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  • Minium - Statistical Reasoning in Psychology and Education

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    Irina Munteanu
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    Minium- Statistical Reasoning in Psychology and Education

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    Minium- Statistical Reasoning in Psychology and Education

    Drepturi de autor:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca PDF sau citiți online pe Scribd
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    2K vizualizări303 pagini

    Minium - Statistical Reasoning in Psychology and Education

    Încărcat de

    Irina Munteanu
    Minium- Statistical Reasoning in Psychology and Education

    Drepturi de autor:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca PDF sau citiți online pe Scribd
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    din 303
    ‘THIRD EDITION STATISTICAL REASONING IN PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION EDWARD W. MINIUM ang Cle nis WEY & ‘he ok wt FC Game Up ype md pe Bo ‘pt Donel ia Te ee py ah ese eubymeommas catia Eaeeaens es br cman soestag ine Po Bese emacene aieecengeaaae sea {tenet efautil leer ear pee cicero Eewannnaoascs ees Stores Stes tae an os Bee vena Sapocam re ieahaaes Baseneeaes eee er Sie ceeeanrt ‘Scala, We el tbe eens out PREFACE, = Cie its recline tag in See oe caees pita lemage ted aes “iw of bac uthemanie propoatons m3 9 eens et oeereee ce re ceecteenniena a peed Eau S[SSSa eS aa TURES. NEW TO THE "THIRD EDITION “he he ion fsa eg Py Sang ee Scr ot bo ‘moyen er end Sane Wy ence SESesess a EEstacesos alee ‘Seti ha poms nc of putea “Gates od acl eee pa Punacoey * stores foe ie ai. we ung lat ncn as ‘rr ce ec Ee aera fgnsse esmeatsa ‘SoS imate acct compte chyinree sos SS SOFTWARE Semi aan Geb ee ‘eon pce pcan tee a EU 9 Sd om he ‘igs eta. sparse ‘fen ur afb nt cele ‘Sain sor and seep by des Siete orc’ mend nso, bering pan peel tag ‘See we Ser a on ‘helper fe Btw Scr oy Jongh Aes sa e.g we {ESE pet ince ‘ints ooh ne ora he sey ‘emer asset 208 ottbgivg) nt see prey to ‘Cot ll mes renee (cali te pln SUPPLEMENTS | ‘he log plement So ‘Bl asm ng nd Bicaon “epee aches ‘slant tye Seema Eerernariecasat ‘ed felon ed Senco ccee Se ee mente ered Seeecmeat, ‘ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ‘Sate pps a ace Bree eet pn ed ot Eo fiirasmemne ey cme ante ees aghacan Seren ener Pen Cre Sikh ere le Rd areratincast Sears LC seer coon rrronnneiene ‘CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 owe ro aon an CHAPTER 2 PRELIMINARY coNcEPTS Guarren 3 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS, DPERCENTILS, AND PERCENTILE RANKS. 31mg Quatve Du 4 Sper eae in 15 oe n CONTENTS 39 comane Reger ‘cuAPrER 4 ‘GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS 1 Pte ee ope “CHAPTER 5 CENTRAL TENDENCY ec a ee eens eee S cdeae 4 ih come 5 Mens oma enya ‘peas mace cAPTER 6 ‘VARIABILITY “ee tng Benge eee ona narten ent Oi eat cuarrER 7 ‘THE NORMAL CURVE 21 Sn Nol ae Fen 74 Re Sand Norm ane Pine e seeeS 109 Sey acne caAPrER 8 DERIVED scones CHAPTER 9 CORRELATION 32 Gaping Bsa Ova: 34 Cn Ahn ef Demce 35 nde teria a 18 ‘Guarren 10 PREDICTION. ef Coney, Less sees ves Sepa ten 196 tena nd Por) lee aa INTERPRETIVE ASPECTS OF CORRELATION AND REGRESSION 193 284 os ntenng ee ocrogeney of ples 96 14 feta ore epee ote w tpn of The Reco tne » ‘ope aie beeen 2 cern 19 Teepe or Pipan 1 aera ‘CHAPTER 12 "6 Sata te mnaml 8 1g Se etucy barn nd a Soom a ‘CHAPTER 43 ‘THE BASIS OF STATISTICAL INFERENCE 231 131 re ce Teg 3 Msc gece: een 32 134 tno epi Be 135 thse pce te 88 Ue Tea Stance 297 1s hate ting eae CHAPTER 14 ‘TESTING HYPOTHESES ABOUT SINGLE MEANS (= and) 253 12 Fei pabaeAou& a Shoe tina en Do us Sewnly ofr coe te 146 tse he ti erat be Dieta one ° Cremona ay 1» ting ects Dito e138 TU ipl: feo pers eso 1 1033 econ sno nocowcoas ‘heme pee a i TCE Renin Soatasocl sen ay Se Satan one Css 24 ‘CHAPTER 15 FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS IN HYPOTHESIS TeSTING 283 11 Sener cf tetepenese a8 SACS Gotene 153 The Cm or Recto 154 Te sh Bec 3 253 Kati i ce oie Maas AFTER 16 TESTING HYPOTHESES ABOUT THE DIFFIRENCE BETWEEN TWO INDEPENDENT DEANS nr pete See: Be 3 Boe 8 ESS ewe fo inden ens 161 She periment Vee Sie se12 Sm 299 carne © Testing BS ABOUT THE Diva serea ire as SS ae 1 Ret pais to To Beni Nome 33 Arb oe Bene ems 3 175 Aime fe Soe ‘Sis = retinas 7 Sy aR Garren 16 TSTIMATION OF j1 AND fiy—sHy 339 1 Peo Wie fing sures 30 ieee & Sats sare POWER AND MEASURE or HFTEGT 355, nor 5 Seeeetee cme we Secor edad Te om une San else 1931 fog mera Sm Se tection aa io Pomel Comey bein 310 carme @— SONEWAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (AND SOME ALTERNATIVES) 377 BE Meu Pe amie my Remedios BE 25 tc mea te rato 0m Rw doe Poems for Am of Be Saat ccs Bis Avani oe Pee 4 Be Came Fons Se ese Ee ae 2235 tno emo ne Seco ames tae ase 2016 hs of ace oS o cuarren> FACTORIAL ANALYSIS (OF VARIANCE THE TWO:FACTOR DESIGN 413, BY Pte fa tS oe a0 nel Too car Wahesebeas CanrrER a INFERENCE AB0UT PEARSON CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS 441 Beare B Eee & cunrran Gb ‘HLSQUARE AND INTRRENCE ABOUT FREQUENCIES 453 1 pseu oh nent BE ‘Beep See oe chisquee “9 3 ween sas, Inve tot agensee “ 29 Tigre receina “@ ae oa eget s Eitan cae 3 carrie SOME (4 AASSUMPHION-FREL TESTS 475 ‘ei Sp Te sem 25 Tenet to pas utr ie ‘THE REALM oF statistics Dames tee Dacbutsacts ‘femmes ee wt One Cool 570 gag so en ei teen eats cca seme oeaio SS ed SS Sr eercereme Sopacet ame neaer treet mee Spout iat ee ease Chis chersacarwinacn Weg ames SSeS ese aes SSS ieee oon SLs a aaa See mercedes ie Si aeeateerarciatemees iatiteseesrccemmcatraate pape seta SS ase Ec ceecetemnven ects SSS ates merece Sie iseead cig ore ‘Sotescoe be eam ag rst ug neat ‘Sane fc te FA a gs bom pg ADS tse esos tra ey esr me te ne eects a gm ote ste ti Saint hore a he Sues ae eer ie eg Hex egal hng acy cme tne mgt ech arse ce a, ‘sno aly wed in main ingot eins, as othe eae of AY, ba Seen Seeainge ccna aie Seams pererememetes Uprbines in Ofag pme compan yor ae aa ate ae Soccachrescnrmamgcemenmma Siac eee cee ee ae Some eftie eanea ‘ese m0 ‘ager i wo pus dese sats and fren eis We es Ss DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS Ser shat mci ean ie pet ‘Sita they cleat ges sea ace ‘Sign mch Sold se beg ie a eve ofan ek ‘Scie wea wl be el oi dn SEH clones tine oe ‘Set ecco mac pl pg el eee Siecle nhowee aia ben mo on ann and woke ‘sist Wins moe she dar ar ena Ba esas 1a mwanoenatsemancs 3 ‘Coning ep ewl ef tnowedge of he een he chs, she feast te et aay een inp tna Bech ane ‘Sherpas nalpubetel oe terre eet nome ner Sra Mr en en a ‘Sltm antic fe tr seme vy ga hn te orp ‘ee le snd reir peda afr msg The Totti herp oe sgt ne et ot Te Sore see compe — 12 INFERENTIAL statistics ‘se li wl i ep at ‘RoE ata clatentsns sd inrenest o ‘one pp he mpi ane emt ‘Nope wet dtm am he opine cane es ‘Ske wan owing aan name he eae ‘tiered ny rern ses need ‘Si pace tp mow wha api of ear aed “tert sen py see at seein cn of meget cages ee ‘Soe opr icing erupt m meni Scere ed Tri wo ie free ‘muon glo nj andom meping pr tha See se Ses of we tne ie oD Sitar gee ie ps aera, Ene memos emi sees le wo group ier by pts. Srpoah RE Se ye cee el sed So ce ttn Ne i hu ae cs a be ‘Tapeh my a sf ce Wa dat AZT poonged he Hes of ADS pas. Thi elon a ‘ioe en he ya ea Se 1.3 RELATIONSWIP AND pRaDiction (ca tof ting oe ae np ee Sek ‘ruldespct ht tepals bt Freunde ten ne pos cetacean pane These are ee ress ta pabe he exec and ex ‘ata eee (eT eran ao “dtr esa a coe five kale sng a Stee nf acs pen eve ts onsen ‘Govt te aps nen sera py ‘em shem sepetety hee. Neen, bona problems Seserguod {nineteen a ede ‘14 OUR CONCERN: APPLIED STATISTICS. Sara hoy dot ete a ch of ined) he ne a pg that mach oe ep cbse tena, Koen hl Semen oa neal be ecrd wh pd. ok we ‘Scns ooy Ctl we he olga oaener pyc Srenpteyemasoatens pig ‘ee nr wo “neo ou wo my eed al ce ees of» peso stint fo ve sts ote ip out ten Seman ie ntomine tpn pene 115 THE ROLE OF APPLIED STATISTICS oa te dao 0, ape tapi a a and ‘arson or aon ro or so bet ae, ee Scere one en tee ‘Tintern nae wn mexigaan ups or arp ‘ee meta ce in ie pn Pm ecco he snc alate gen east mince oe ‘etc bcp yn ada St rt mi rr Se See SS Tete ae eres ee See Eigeecsemesees Ee iocuineeemeauaraat ES eae ee setae oe mes Seger ernncrbectan essence aes 6 cums wmooucries che prin tao wih ein ns $0 ese Soe drt ee dan sxc conor onluay ess poe est ‘Sams ea pig he pee st ees ak inti cine mpi scene og sak sions of sy ma efor conte hat ey oe seas ‘ea tent etme terial example ha ‘tal coco a ta sf ein el cans ad wh dann te at once te eee he BA ‘Shien co es em ene Sah tn can ane ade tech umpc ot sal rset on mae 9 ti oan em ie 1 Sctown ay Jeph syed ecco os ‘ar tthe Serpe af ef pc cee ch po ‘ices atacon tm ng tnng Oe enya fal ped {he ene” many Col dre cece hk yresig ‘Sete Fest i ete ony ite ieee he eh” a ‘Sty abe wed» ech he vege ‘Selo cae pnp do eh me oe ‘i cia nn epee lie oe mone de sen thie vel one ects Te orce we pea ‘Ss uy a te toons by hn he xi onc) Sey ee ces ttl iid righ me tapas mee ore cape ‘elope an tc inseam et ‘Bde ero syle tee el pees the ence Ree 1.6 bo STATISTICS ut Sosmnmesue 7 espe oe svete 8 es, 64 at, 1979 now ‘Stns (nts 191). The cal venus fad kom bted e ‘ile xan yc min gag mn ‘er ar the ins of mat aly ee nny ay nd tages Shtene aoc beeen ence sn oes kes ep ‘Sipe decongestant Se ‘ut colina Coce we lca th pe a ar, Sec rao ha a cnn ts ‘neo anc nen eed aw pbs cco by ‘sine sine Hwee nm cer wi sow Prosi teck ty chined dat seston cee nasa once eras prcamceaple nt nm ew ign pied eke “faunas owe a {hence tem sd Tete be mae cas) pa, The nach etn oc een xpos cand years he ‘Stee rey, ash rout boy 85) Cees ‘Fite send ce Te et ane ny ‘Shs pm ces ong ne Seg” mo pee Sete Geteeathemc ne ne ere otmancy allan aso ut cl ae ‘Shee Tec yh ou bse etre pos Sloe eed en eit a ese (Bieri at ped ty ws). ome foes ews al ph ches wo iy une ny us pot gt oa [ers onctane ex wg thet, ot ‘Ser sae eum was sso ash st ‘impo wich nnn meet ec ens {ending testi of meligeace Bue mw 3 wong peponet he ve sn aly Seca sgn pa ‘econ trea pe sce pes ‘tel (ad, 90. shuld ments tb hash tes oe sens) fe at ose oe ‘maison. We soph remember te od sing "Pger Neer es cher Sines nnn med tes yng a hy ree cpt he, For cue escalate cat Goeller aie nan Nine epee Naas ‘oc cyte nel Otc cha Tact ee ‘Srl pr nce er wp ne ‘oprices te pany chen my mere acre ‘a ht ge sewn oe mates (Camp, 19%, Hal 15). 117 OTHER CONCERNS ABOUT staTisTies ber epi steed so sas hd ‘cto tense ise pe sod he 2a eof eis Bee heehee 2.1 aes 6s cnn ly + ae aes he ene lk ya ce ean he ‘Senge use rte mcr ant ta Bet ‘fom tt rato eo pat a ak OF CONTROVERSY ae Srastcs Nucuss? uate meen mlm ea an tt at Sieh eemsse ieee ones pear cnc pace ip pa aa Eas mre cos Bateseiseees ‘Slclinieraecusncve motes go's ae nw em Wal itr i, cere ene togngt ae, ‘Se ates mi nas pear yw oe ly ‘Gea sone! of cent of vid ines schoo spend ‘Sheets my ew caoamy ech ma eyo ’ fag pea or eee ‘Sguiy sched matches ya cpr eee ‘hal pe forth neal pes Sat age elo ‘Siig far sone sudeay he poi ss the hew td ‘Seni dnt ar lore sade he spent Bootsma gu peoch otenonree $e at nt ef ego is at ane we ‘lotto n ore te an ce aly meal oh 1Beegue us masher hh ern es Posto Sac). Sea phe tts St ep 118 80M TIPS oN sTupwiNe srarisrics Stn ie a tn ot i on (OF Leite nye hinge mb de —— i aap ng rk ai ae ‘Regu cnceaaa sre einen doe ela ‘She theagrs dnt a sean ne ‘Rood Troe sae nese rump soot ing inetd gags Sterol uglenemy “haat desde ‘ie sha at ep pe arte ea et ‘Seuss some fer mater, uch inedton an he seo bles, wc [ | ‘Soc fay ou cede seve by aking the pret he Bap of "Pe inide gto and pee athe ch pe gee ey wo emg thm el conto ey een Seine repaccelshordo te ee of be onion ein ‘Tetbrte ner ca pono mea aah aot ‘Surging exon eo "rhe wy rca ay ee ge Lok a ssa i ese i fs ae ‘Relatneter ions fie tw tuc“Th gee esc ‘poe mament "oui any age commen ‘Tesla ens ne ay tle mae ‘nny er gna iy Wp a ie ‘town nae may caro ft aay be aba a pee Reise mca encenntomte as ‘Scan sng srs peso ee aed Ings af Spa tte to you ad corn mods mig Se war ‘Sheu bynes ete nour Sod SES eats pencil is 19 smaR Sc be mec easing ong a lag Te ‘om hence signe stan eel at, Te eh ‘Sh dpe as sow ur ep on vn acros ‘eit bse certs anced oes ital tte ‘Stee fens Sow con ex» pope om oe re ocala so fe eo ce at at Seiler sgrascenss geen tal pee ‘erence 2a tc hoy meted ahr nd any. i quepaue oxen spt dotang ot deny et ‘Tour hang tothe abun cesta Yo il a et > ‘rmay sta nd edow war's peng ace ao Toe ‘hoe he teat wl bem caja eee FREY TERMS, CONCEPTS, AND syaBors sac Indepnden anne (9) sia queion ) cpm mines (©) endo be 3) aaa eal (6) incense ) etme eae, rch ncnine (8) a) ‘cara ve) Secs So SS SS eo Sencume cer ecteocenaagt nei ae name den Eons Ole nate sie Seta ne al ba tte et on 4 PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS Een Seaham EES Sipaeaes eee Seen Saeaeeeeeecerems Siac es Eases Bocce nenwnomeemee sii ermine ae cpseereamiy ane eee meee geet eiopanatracsonr emcees guoeeteereoee Soon igencenieayeceromenactacet eet eateries Some seca aptpeen meme ae ae easier teeny Seoceeee eoenreseeet Sanaa eee nga sa ok omar mr an "spe a 5 16 cone renunante concre, veces tom eg etn” ou sme ce fhe ember wae ose nme sinc ot cee et ‘Scale, butte td poplon coi tebe en aan pms cs fo hy ‘Penge a popaion asees a parmcer. tn erential mas ‘mene ag pt prt: ea 221 RANDOM SAMPLES Riu ad teonenae onntomensene ‘eee the fing maps oe or Ete ge cad vet cet ming roar tll pes oe sn ee renfolnglbtonc tg ee ert man ae [Este cx, Hore beat acon yon othe ine ntsc. Tt Imo af people wet ancy secre enough et scr ss eleproe, Fey wnat enc Sepaic, bt sc etconsae tnie o ‘oat enmath cn et ot hey nde oe Dec ‘pte St ay eta nyt ah ‘soul em = usr popioe& mnemuleas ‘ig sted ppl: nein ane ae SRS cake epee canes tow lpi los fo, shu uod sue me oe te el a “he lation year suey ten ty by be Haan Galop oni us ea tern renee ae, bat eae ep ‘pl notte ers en rb ch ya ‘Seay ws wpm oe of ie el one nf ee | 2a vsuatsse comes 17 seperated ping ced fdr ‘Diseased cee tal es ce cua ey Sone emg th a peter eo eel pop ec nm cel vhncaraie ‘Phipps ees inxs eee ‘ng sere and res ae en Eos these Pope a 5 sa a ee esi Seesemiom ampere ing pune eo SE TSM ene lw be ‘Sire dh i fen sop map owe oo epuiion eee non mn Fes ae se Stes tnporance same fea gency eet ‘Eeyore eek aaa ‘am gig coe ne wee ec ‘he 22 VARIABLES AND CONSTANTS Inconfacing wet es ie sere ea cae A ‘ete sess Do, umber fen co pln oe, fom at oc tec ei re Sp (Sonie's shea ore tec me lg fee ‘mus ene janee Mg coe abe sles ae fee ‘they ame heel peor hee ‘Sie tc be pny oping eof ee ig ted ‘eer bane i oe ny amen co ge man est pe relocate a ae ‘Spy wie nl pc cep ‘SSvespcsefee rein camay naestetounc a ange he xt he met (le), echo nee and he se {Eaten a conn ten he ssp ee ‘SCtseemmm concn sewn see ony ee ce Soe rn freee ma os hor 25 SCALES OF MEASUREMENT {Sots sido bar minbes mam’ Vile oat ll ue oe ae ‘ne ppt aemsng weigh we owe hee ot ‘22S pounds whe se ce par any ‘ett ns pean ma hey ae (trea att ne ge we loin th ot Seog sr ym le a ‘Tuna peop een (i) een ea et Feber cngoes ef ciepol sexe ml dele Hel pee oe Se ay tote sone or ene ys or a ete ac a ‘Scum aid se ase eget may ee (Geren esti acon cl ee (nr yp uy cues enc We at ‘mt ent ep of pense Tor exp me ight ‘Gsy te cece = Cine NaI, arse Naa Eacere Non For often Nanbr natal ryt ea ‘Beton af te poe eg fee Ine ore tel) soe ‘Eel phe wee mnt cout whist set oer Severe nin te te pe se ae her we 19 ‘dmc ics dns ge aac t,o) ordinal Scale “eee tus qpe of eemen he egos mat sa aly Sched isn arf man fot Sh Rewteien eae Sicemap wat ‘Sg Spurn nay Sn he compas cenen takes cee Sih eptaet peer we moje number tee Sse Speer cel ncn gene ‘sees ie tg The iene ese Sethi nam ann occ es Interval Seale ‘he nent mo ee of complet he en se Th ae a al ‘pee at ae mio ‘ae Tn nui be br aldo aaa ale Ras of hs Sereen wo matron Wee ion Put Theo Soothe cance el Scythe He uneetgleas Ratio Scale ‘caf poo Theboao ut 2 hom ee ec does Ele, Ts ale ws te fe Yo 6H ec ‘SiS gel dnc emp Swe (rite nae teens le meanest gh Mee ‘elmo tape nabs eyo steesiseon a a a {Bosna pa ms ements eng ees — 224 SCALES OF MEASUREMENT AND PROBLEMS (OF STATISTICAL TREATMENT ‘Sing conan poems the eration fd Th ng weed SSS SESE proc sy ment Sh neater poe Stam dhe pon odes ue wd eat sitet cc ask ellgotdbertt intone cee plage ee ae Te a Se ould ene uta uhh mee stn Deca pel “peta el ean ach heeded Pieter ier a nds oe tne ‘tng cen se abs ht eae) eo el ‘tice etc meg nage eee ‘Spry ane oe le of meee 7 ‘Sonora sparc shan io) erie k= igri dene heme ol peor ‘teense foun mona chp mes Spee mpm csehnven dra ag a eaten oe ‘Esti yess nay cp a's mac gh oa of pense SEN Spy etait aoe cma ‘eral a ote ech npg ec xcs Sn ie ie rns sch [BE Spy ns tecadioy wai We sso ch sp son ‘ete hr aig peemsce bed oe ne nd cae compat seep ae on op i hat St te tru he to pop dr a at te sane eel dey ‘os etl vm ee mage peatene ante te et Stowe manatee {hasnt nt we matt er cao ‘ales mem compra che oie 25 COMPUTATIONAL AccuRAcY ‘SITHECONTINUOUS VARIABLES {iy cetan ales. coun te peple sa eng ma en a ecooamode or ara mbes ne espe Te She quo sever ou cam a abr eet pss pened terns ining periment epi ysoataage cy 3 cen ToS tin o 3 fin ng toy cate gnome Scns tn eg “to gh sr continue ty, proc of mene sonarus omic one Rr amp ee nese weg ‘Bhar ets spoon pro 6S pms ms tthe er ‘See mi an histo W2ponaser 4 pounds emi 3 brsis asprin mer The ead gee sees tomers eS tpn a cm oe aes tage put by ou stunenon tod metho ecg aes ne ‘Boe CeCe iti che wee Tithe imi fe cdi aici hep 2

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