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a
facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *
Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas
volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *
FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.
Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and
nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.
Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing
of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.
Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.
NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.
Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY
Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *
Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.
Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;
the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or
contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.
Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-
hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size
of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.
Operator The party in control of the physical operation and
maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.
Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives
natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point
to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *
Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid
end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *
CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.
Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *
OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *
Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a
system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.
Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or
controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds
Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,
transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling
Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in
the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific
hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.
O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal
law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.
Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and
transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.
Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural
gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.
CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or
approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *
Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation
Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *
Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a
futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.
Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:
Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The
parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.
Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It
is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.
Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and
flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.
Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a
delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.
Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas
transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *
Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to
the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.
Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered
to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.
Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.
Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per
minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *
Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter
Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small
concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.
PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *
Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of
the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *
Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means
of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *
Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an
existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.
Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a
shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *
Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a
specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *
Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is
expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *
Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the
transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.
Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.
MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *
Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in
the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.
Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively
low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection
Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to
clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of
remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *
Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in
which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.
Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that
adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *
Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.
*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.
EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.
HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *
Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the
point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.
Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against
the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions
composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the
available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.
Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost
MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *
Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline
commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.
SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.
USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *
Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between
Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *
Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the
Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.
Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office
reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station
MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.
Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,
and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of
natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.
* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.
Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate
highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and
gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.
Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross
roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.
Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier
pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.
Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually
transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent
regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.
Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in
the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).
Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating
pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.
Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.
Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.
Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of
preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.
Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a
customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.
Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or
control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.
Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company
received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *
Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved
through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *
Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.
Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during
depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.
Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in
liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *
Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.
Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-
access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.
Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid
for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal
units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *
Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *
Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of
its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *
Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed
by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,
1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.
Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by
foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *
FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.
Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and
nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.
Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing
of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.
Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.
NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.
Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY
Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *
Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.
Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;
the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or
contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.
Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-
hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size
of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.
Operator The party in control of the physical operation and
maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.
Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives
natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point
to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.
DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.
DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas
which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *
Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French
civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *
Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report
Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *
LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.
Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location
for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *
Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide
regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a
pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.
Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural
gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.
CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or
approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *
Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation
Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *
Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a
futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.
Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:
Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The
parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.
Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It
is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.
Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and
flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.
Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a
delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.
ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *
Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.
Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that
are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.
OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.
Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the
construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.
Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas
transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *
Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to
the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.
Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered
to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.
Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.
Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per
minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *
Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter
Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small
concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.
PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *
Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a
specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *
Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is
expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *
Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the
transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.
Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.
MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *
Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in
the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.
Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively
low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection
Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to
clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of
remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *
Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in
which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.
Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that
adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *
Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.
*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.
EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.
HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *
Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the
point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.
Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against
the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions
composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the
available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.
Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost
MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *
Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline
commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.
SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.
USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.
* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.
Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate
highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and
gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of
releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged
with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.
Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high
temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute
comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.
Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in
interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.
Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or
state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.
Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross
roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.
Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier
pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.
Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually
transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent
regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.
Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in
the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).
Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating
pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.
Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.
Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.
Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of
preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.
Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a
customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.
Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or
control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.
Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company
received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *
Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved
through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *
Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.
Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during
depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *
Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *
Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of
its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *
Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed
by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,
1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.
Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by
foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.
British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to
raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.
Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell
for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *
Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a
facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *
Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas
volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY
Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *
Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.
Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;
the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or
contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.
Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-
hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size
of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.
Operator The party in control of the physical operation and
maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.
Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives
natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point
to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.
DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.
DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas
which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *
Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French
civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *
Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report
Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *
LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.
Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location
for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *
Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide
regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a
pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.
Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or
controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds
Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,
transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling
Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in
the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific
hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.
O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal
law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.
Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and
transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.
Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural
gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.
CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or
approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *
Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation
Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *
Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a
futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.
Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:
Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The
parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.
Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It
is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.
Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and
flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.
Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a
delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.
Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas
transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *
Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to
the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.
Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered
to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.
Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.
Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per
minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *
Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter
Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small
concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.
PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *
Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of
the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *
Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means
of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *
Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an
existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.
Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a
shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *
Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a
specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *
Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is
expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *
Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the
transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.
Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.
MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *
Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in
the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.
Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively
low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection
Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to
clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of
remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *
Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in
which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*
Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas
within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower
Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item
is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.
Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.
Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.
Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the
"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.
Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation
or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *
Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or
limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.
Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against
the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions
composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the
available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.
Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost
MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *
Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline
commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.
SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.
USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *
Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between
Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *
Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the
Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.
Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office
reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station
MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.
Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,
and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of
natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.
* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.
Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate
highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and
gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.
Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross
roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.
Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier
pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.
Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually
transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent
regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.
Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in
the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).
Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating
pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.
Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.
Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.
Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of
preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.
Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a
customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.
Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or
control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.
Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company
received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *
Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved
through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *
Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.
Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during
depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.
Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in
liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *
Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.
Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-
access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.
Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid
for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal
units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.
British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to
raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.
Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell
for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *
Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a
facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *
Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas
volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *
FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.
Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and
nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.
Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing
of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.
Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.
NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.
Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY
Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *
Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.
Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;
the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or
contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.
Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-
hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size
of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.
Operator The party in control of the physical operation and
maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.
Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives
natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point
to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *
Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid
end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *
CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.
Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *
OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *
Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a
system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.
Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or
controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds
Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,
transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling
Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in
the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific
hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.
O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal
law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.
Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and
transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.
Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural
gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.
CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or
approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *
Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation
Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *
Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a
futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.
Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:
Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The
parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.
Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It
is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.
Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and
flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.
Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a
delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.
Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas
transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *
Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to
the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.
Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered
to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.
Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.
Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per
minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *
Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter
Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small
concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.
PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *
Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of
the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *
Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means
of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *
Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an
existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.
Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a
shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *
Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a
specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *
Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is
expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *
Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the
transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.
Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.
MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *
Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in
the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.
Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively
low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection
Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to
clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of
remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *
Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in
which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.
Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that
adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *
Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.
*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.
EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.
HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *
Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the
point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.
Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against
the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions
composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the
available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.
Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost
MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *
Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline
commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.
SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.
USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *
Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between
Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *
Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the
Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.
Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office
reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station
MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.
Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,
and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of
natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of
releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *
Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by
incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.
Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate
highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and
gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.
Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross
roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.
Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier
pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.
Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually
transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent
regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.
Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in
the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).
Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating
pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.
Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.
Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.
Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of
preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.
Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a
customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.
Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or
control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.
Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company
received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *
Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved
through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *
Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.
Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during
depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.
Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in
liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *
Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.
Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-
access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.
Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid
for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal
units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *
Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *
Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of
its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *
Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed
by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,
1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.
Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by
foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *
FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.
Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and
nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.
Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing
of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.
Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.
NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.
Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY
Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *
Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.
Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;
the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or
contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.
Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-
hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size
of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.
Operator The party in control of the physical operation and
maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.
Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives
natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point
to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.
DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.
DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas
which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *
Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French
civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *
Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report
Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *
LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.
Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location
for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *
Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide
regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a
pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.
Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural
gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.
CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or
approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *
Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation
Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *
Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a
futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.
Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:
Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The
parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.
Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It
is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.
Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and
flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.
Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a
delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.
ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *
Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.
Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that
are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.
OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.
Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the
construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.
Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas
transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *
Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to
the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.
Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered
to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.
Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.
Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per
minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *
Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter
Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small
concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.
PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *
Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a
specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *
Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is
expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *
Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the
transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.
Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.
MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *
Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in
the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.
Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively
low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection
Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to
clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of
remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *
Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in
which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.
Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that
adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *
Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.
*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.
EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.
HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *
Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the
point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*
Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas
within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower
Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item
is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.
Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.
Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.
Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the
"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.
Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation
or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *
Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or
limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *
Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between
Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *
Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the
Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.
Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office
reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station
MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.
Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,
and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of
natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.
* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.
Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate
highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and
gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of
releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged
with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.
Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high
temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute
comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.
Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in
interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.
Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or
state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.
Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross
roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.
Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier
pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.
Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually
transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent
regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.
Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in
the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).
Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating
pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.
Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.
Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.
Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in
liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *
Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.
Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-
access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.
Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid
for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal
units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *
Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *
Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of
its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *
Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed
by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,
1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.
Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by
foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.
British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to
raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.
Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell
for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *
Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a
facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *
Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas
volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY
Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *
Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.
Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;
the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or
contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.
Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-
hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size
of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.
Operator The party in control of the physical operation and
maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.
Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives
natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point
to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *
Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid
end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *
CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.
Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *
OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *
Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a
system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.
DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.
DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas
which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *
Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French
civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *
Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report
Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *
LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.
Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location
for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *
Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide
regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a
pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.
Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or
controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds
Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,
transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling
Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in
the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific
hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.
O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal
law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.
Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and
transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *
Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a
futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.
Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:
Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The
parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.
Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It
is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.
Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and
flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.
Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a
delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.
ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *
Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.
Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that
are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.
OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.
Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the
construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.
Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas
transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *
Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to
the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.
Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered
to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.
Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.
Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per
minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *
Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter
Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small
concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.
PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *
Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a
specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *
Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is
expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *
Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the
transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.
Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.
MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *
Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in
the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.
Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively
low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection
Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to
clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of
remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *
Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in
which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.
Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that
adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *
Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.
*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.
EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.
HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *
Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the
point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*
Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas
within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower
Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item
is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.
Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.
Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.
Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the
"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.
Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation
or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *
Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or
limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.
Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against
the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions
composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the
available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.
Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost
MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *
Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline
commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.
SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.
USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.
* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.
Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate
highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and
gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of
releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged
with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.
Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high
temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute
comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.
Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in
interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.
Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or
state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.
Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross
roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.
Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier
pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.
Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually
transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent
regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.
Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in
the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).
Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating
pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.
Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.
Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.
Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in
liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *
Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.
Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-
access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.
Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid
for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal
units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *
Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *
Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of
its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *
Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed
by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,
1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.
Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by
foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.
British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to
raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.
Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell
for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *
Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a
facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *
Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas
volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *
FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.
Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and
nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.
Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing
of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.
Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.
NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.
Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *
Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid
end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *
CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.
Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *
OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *
Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a
system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.
DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.
DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas
which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *
Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French
civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *
Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report
Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *
LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.
Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location
for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *
Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide
regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a
pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.
Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural
gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.
CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or
approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *
Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation
Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.
ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *
Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.
Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that
are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.
OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.
Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the
construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.
Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas
transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *
Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to
the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.
Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered
to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.
Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.
Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per
minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *
Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter
Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small
concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.
PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *
Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of
the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *
Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means
of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *
Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an
existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.
Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a
shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *
Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a
specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *
Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is
expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *
Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the
transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.
Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.
MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *
Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in
the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.
Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively
low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection
Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to
clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of
remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *
Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in
which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*
Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas
within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower
Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item
is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.
Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.
Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.
Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the
"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.
Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation
or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *
Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or
limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.
Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against
the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions
composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the
available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.
Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost
MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *
Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline
commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.
SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.
USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.
* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.
Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate
highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and
gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.
Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross
roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.
Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier
pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.
Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually
transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent
regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.
Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in
the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).
Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating
pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.
Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.
Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.
Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of
preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.
Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a
customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.
Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or
control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.
Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company
received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *
Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved
through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *
Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.
Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during
depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.
Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in
liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *
Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.
Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-
access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.
Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid
for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal
units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *
Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *
Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of
its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *
Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed
by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,
1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.
Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by
foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.
GLOSSARY

Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *

Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.

Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;

the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *
FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or

contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.
Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and
nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.
Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing
of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.
Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.

Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-

hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.
NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size

of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.

Operator The party in control of the physical operation and

maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.

Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives

natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.
Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point

to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.

GLOSSARY
Account of others (natural gas): Natural gas deliveries for the account
of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own
the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are
quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in
short-term or spot market sales.

Affiliate: An entity which is directly or indirectly owned, operated, or

controlled by another entity.

Agent A legal representative of buyers, sellers or shippers of natural

gas in negotiation or operations of contractual agreements.

ANGA American Natural Gas Association

API American Petroleum Institutes

Approved Bidders Pre-arranged replacement shippers.

Back-Fill Earth or other material that has been used to refill a ditch or
trench. Also, the act of refilling a ditch or trench.

Backfilling The technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above
it.

Backhaul A paper transport of natural gas by displacement against

the flow on a single pipeline, so that the natural gas is redelivered
upstream of its point of receipt.

* BACT Best Available Control Technology

Blow Down The process of reducing gas pressures by means of

releasing such pressures to atmosphere.

Bore To penetrate or pierce with a rotary tool. A technique to cross

roads, water courses, or other utilities.

Bottled gas, LPG, or propane: Any fuel gas supplied to a building in

liquid form, such as liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. It is
usually delivered by tank truck and stored near the building in a tank
or cylinder until used.

British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat energy necessary to

raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. *
Burner Tip The end of the transportation of natural gas from the
wellhead, and the point of consumption. *

Butt-Weld The joining of two ends of a pipe or other material laid

end-to-end by full penetration welds

Capacity The maximum amount of natural gas that can be produced,

transported, stored, distributed, or utilized in a given period of time
under design conditions. *

Capacity Factor The ratio of the actual sales of capacity during any
specified period to the maximum amount of sales the system is
capable of delivering during that time.

Capacity Release The assignment, allocation, or release of firm gas

transportation rights to another party authorized under Order No. 636,
done on a permanent or temporary basis, and awarded to the highest
bidder. *

Capacity, Pipeline The maximum throughput of natural gas over a

specified period of time for which a pipeline system or portion thereof
is designed or constructed, not limited by existing service conditions.
*

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A gaseous substance at standard conditions

composed of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms, produced when
fossil fuels are burned, and is thought to be a major contributor to the
greenhouse effect. Combustion of natural gas emits only about 50%
as much carbon dioxide as combustion of coal. *

Carbon Monoxide A poisonous, combustible gas formed by

incomplete combustion of carbon, or reduction of carbon dioxide.

Casing A length of pipe used for encasing a smaller diameter carrier

pipe for installation in a well or under a road, etc.

Cathodic Protection Cathodic protection refers to the method of

preventing corrosion in metal structures that involves using electric
voltage to slow or prevent corrosion. It is used along natural gas
pipelines, as well as in certain bridges or other large metal structures
that need to resist corrosion over an extended period of time.

Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity Authorization to sell

for resale or to transport natural gas in interstate commerce; or to
construct, or acquire and operate, any facilities necessary therefore,
subject to FERC jurisdiction under Section 7 of the NGA. May also
refer to a similar permit issued by a state commission to a gas utility. *

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

Clean Air Act of 1970 Mandated restrictions on sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants.

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

Commission (1) In the context of futures trading, the fee charged by a

futures broker for executing an order. (2) The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (3) State Public Utilitys Commission(s). *

Commodity Charge A charge per unit of service actually delivered to

the buyer. *

Commodity Costs (Rates) Those costs that are allocated on the basis
of actual use of service. *

Compressor A mechanical device for increasing the pressure of a gas.

*

Compressor Stations Facility that provides energy to move natural gas

within a pipeline by increasing the pressure of the gas at the discharge
side of the facility compared to the intake side. *

Confidentiality Agreement A written legal agreement between

Iroquois and another party, generally providing that, except in certain
circumstances, confidential and proprietary information of either party
(such as financial information of a privately held entity) is to be kept
confidential and not disclosed by the other party.

Connection The physical junction between two pipeline; usually

transmission lines.

Consumer The ultimate user of natural gas, as contrasted to a

customer who may purchase natural gas for resale. *

Contracted gas: Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to
purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified
to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases,
single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports,
SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.
Cubic Foot The most common unit of measurement of gas volume;
the amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot under
stated conditions of temperature, pressure, and water vapor.

DEC Department of Environmental Conservation

DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement

Decatherm A unit of heating value equivalent to 10 therms or

approximately 1,000,000 Btu's.

Delivery Point Point where gas is transferred to the end user from the
pipeline.

Demand The rate at which electric energy or natural gas is delivered

to or by a system at a given instant or averaged over a designated
period, usually expressed in kilowatts or megawatts (electric); Mcfs or
MMBtus (natural gas). *

Demand Charge The Demand Charge portion of rate design is

expected to recover the costs associated with the level of demand for
the particular service and will be paid even if no service is taken by
the customer; a reservation charge. Included in demand charges are
capital-related costs and the cost of operation and maintenance of
generation, transmission, and distribution. *

Department of Energy (DOE) A cabinet-level department of the

Executive Branch of the Federal government.

Directional Drilling A technique of crossing rivers or interstate

highways in pipeline construction in which the pipe is buried under
the riverbed or roadway at depths much greater than those of
conventional crossings. With this technique, a hole in the form of an
inverted arc is drilled beneath the river or roadbed and the actual
made-up pipeline is pulled through it.

Distribution Mains, service connections, and equipment that carry or

control the supply of natural gas from the point of local supply to and
including the sales meters. *

Distribution Company Gas Company that obtains the major portion of

its gas operating revenues from the operation of a retail gas
Distribution system, and which operates no transmission system other
than incidental connections within its own system or to the system of
another company. For purposes of A.G.A. statistics, a distribution
companies obtains at least 90 percent of its gas operating revenues
from sales to ultimate customers, and classifies at least 90 percent of
mains (other than service pipe) as distribution.

DOT Department of Transportation Dry natural gas: Natural gas

which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has been
removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant
separation); and 2) any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been
removed where they occur in sufficient quantity to render the gas
unmarketable. Note:

Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. The

parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit
and 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Dth/d Decatherms Per Day

Easement An acquired privilege or right, distinct from ownership of

the soil, to use a specified area for certain specified uses.

EBB Electronic Bulletin Board

EDI Electronic Data Interchange

Efficiency Efficiency (E): Relating to heat, a percentage indicating the

available Btu input that is converted to useful purposes. It is applied,
generally, to combustion equipment. *

End-User One who actually consumes energy, as opposed to one who

sells or re-sells it. *

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency charged

with protecting the environment. *

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) A quasi-independent

regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having
jurisdiction over interstate electricity sales, wholesale electric rates,
hydroelectric licensing, natural gas transmission and related services
pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. With respect
to the natural gas industry, the general regulatory principles of the
FERC are defined in the Natural Gas Act (NGA), the Natural Gas
Policy Act (NGPA), and the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act. *

FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement

Firm Service Service offered to customers under schedules or
contracts that anticipate no interruptions, regardless of class of
service, except for force majeure. *

Force Majeure A common law concept borrowed from the French

civil law. Force majeure means superior or irresistible force that
excuses a failure to perform. It has been defined by the United States
Supreme Court as a cause that is beyond the control and without the
fault or negligence of the party excused. Force majeure events also
must not have been reasonably foreseeable; e.g., a blizzard in Houston
in January may be a force majeure event, but a blizzard in Montana
will not qualify. *

Fossil Fuel Fuel such as coal, crude oil or natural gas, formed from the
fossil remains of organic material. *

Fuel Cell A device that generates direct current to electricity by means

of an electrochemical process. *

Fuel Gas A quantity of gas required by a transporter to provide the

transportation service. Fuel gas includes, but is not limited to, gas
consumed in transporter's mainline compressor station, gathering
system booster stations, and processing plants.

Gas That state of matter which has neither independent shape nor
volume. Gas expands to fill the entire container in which it is held.
Gas is one of the three forms of matter: solid, liquid and gas. *

Gas Controller A person or persons assigned the task of monitoring

and controlling daily gas system operations and ensuring safety of a
pipeline or distribution system.

Gas Generator The section of a gas-turbine that provides the high

temperature gases needed to drive the power turbine.

Gas Transported for Others Natural gas owned by another company

received into and transported through any part of a pipeline
transmission system under a transportation agreement. *

Gas Turbine A prime mover in which gas, under pressure or formed

by combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades; the
energy in the expanding gas is converted into mechanical energy
supplying power at the shaft.

Gas, Natural A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and

nonhydrocarbon gases (mainly methane, CH4) found in porous
geologic formations beneath the earths surface, often in association
with petroleum. *

Guidance Manual FERC Guidance Manual for Environmental Report

Preparation Horizontal Drilling

Horizontal Drilling, heralded today as "causing the greatest change in

the industry since the invention of the rotary bit," is the most rapidly
growing movement in the petroleum industry. Essentially, in addition
to the vertical shaft in an oil or gas well, special equipment allows
producers to extend horizontal shafts into areas that could not
otherwise be reached.

Horsepower (hp) A unit of power; equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb per

minute or 550 ft-lb per second (mechanical horsepower), or 0.746
kilowatts.

Hot Tap The connection of branch piping to an operating line, and the
tapping of the operating line while it is under pressure.

HP Horsepower

Hydrostatic Test A strength test of equipment (pipe) in which the item

is filled with liquid, subjected to suitable pressure, and then shut in,
and the pressure monitored. Also a test to determine whether a
container will hold a certain pressure.

Interruptible Service A level of service that, in accordance with

contractual arrangements, can be interrupted by direct control of the
system operator or by action of the customer at the direct request of
the system operator.

Interstate Pipeline A natural gas pipeline company that is engaged in

the transportation of natural gas across state boundaries, and is
therefore subject to FERC jurisdiction and/or FERC regulation under
the NGA. *

Joint A single length of steel pipe (usually 40 feet).

Kilowatt (KW) A unit of electrical work equivalent to 1,000 watts,

1.3414 horsepower, or .9478 Btu/sec.

Land Man A person concerned with the acquisition of leases, clearing

of land titles, payment of lease rentals, and other related activities.
Also Right of Way Agent.

Lateral A pipe that branches away from the central and primary part of
the system. *

LDC Local Distribution Company

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) A gas containing certain specific

hydrocarbons, which are gaseous under normal atmospheric
conditions, but can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal
temperatures. Propane and butane are the principal examples.

Liquids, Natural Gas (LNG) Those liquid hydrocarbon mixtures that

are gases at reservoir temperatures and pressures, but can be recovered
by condensation or absorption. Natural gasoline and liquefied
petroleum gases fall in this category. *

Looping Laying additional pipeline beside and connected to an

existing pipeline in order to increase the capacity of the system. *

Mains, distribution Pipes transporting gas within service areas to the

point of connection with the service pipe.

Marsh Gas Methane (CH4) the primary constituent of natural gas.

Results from the partial decay of plants in swamps.

Materials Transportation Bureau (MTB) An independent office

reporting to the Secretary of Transportation of the United States
Government charged with enforcing the Pipeline Safety Act. MTB,
among other functions, receives reports of safety-related incidents
from gas system operators and periodically issues revisions and
interpretations to the Minimum Federal Safety Standard (49 CFR
192).

Maximum Operating Pressure The maximum actual operating

pressure existing in a piping system during a normal annual operating
cycle.

Maximum Transportation Rate The maximum rates that an open-

access transporter may charge for its services. Section 284.7(c) of the
Commission's regulations states that maximum rates for both peak and
off-peak periods should ration capacity during peak periods and
maximize throughput.

Mcf One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. *

MDQ The term MDQ refers to the Maximum Daily Quantity of gas
that a buyer, seller, or transporter is obligated to receive or deliver at
each receipt or delivery point as specified in an agreement.

Metering and Regulating Station Facilities installed at a given location

for measuring and regulating the flow of gas in connection with
distribution system operations other than the measurement of gas
deliveries to customers.

Methane (CH4) The lightest in the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It

is colorless, odorless and flammable; the major portion of marsh gas
and natural gas. *

Minimum Federal Safety Standard Part 192 This refers to Title 49,
Part 192, of the code of Federal Regulations and contains the legal
minimum requirements for gas transportation within the United States.

MM Btu One million British thermal units. *

MMcf One million cubic feet of natural gas. *

MP Milepost

MS Meter Station

MW Megawatt

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAESB North American Energy Standards Board

National Energy Act of 1978 (NEA) A comprehensive energy statute

comprised of five separate but intertwined public laws dealing with
energy conservation (The National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
P.L. 95-619); coal conversion (The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel
Use Act, P.L. 95-620); public utility rates (The Public Utility
Regulatory Policy Act, P.L. 95-617); natural gas pricing (The Natural
Gas Policy Act, P.L. 95-621); and a series of taxes (Energy Tax Act,
P.L. 95-618) designed to discourage energy consumption and to
accelerate the transition to alternative fuels. The five bills were signed
into law on November 9, 1978. The main purpose of the NEA is to
reduce oil imports and promote more efficient use of energy in this
country.
Natural Gas A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-
hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations beneath the
earths surface, often in association with petroleum. The principal
constituent is methane, CH4. *

Natural Gas Act of 1938 A federal statute enacted in 1938 to provide

regulatory control over the interstate sale and transportation of natural
gas. Under the NGA, the Federal Power Commission was given two
major powers: (1) the power to issue certificates of public
convenience and necessity authorizing construction and operation of
facilities and the provision of services, and (2) the power to regulate
rates for (a) sales in interstate commerce of natural gas sold for resale
for ultimate public consumption and (b) transportation of natural gas
in interstate commerce. The Act specifically provides that the NGA
will not apply to other sale or transportation of natural gas or to the
local distribution Df natural gas, or to the facilities used for such
distribution, or to the production or gathering of natural gas. *

Natural Gas Design Stress The estimated maximum tensile stress in

the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal
natural gas pressure that can be applied continuously with a high
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.

Natural Gas Distillate Material removed from natural gas at the

"heavy end" portion; that is, aliphatic compounds ranging from C4 to
C8.

Natural Gas Liquids The hydrocarbon components: propane, butanes,

and pentanes (also referred to as condensate), or a combination of
them that are subject to recovery from raw gas liquids by processing
in field separators, scrubbers, gas processing and reprocessing plants,
or cycling plants. The propane and butane components are often
referred to as liquefied petroleum gases or LPG.

Natural Gas pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (Amended b) The federal law
providing jurisdiction by the Federal Government over the
transportation of gas, which includes transmission and distribution and
gathering operations in urban areas. The Secretary of Transportation,
acting through the Materials Transportation Bureau, enforces the Act.
Title 49 of the code of federal regulations, Part 192, contains the
regulations issued under this Act. Department of Transportation
(DOT) contracts with state regulatory agencies for some aspect of
enforcement.

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Designates a method of identifying the size
of steel pipe without compromising the actual diameter data. Thus
nominal one-inch pipe with the actual external diameter of 1.315 inch
(33.40 mm) becomes NPS 1; nominal 14 inch pipe with internal
diameter of 13.250 inch (336.55 mm) becomes NPS 14.

O3 Ozone Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) A federal

law, Public law 91-596, enacted in 1970, comprising federal standards
for safety and health for people at work. The regulations issued under
this Act can be found in Title 29, Part 1910, and Part 1926 of the Code
of Federal Regulations.

OD Outside Diameter

Odorant Any material added to natural or LP gas in small

concentrations to impart a distinctive odor. Odorants in common use
include various mercaptans, organic sulfides, and blends of both.

Off-Peak Service Service that is provided during periods of relatively

low system demand.

Open Access Non-discriminatory, fully equal access to transportation

or transmission services offered by a pipeline or electric utility. *

Open Access Transporter Once an intrastate or interstate pipeline

commences self-implementing transportation services under Section
311 of the NGPA, it becomes an open access transporter and must
then provide transportation services on an open access,
nondiscriminatory basis and comply with the regulations set forth in
Part 284 of the Commission'sregulations. In addition, once an
interstate pipeline accepts a Part 284 blanket certificate, it is then an
open access transporter. A pipeline which is "open" under Section 311
may terminate such service and "close" its system. However, once a
pipeline accepts a blanket, it may not terminate open access services
without first receiving Commission authorization to abandon its
blanket certificate.

Open Season A period of time in which potential customers can bid

for pipeline services, and during which such customers are treated
equally regarding priority in the queue for service. *

Operating Costs Recurring costs related to day-to-day operations of a

facility that are paid out of current revenue.
Operator The party in control of the physical operation and
maintenance of a well or other facility. *

OPS Office of Pipeline Safety

Partial Looping A method for increasing carrying capacity of a

pipeline by constructing pipeline sections parallel to the existing
pipeline for a portion of the distance between compressor or pump
stations. The new lines are connected to the main pipeline at the
beginning and end of each section.

Particulates Minute particles of solid matter, such as cinders and

flyash, that are contained in stack gases.

PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

PI Points of Intersection

Pig Internal Pipeline Inspection / Cleaning Device; a device used to

clean or evaluate the internal surface of a pipeline (the process is
called "pigging"). Pigs are usually barrel shaped, made of metal, and
covered with metal brushes. They may also be made entirely of plastic
and have rubber or plastic cups. They are inserted into the pipeline
with a device called a pig-trap, and are pushed through the system by
pressure from the fluid already flowing through the line, usually gas.
They can detect imperfections and anomalies on the pipeline; also
called a go-devil.

Pipe, Coated Pipe that has been covered with a corrosion resistant
coating or compound (such as epoxy) to prevent corrosion from soil
conditions.

Pipeline An entity engaged in the transportation of natural gas in

interstate or intrastate commerce. Also, the actual facility itself. *

Pipeline Capacity The maximum quantity of gas that can be moved

through a pipeline system at any given time based on existing service
conditions such as available horsepower, pipeline diameter(s),
maintenance schedules, regional demand for natural gas, etc.

Pipeline Patrol A general inspection of the pipeline right-of-way by

foot, airplane, or land vehicle to observe surface conditions and
activity along or on the right-of-way and noting changes in vegetation
growth for indication of gas leakage.
Receipt Point The point on a pipelines system at which it receives
natural gas into its system. *

Reliability The degree to which the performance of the elements of a

system results in power being delivered to consumers within accepted
standards and in the amount desired. The degree of reliability may be
measured by the frequency, duration, and magnitude of adverse effects
on consumer service. *

Replacement Shipper Any Shipper that executes a Gas Transportation

Contract in the form prescribed by Iroquois' Tariff, acquiring capacity
rights from a Releasing Shipper.

Right-of-Way A strip of land, the use of which is acquired for the

construction and operation of a pipeline or some other facility; the
land may be owned outright or an easement taken for a specific
purpose.

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition - A system of

remote control and telemetry used to monitor and control the
transmission system. *

Seasonal Curtailment A level of service that contractually restricts or

limits service during certain periods of the year.

SEQRA State Environmental Quality Review Act

Supplier One who contracts with a pipeline for transportation of

natural gas, and who retains title to all natural gas while it is being
transported.

Tariff A document filed by a regulated entity with either a federal or

state commission. It lists the rates the regulated entity will charge to
provide service to its customers as well as the terms and conditions
that it will follow in providing service. *

Term The proposed commencement and termination dates of service.

Therm A unit of heating value equivalent to 100,000 British thermal

units (Btu) (0.1 MMBtu). *

Throughput Total of transportation volumes and tariff sales; all gas

volumes delivered.

Tie In To make a connection to an existing pipeline or piping.

Transportation The act of moving gas from a designated receipt point
to a designated delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to the terms
of a contract between the transporter and the shipper. Generally it is
the shipper's own gas that is being moved.

Transportation Agreement An agreement between a shipper and

transportation company that defines the terms and conditions of the
transportation services and transportation transfer to be provided.

Transportation Service The act of moving gas from a receipt point to a

delivery point GATE STATION pursuant to a contract between the
shipper and the transporter. To the extent the shipper has paid for
guaranteed, high-priority capacity in the pipeline, that shipper is
entitled to firm service.

Transporter The pipeline company that transports natural gas for a

shipper. *

Turbine, Steam or gas An enclosed rotary type of prime mover in

which heat energy in steam or gas is converted into mechanical energy
by the force of a high velocity flow of steam or gas directed against
successive rows of radial blades fastened to a central shaft.

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Valve A mechanical device for controlling the flow of fluids and

gases; types such as gate, ball, globe, needle, and plug valves are used.

Vent A device installed on a pipeline that will allow gas to escape into
the atmosphere under controlled conditions.

Venting The planned release of natural gas to the atmosphere during

depressurization or purging. * The definitions denoted with an asterisk
were obtained from the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America.