01-0814-00 Avanta Service Manual

Avanta Series AAS
Service Manual
May, 1996
Publication Number 01-0814-00
GBC Scientific Equipment Pty Ltd

12 Monterey Road
Dandenong
Victoria, 3175
AUSTRALIA
Published in Australia by GBC Scientific Equipment Pty Ltd, 1996
All rights reserved
GBC publication number 01-0814-00

May, 1996
Australian Office:
GBC Scientific Equipment Pty Ltd
A.C.N. 005 472 686
12 Monterey Road, Dandenong
Victoria, 3175, AUSTRALIA
Telephone: (03) 9213 3666
Facsimile: (03) 9213 3677
U.S.A. Office:
GBC Scientific Equipment, Inc.
3930 Ventura Drive
Arlington Heights, IL 60004, U.S.A.
Telephone: (847) 506 1900
Toll Free: (800) 445 1902
Facsimile: (847) 506 1901
ii
Table of Contents
Safety Practices viii
Cylinders viii
Acetylene viii
Air ix
Exhaust ix
Electrical Hazards ix
Liquid Trap ix
Other Precautions ix
Introduction 1-1
Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 1-1

Instrument Overview 1-3
Flame System 1-4
Photometric System 1-4
Installation 2-1
Pre-installation Requirements 2-1

Laboratory Environment 2-1
Bench Requirements 2-1
Exhaust System 2-2
Gas Supplies 2-2
Waste Container 2-5
Pre-installation Check List 2-6
Installation 2-7
Equipment Required 2-7
Unpacking 2-7
Connections 2-7
Getting Started 2-8
Computer 2-8
Instrument Communications and Photometric System 2-8
Flame System 2-8
Commissioning 2-8
Installation Report 2-8
Avanta Series Service Manual iii

The Flame System 3-1
Burners 3-1
Air-Acetylene Burner 3-1
N2O-Acetylene Burner 3-1
Spray Chambers 3-2
General 3-2
Automatic Burner Rotation Spray Chamber 3-2
Standard Spray Chamber 3-5
Liquid Trap 3-6
Spray Chamber Maintenance 3-7
Nebulizers 3-8
Screw Mounted Nebulizer 3-9
Push-in Nebulizer 3-11
Burner Adjuster Assembly 3-13
Description 3-13
Access 3-15
Burner Shield/Burner Adjuster Removal 3-15
Motorised Burner Adjuster Disassembly 3-16
Motorised Burner Adjuster Assembly 3-20
Manual Burner Adjuster Disassembly 3-22
Manual Burner Adjuster Assembly 3-23
Automatic Burner Rotation Motor 3-24
Interlocked Gas Control Unit 3-27
Access 3-27
Description 3-27
Flow Diagram 3-28
Safety Interlocks 3-29
Calibration 3-29
Leak Testing 3-29
Programmable Gas Control Unit 3-30
Access 3-30
Description 3-30
Flow Diagram 3-31
Calibrations 3-35
iv
The Photometric System 4-1
Overview 4-1
Description 4-2
Double Beam and Background Correction 4-3
Chopper and Lamps Modulation 4-5
Lamps 4-7
Theory of Operation 4-7
Lamp Replacement and Alignment 4-11
Super Lamp Power Supply Calibration 4-12
Hollow Cathode Lamp Turret 4-13
Monochromator 4-14
Access 4-14
Description and Definitions 4-14
Slit Mask Assembly 4-15
Sine Bar Microswitch 4-19
Installing the Back Illuminating Lamp 4-20
Alignment check 4-20
Wavelength Calibration 4-22
Evaluation 4-23
Sine Bar Adjustment 4-23
Grating Rotation 4-24
External Optics 4-25
Description 4-25
Access 4-26
Cleaning 4-26
Alignment Check 4-27
Alignment Procedure 4-27
Mirror Adjustments 4-28
Troubleshooting and Maintenance 5-1
Cu Test Method 5-1

Functional Test 5-2
Photometric System 5-2
Chart 1: Peaking Routine 5-3
Avanta Series Service Manual v

Chart 2: CPU PCB Initialisation 5-4
Chart 3: Slits Initialisation 5-5
Chart 4: Wavelength Drive Initialisation 5-6
Chart 5: Turret Initialisation 5-6
Chart 6: Instrument Communication 5-7
Chart 7: Zero Order Peaking Routine 5-8
Chart 7: Zero Order Peaking Routine 5-9
Chart 8: D2 Lamp Peaking Routine 5-10
Flame System 5-11
Chart 9: Flame System Functional Test 5-11
Performance Test 5-13
GBC Certification Procedure for Atomic Absorption Spectrometers 5-13
Calibration Certificate 5-20
Regular Maintenance Schedule 5-21
Spare Parts and Tools 6-1
Recommendations for Stocks of Spare Parts 6-12
Electronics and Wiring 7-1
Access 7-1
CPU PCB 7-3
vi
Safety Practices
Cylinders
CAUTION
Compressed gases should always be handled with care.
Installation of cylinders should comply with local regulations. It is

preferable that they be located outside the building.
Always fasten cylinders to walls or other solid fixtures in a vertical
position.
Do not allow any electrical arc to be struck on or adjacent to cylinders;
keep cylinders away from flame cutting operations.
Keep cylinders cool.
Pipe gas with care, avoiding damage to piping, pressure relief valves and
over-pressure protection devices. Ensure materials used are compatible
with the gas.
Shut off the supply at the cylinder when storing overnight, and drain the
lines.
NOTE Drain the air line last, to remove possible mixtures of nitrous oxide and
acetylene
remaining in the instrument.
Always use the correct cylinder. If you are not sure whether or not it is the
correct cylinder, do not use it. Use only approved regulators and hose
connections (GBC provides Swagelock fittings and high pressure nylon
hose which are of high quality).
Avoid leaks; periodically check that lines and fittings are gastight.
Do not use a flame to check for leaks, use soapy water.
Acetylene
Acetylene is a highly flammable, colourless gas of distinct odour. The high
solubility of acetylene in acetone (300:1 by volume at 1100 kPa) enables it
to be supplied dissolved in acetone. Acetylene cylinders are filled with
porous material which carries the acetone.
WARNING
Acetylene, in its free state under pressure may decompose with
explosive violence, therefore NEVER PIPE ACETYLENE AT
PRESSURES EXCEEDING 101 kPa (15 psi).
Never use acetylene in direct contact with unalloyed copper, silver or

mercury due to the possible formation of explosive acetylides.
Never pipe acetylene in copper pipes, instead use stainless steel. Brass
fittings should have less than 65% copper content. Fittings supplied by
GBC are safe. If you have any doubts about other fittings consult your gas
supplier.
Avanta Series Service Manual vii

Safety Practices
Air
WARNING
ON NO ACCOUNT SHOULD OXYGEN OR
OXYGEN-ENRICHED AIR BE USED as instant flash-back will
result.
Exhaust
The flames used in atomic absorption instruments produce heat, fumes and
some highly dangerous and toxic compounds from the samples that may be
analysed.
GBC recommends the use of an extraction system above the sample
compartment to minimise the risk to laboratory personnel.
Electrical Hazards
CAUTION
A common earth connection is required for all parts of a GBC AA
system. All power outlets should include an earth terminal connected
to the earth in accordance to your local regulations. Failure to provide
an earth connection may endanger the users life and will void the
GBC warranty on all the equipment concerned. It may also cause serial
ports failure.
Liquid Trap
The liquid trap should be filled with the liquid used for standards and
samples preparation.
The liquid trap drain should go to a plastic open container. Never use a
glass bottle.
Other Precautions
Normal laboratory and common sense precautions should be adhered to.
Particular attention should be paid to the use and storage of flammable
solvents.
Do not leave uncovered containers of volatile organic solvents near the
naked flame.
Do not store large quantities of solvent in the vicinity of the atomic
absorption spectrometer.
Ventilate the working area by using an efficient extraction system to
remove burnt gases and toxic compounds that may be formed.
Periodically check the hoses and plumbing of gases for leaks.
Do not look at hollow cathode lamps and flames (in particular the nitrous
oxide-acetylene flame) without the aid of safety glasses or the flame
shield, as they emit ultraviolet radiation
Do not leave a flame completely unattended.
viii
Introduction
Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy is an analytical method by which

metallic elements present in liquid solutions can be determined
quantitatively. The solution to be analysed is sprayed into a gas flame
(typically air-acetylene or nitrous oxide-acetylene). The heat breaks down
any molecular link and creates a population of mainly ground state atoms of
the element of concern. A monochromatic light beam of a wavelength
characteristic of the element is passed through the flame. The reduction of
intensity of the beam (absorption) is a function of the density of ground state
atoms present in the flame, and hence of the concentration of the element in
the solution.
The relationship between the intensity reduction of the beam and the
concentration in the sample is expressed in the Beer-Lambert law:
Absorbance (ABS) = log Io/It = KCL

where: Io = the intensity of the beam before the flame
It = the intensity of the beam after the flame
K= a constant determined experimentally
L= the light path length through the flame
C= the concentration.
Io It
Source Sample Beam
Burner
Figure 1-1 Single beam AAS
Avanta Series Service Manual 1-1

Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Most recent spectrometers use double beam optics which allows for
monitoring of both Io and It and therefore allows ABS to be calculated on a
continuous basis. This eliminates the effects of source fluctuations.
Io
Beamsplitter Reference Beam
Source
It
Beam Splitter Sample Beam
Burner
Figure 1-2 Double beam AAS
Atomic absorption is a comparative method. The operator starts an analysis

by performing a calibration. This consists of running a known set of
solutions called standards and plotting the Absorbance versus Concentration
curve. This curve is the calibration graph of the spectrometer for the element
of concern.
Absorbance
Concentration
Figure 1-3 Calibration Graph
When analysing an unknown sample, an ABS value is determined, and the

concentration can then be worked out using the calibration graph. The graph
typically shows a good linearity for low concentrations then some curvature
due to various interferences, the study of which is outside the scope of this
manual. The Avanta software allows the operator to store on disk the
calibration graph, all concentrations and absorbance data. Refer to the
Avanta or Avanta Operation Manuals for details (part numbers
01-0810-00 and 01-0811-00 respectively).
1-2
Chapter 1Introduction
Instrument Overview
It is convenient to divide the instrument into two main systems:
1. The flame system supports the flame and provides a way of introducing
the sample into the flame
2. The photometric system provides the light beams and a way of
monitoring their intensities.
Electrical Signal
System
Photometric
Acetylene
N2O
Flame
Air
Light Beam
System
Gas Line
Gas
Box
Reference Beam
Acetylene
Oxidant
Sample
Beam
Sample
Nebulizer
Monochromator
(Programmable gas box only)

Chamber
Chopper Optical
Spray
Serial Link
Chopper
Wavelength Selection
Drain
Looker
Liquid
Trap
Tube
PM
Slits Selection
Timing
Signal
EHT
Splitter
Beam
HC Lamp
Analog
PCB
Serial Link
Computer
CPU
PCB
Figure 1-4 Instrument block diagram

Instrument Overview
Flame System
Burner To maximise the light path length through the flame the burner has a long
and narrow slot. The burner needs to be placed under the sample beam with
its slot carefully aligned with the beam.
Spray chamber/ In the spray chamber the sample spray is mixed with the combustion gases.
nebulizer The acetylene is introduced directly into the spray chamber at low pressure.
The compressed air is used in the nebulizer to spray the sample and
introduce it into the spray chamber. The operation of the nebulizer is not
unlike a paint spray gun.
Liquid trap Only 15% of the sample is turned into a useful spray. The rest of the sample
is not used and must be evacuated to avoid flooding the spray chamber. A
liquid trap is used to do this while stopping the gases from going into the
drain, which would produce a hazardous situation.
Gas control unit The gas control unit allows the operator to turn the gases on and off, and to
monitor the gas flows. It includes a regulator for the air supply, flow gauges
and metering valves for both the air and acetylene gases.
Photometric System
Light source The GBC instruments use hollow cathode lamps as light sources. In these
lamps the cathode is made of the element to be analysed, or an alloy
containing this element. Ideally the lamp should be a monochromatic light
source. In reality it emits a number of spectral lines characteristic of the
element and other lines characteristic of the filling gas.
External optics The light from the source is divided in half by the first beam-splitter to form
the reference and sample beams. The sample beam is passed through the
flame. Both beams are then recombined before entering the monochromator.
Chopper The detection system is common to both the sample and reference beams.
The chopper allows only one beam at a time to pass through the detection
system so that the intensities of both beams can be measured at different
times. A chopper cycle duration is equal to one period of the mains supply
(20 ms for 50 Hz, 16.6 ms for 60 Hz). One third of this time is spent
measuring the reference beam, two thirds measuring the sample beam. This
uneven share of the time spent on both beams is unique to GBC and called
asymmetric modulation.
1-4
Chapter 1Introduction
Monochromator The hollow cathode lamp radiates a number of spectral lines, as does the
flame. Therefore an optical filter must be used to select the wavelength of
interest. GBC uses an Ebert type monochromator. The wavelength and the
band pass (called slit width) can be selected automatically or manually by
the operator.
Detector The light filtered by the monochromator is measured using a Hamamatsu

R446 photo multiplier tube.
Electronics The photometric system electronics consists of two PCBs:

1. The analog PCB provides lamp control, photo multiplier tube high
voltage (called the EHT), signal amplification and processing, plus micro
stepped control for the wavelength drive stepper motor in the
monochromator. Its whole operation is timed on the chopper cycle as
described in the electronic section.
2. The CPU PCB controls the analog PCB via the data bus and provides the
serial link to the computer. It also controls various motors and solenoids
in the instrument.
For more details on the photometric system operation refer to page 4-1.

Instrument Overview
This page is intentionally blank
1-6
Installation
Once the instrument leaves the factory and is delivered to the site,
installation is the most critical step. Any problem or shortcoming
experienced at this point of time will almost certainly result in faults during
the warranty period and beyond. If all pre-installation requirements are
fulfilled the installation should be smooth and trouble free.
Pre-installation Requirements
Laboratory Environment
Temperature range The recommended temperature range is 1035C
Humidity range The recommended relative humidity range is 880%.
Air quality GBC accepts no responsibility for damage or lack of performance due to
poor operating conditions. The operation of the instrument may be impaired
by the presence of dust and/or corrosive vapours. Care should be taken to
minimize their effect. This will normally entail a suitably ventilated or air
conditioned room, and good laboratory practice in the handling or storage of
chemicals.
CAUTION
Organic solvents in large amounts should not be stored in the vicinity
of the instrument.
Outlets from air-conditioning ducts should not be directly over or directed

towards the instrument as the air flow may affect results.
Bench Requirements
The instrument should be installed on a sturdy level bench. When deciding
the bench location it is wise to have in mind the exhaust and gas plumbing
requirements shown in the following sections. The instruments and
accessories dimensions are as follows:
Width Depth Height

Avanta 900 570 450
Computer (typical) 500 700 500
Printer (typical) 400 500 400
GF3000 (option) 400 400 400
If a Graphite Furnace system is installed in an Avanta system it is preferable

to locate the GF system away from the computer, as magnetic flux from the
GF transformer may affect the computer video display. If a flame
autosampler is used, it is best located on a separate stand or trolley.

2200 mm
400 mm 900 mm 500 mm 400 mm
AVANTA
580 mm Computer Printer
GF300
570 mm
700 mm
200 mm
Keyboard Mouse
Flame Fume Hood Location

Autosampler
(on stand)
Figure 2-1 Bench layout for an Avanta series system
Exhaust System
A fume extraction system is required for all AA instruments. The extraction
capacity should be at least 6 m3 per minute. The hood should be made of
stainless steel and its dimensions should be at least 260 x 200 mm. A
damper should be fitted to the hood to control the air flow. The hood should
be located as shown on the bench layout picture 700 mm above the bench.
Gas Supplies
Gas cylinders
CAUTION
Compressed gases should always be handled with care and in strict
accordance with the manufacturers instructions and local regulations.
Always use the correct type of cylinder. If in doubt, do not use it.
An AA flame system requires air, nitrous oxide (optional) and acetylene. A

compressor may be used for the air supply (specifications are detailed in the
following section). Instrument grade gases are suitable for flame operation.
The purity specifications for such gases are as follows:
Air
Oxygen 21%
Nitrogen 78%
Argon 0.9%
Carbon Dioxide 300 ppm
Methane < 5 ppm
2-2
Chapter 2Installation
Moisture < 25 ppm at full cylinder pressure
Nitrous oxide
Oxygen < 0.1% (liquid phase)
Nitrogen < 0.4% (liquid phase)
Moisture < 100 ppm
Nitrous Oxide > 99.5%
Acetylene
Instrument grade acetylene is specially purified. It should be 99.9%
acetylene on an acetone free basis
The installation of cylinders should be carried out by a registered gas fitter
in accordance with your local regulations. In most countries, gas cylinders
are required to be located outside. Use only approved regulator hoses and
fittings. The regulators should be adjustable and fitted with pressure gauges
for inlet and outlet pressures.
CAUTION
Check the acetylene regulator daily. The cylinder pressure should be
more than 500 kPa, otherwise acetone may flow to the instrument and
cause damage to the gas box. The line pressure should be less than
100 kPa to avoid the risk of explosion.
Air compressor Most users prefer an air compressor to compressed air cylinders for
economic reasons. This is perfectly acceptable as long as the compressor
maintenance schedule is strictly adhered to and an air filter is used so that
the air quality is consistent with the specifications in the previous section.
GBC recommends installing a Balston 73-100 AA gas purifier. The
compressor supplied by GBC is quiet enough to be located under the bench.
It should be readily accessible for routine maintenance The compressor
should be able to deliver 20 litres per minute at pressures up to 400 kPa.
Plumbing The plumbing of gases from the cylinders to the bench should be carried out
by an authorized gas fitter.
CAUTION
Acetylene should not be plumbed in copper. Use stainless steel pipe, or
for short lengths not exceeding 1.8 m, the reinforced nylon hose
supplied by GBC.
A Balston 73-100 AA gas purifier should be installed in an easily accessible

position for maintenance. It is best located near the instrument. GBC
supplies three hoses fitted with 1/4" Swagelock unions with each instrument.
The gases should be plumbed to the rear of the instrument bench and
terminated to ball valves compatible with those fittings. Regulators and
fittings are also available from GBC. Figure 2-2 shows the hoses and
available fittings with part numbers.

Air Regulator N2O Regulator Acetylene Regulator

P/N 99-0099-00 P/N 99-0050-02 P/N 99-0100-00
300 - 400 kPa 300 - 400 kPa 55 - 96 kPa
Parts
packed
Nut Nut Nut with
P/N 65-0019-00 P/N 65-0023-00 P/N 65-0020-00 regulators
Tail Tail Tail
P/N 65-0021-01 P/N 65-0022-00 P/N 65-0021-01
Black Blue Red

P/N 97-0117-03 P/N 97-0117-05 P/N 97-0117-04 Parts
packed
with
instrument
Air N2O Acetylene
Instrument
Instructions:
1. Assemble gas lines. Fit tail to nut, then swage corresponding gas hose to tail.
2. Make connections to instrument and regulator.
3. Set pressures as shown.
Figure 2-2 Gas line assembly instructions for GBC AAS and gas regulators
2-4
Power requirements
CAUTION
A common earth connection is required for all parts of a GBC AA
system. All power outlets should include an earth terminal connected
to the earth in accordance to your local regulations. Failure to provide
an earth connection may endanger the users life and will void the
GBC warranty on all the equipment concerned. It may also cause serial
ports failure.
A minimum of five general purpose power outlets should be installed at the

back of the bench by an authorized electrician. Allow for more power outlets
if you have more accessories.
Voltage 110, 120, 220, or 240 V

Voltage tolerance 10%
Frequency 50 or 60 Hz
Power consumption 500 W maximum
A voltage stabilizer is required only if the voltage is expected to vary outside

the tolerance range above. If you have a Graphite Furnace system a special
power outlet is required. Please refer to the AA Accessories Service Manual
or the AA pre-installation guide (Part Nos. 01-0706-00 and 01-0041-04
respectively).
Waste Container
An open type plastic waste container should be placed in the open space
under the bench.
CAUTION
Closed type or glass containers should never be used for this purpose.

Pre-installation Check List

Laboratory environment Temperature 1035
Relative humidity 8 80%
Air quality
Bench Suitable
Exhaust system Installed
Gas cylinders Installed
Regulators fitted
Plumbed to bench
Air compressor Installed, Plumbed to bench
Gas filtering unit Installed
Power outlets Installed
Earth connection provided
Power conditioner Installed if required
Waste container Supplied
The installation should proceed only after all these steps have been
thoroughly checked and/or completed.
2-6
Installation
Equipment Required
To test and commission the instrument 5 ppm copper solution and the GBC
AA Calibration kit are required. If all the pre-installation requirements listed
on page 2-6 have been fulfilled the only tool required is a 9/16" AF spanner
to make the gas connections.
Unpacking
Open the instrument crate and check the instrument for any damage. Check
that all items listed on the packing list are present. Report any damage or
missing items to GBC immediately. The packing list is found in the
accessories compartment.
If there are any accessories, open the boxes one at a time, and check for
damage or any missing items for each individual box. A packing list is
attached to each box.
Install the instrument, computer and accessories on the bench.
Connections
Before connecting any cables, check the continuity between the earth
terminals of all the power points to be used with the system. Also check the
continuity between these earth terminals and ground.
WARNING
Failure to provide an earth connection may endanger the users
life and will void the GBC warranty on all the equipment
concerned.
1. Install the computer following the manufacturers instructions.

2. Connect the serial cables between the computer and the instrument, then
between the instrument and the accessories.
3. Connect all power cables.
4. Connect the gases.
If the gas pipes are terminated to 1/4" Swage male fittings already,
connecting the gas lines to the instrument is straightforward. If the gas
plumbing is simply terminated to 1/4" outside diameter pipes you will have
to connect the Swagelock unions provided with each gas line to the pipes.
To make a Swagelock
connection
1. Remove the nut, the back ferrule and the front ferrule from the union.
2. Thread the nut, the back ferrule and then the front ferrule onto the pipe
(the front ferrule is the conical one).
3. Fit the union to the end of the pipe and hold it firmly in place while you
screw the nut. Tighten the nut finger-tight first and then tighten it a
further turn and a half using the spanner.

Getting Started
Getting Started
Computer
1. Start the computer and load the software . Refer to the Avanta/Avanta
Operation Manual (Part Nos. 01-0810-00/01-0811-00).
2. Once you are running the software, indicate that there will be a copper
lamp at turret location four. Refer to the Avanta/Avanta Operation
Manual (Part Nos. 01-0810-00/01-0811-00) for instructions.
Instrument Communications and Photometric

System
1. Turn on the instrument and place the copper lamp into turret location 4.
2. Enable communication and allow the instrument to peak the copper line
324.8 nm. If there are any problems, refer to the fault finding charts.
Flame System
1. Check that the burner, spray chamber, nebulizer and liquid trap are
properly installed. The spray chamber interlock connector and the burner
identification key should be plugged in.
2. Connect the drain hose to the liquid trap outlet and place the waste
container under the bench. The end of the hose should not be immersed
in the liquid in the waste container. If necessary, shorten the drain hose.
3. Check the interlocks status. In instruments with an interlocked gas box
the Liquid Trap LED should be lit. In instruments with a programmable
gas box the status screen should show low pressure for air and
acetylene, and a Liquid trap not primed message.
4. Fill up the liquid trap with water until some water overflows into the
drain. The liquid trap interlock should register that the liquid trap is now
primed.
5. Turn on the gases. Set the air pressure to 350 kPa and the acetylene
pressure to 100 kPa. If you have a programmable gas box, the status
screen should show that the instrument is ready to ignite.
6. Check the gas connections for any leaks.
CAUTION
Do not use a flame for leak testing. Instead soapy water can be used.
7. Turn on the fume exhaust system.

8. Ignite the flame by pressing the ignition switch.
9. You may need several ignition attempts initially because the air present
in the acetylene line needs to be flushed out before stable combustion can
take place. Aspirate some distilled water and leave the flame on for
1015 minutes for the instrument to stabilize.
Commissioning
Refer to the calibration procedure on page 5-13.
Installation Report
Fill in the installation report and return it to GBC. The date on the
installation report will be used for warranty verification. If the report is not
received, the shipment date will be used for this purpose.
2-8
The Flame System
Burners
All GBC burners are made of titanium with a stainless steel bayonet mount.
Air-Acetylene Burner
The air-acetylene burner is automatically supplied fitted on the spray
chamber with the instrument. It has a 100 x 0.5 mm slot. and a short
identification pin is attached to it.
N2O-Acetylene Burner
The N2O-acetylene burner is optional. It has a 75 x 0.5 mm slot and a long
identification pin is attached to it. The shorter slot is necessary to allow for
the faster burning velocity of the N2O-acetylene mixture. The burner lips are
machined very accurately to reduce the formation of carbon deposits. Take
care not to damage the lips. If the burner is not in use, fit the plastic
protector supplied and avoid resting it upside down on the bench. If cleaning
is required, adhere strictly to the maintenance procedure below.
Removal/replacement From the automatic burner rotation spray chamber, complete the following
steps:
1. Remove the burner identification pin.
2. Press the burner down as far as it will go, then rotate it 45
anti-clockwise.
3. Lift the burner vertically off the spray chamber.
4. Reverse the procedure to replace the burner.
From the standard spray chamber, complete the following steps:

1. Press down the release button located on the left hand side of the spray
chamber.
2. Rotate the burner clockwise as far as it will go.
3. Lift the burner vertically off the spray chamber.
Maintenance Carbon deposits may form on the burner lips if a reducing flame is used. Do
not use any metallic object to remove these deposits.
1. Remove the burner from the spray chamber.
2. Insert a burner cleaning card (supplied) to remove deposits from inside
the slot.
3. If there are any salt type deposits inside the burner, clean them off by
running hot water through the burner. An ultrasonic bath can be used if
available.

Spray Chambers
Spray Chambers
General
The function of the spray chamber is to mix the sample spray with acetylene
(outside the burner) prior to combustion. In GBC instruments, the spray
chamber body is machined from a block of polypropylene. The inside
surfaces are sandblasted to achieve a rough finish. This makes the surfaces
wettable so that no large drops of sample can form on the surfaces. In case
of operator error or gas box malfunction a flash-back may occur. This means
an explosion of the gas mixture located inside the spray chamber. A pressure
relief bung is provided to avoid any damage in such a situation.
Automatic Burner Rotation Spray Chamber
Description The Automatic Burner Rotation (ABR) Spray Chamber was released in early
1995 and supplied in a slightly differrent form initially with the GBC 906.
The picture below details the burner mount parts. The spray chamber also
includes the gas ports and ducts, the nebulizer, the pressure relief bung and
the interlock micro-switches which are not shown here.
1.
Gear retaining plate
Friction ring
Ring gear
Ring
Burner sensing pin
U-cup seal
Figure 3-1 Burner mount parts
Remove the burner.

Removal/replacement
2. Disconnect the interlocks connector.
3. Undo the two screws securing the spray chamber assembly to the burner
adjuster assembly.
4. Pull the spray chamber towards the front of the instrument to disengage
the gas ports and remove the spray chamber assembly.
NOTE Ensure you tighten the spray chamber anchoring screw immediately after
replacing the spray chamber. These screws must be tight for safe operation.
3-2
Chapter 3The Flame System
Figure 3-2 ABR Spray Chamber
Burner rotation The burner may be automatically rotated by a motor located in the burner
adjuster assembly via the ring gear (Part No. 64-0059-02). The burner
reference position is determined every time the gas box is initialised or the
flame is started. A Hall effect sensor located in a hole drilled in the far left
corner of the gear retaining plate (Part No. 81-1073-00) detects a magnet
attached to the ring gear.
The initialisation sequence is as follows:
1. Power on.
2. The burner rotates clockwise until the ring gear magnet is detected by the
Hall effect sensor (refer to Figure 3-3). This is approximately 10
clockwise from the instrument optical beam.
3. Once the burner stops, rotate it anti-clockwise to the angular position
currently set in the software.
4. It is possible to align the burner to the beam and assign Zero angle to
that position from the software (refer to the Operation Manual). The
angle range is -5100 from that position.
NOTE The burner behaves differently when being rotated clockwise or

anti-clockwise.
When it is rotated anti-clockwise the burner is driven directly to the
selected position. When the burner is rotated clockwise it overshoots the set
position by about 5, then comes back to the set position in an anti-
clockwise direction, thus overcoming the effect of the gearbox backlash.
Burner U-cup seal To allow easy burner rotation a U-cup seal (Part No. 68-1050-00), rather
than an O-ring is used to seal the burner bayonet (see Figure 3-1). GBC
supplies a Viton seal in both spray chamber O-ring kits (for aqueous and
organic samples).

Spray Chambers
HE sensor, embedded
Spray chamber in gear retaining plate
Magnet
NOTE: Magnet polarity is critical
S
N
Gear, 75 tooth
Figure 3-3 Ring gear, magnet and sender
Cup seal replacement

1. Remove the burner.
2. Prise the old U-cup seal off the spray chamber using a needle or a small
screwdriver.
3. Insert the new U-cup seal by bending it slightly, then rub it fully home
around its circumference with your finger. Lubrication is not required.
Gas ports The gas ports are two holes located on the far vertical face of the spray
chamber. The gases pass through drilled holes which cover the entire length
of the spray chamber body. The higher port is the acetylene port. Acetylene
is injected into the spray chamber via a hole located in the top right area of
the spray chamber cavity, near the nebulizer end. The lower port is the
oxidant port. The oxidant is injected via a hole located between the O-rings
fitted to the nebulizer bung (the nebulizer is not shown in the picture).
Safety interlocks The ABR spray chamber has three interlocks sensed by three micro-switches
wired in series. The burner micro-switch is located in a small cavity in the
far vertical wall of the spray chamber body. When the burner is inserted, the
ring (Part No. 52-0768-00) pushes down the sensing pin which closes the
micro-switch. (Refer to Figure 3-1.)
NOTE The positioning of the switch is critical for reliable operation. The switch
must
be open circuit when the burner is removed, and reliably closed when the
burner is inserted and rotated throughout its full range. When inserted, the
burner springs back up by about 2 mm just after having been rotated fully
home. Make sure that the micro-switch does not re-open at this point.
The nebulizer and pressure relief bung sensing switches are mounted back to
back in a small cavity located in the right wall of the spray chamber body.
Their operation is quite straightforward.
The three micro-switches must be closed to allow the spray chamber to
operate. If it is not the case the flame will not start and the status screen will
display a Spray Chamber Integrity Failed message.
3-4
To test the safety interlocks use the spray chamber status monitoring screen.
Standard Spray Chamber
Figure 3-4 Spray Chamber
Removal/replacement 1. Remove the burner.

2. Disconnect the interlocks connector.
3. Disconnect the gas lines.
4. Unscrew the spray chamber securing shaft located immediately under the
spray chamber.
5. Lift the spray chamber vertically off the instrument.
6. Reverse the procedure to replace the spray chamber. Ensure the gas lines
are connected properly, i.e., the blue line (oxidant) is connected to the
nebulizer and the red line (fuel) is connected to the spray chamber body.

Spray Chambers
Gas ports The oxidant inlet is connected to the nebulizer directly. The acetylene inlet
is connected to a stainless steel elbow fitting located on the right side of the
spray chamber body.
Safety interlocks Two micro-switches wired in series sense the nebulizer bung and the
pressure relief bung. They are located in a polypropylene housing anchored
under the spray chamber body. The positioning of these micro-switches is
critical for safe and reliable operation. The micro-switches must be closed to
allow the spray chamber to operate. If they are not, the flame will not start
and the instrument will give the following indicators:
Instruments fitted with a programmable gas box

The status screen displays a Spray Chamber Integrity Failed message.
Instruments fitted with an interlocked gas box

Spray chamber integrity LED is lit.
Procedures to test the interlocks are found on page 5-12 (for interlocked gas
boxes) and on page 3-33 (for programmable gas boxes) of this manual.
Liquid Trap
In both types of spray chambers the liquid trap is attached to the left side of
the spray chamber body using an adaptor block. The spray chamber is
drained via a hole drilled through the adaptor and it is important that this
drain be gas tight. Two EPDM surface gaskets are used on either side of the
block to seal the drain path.
Liquid trap interlock In operation the liquid trap must be filled with the liquid used for sample
preparation (water or organic solvent as required by the application). The
presence of liquid in the liquid trap is sensed by the float assembly moving
up until it touches the float stop. At that point a magnet located in the tip of
the float closes a Hall Effect transistor. In some cases the float may be stuck
in the low position and fail to detect any liquid even if the trap is full. This is
cured by removing the bottom cover, the plug and cleaning the liquid trap
and float.
The plug is made of PTFE and designed so that the bottom O-ring is never
in contact with the fluid inside the trap. This implies that it is not necessary
3-6
to replace this O-ring when changing from aqueous to organic samples and
vice versa.
Fill Plug (vented)
Liquid Inlet
(from Spray Chamber)
Drain
Side Plate
Hall Effect Transistor
Float Stop
Float Chamber Plug

Drain Plug
O-ring
Bottom Plate
Figure 3-5 Liquid Trap, section view

Spray Chambers
Spray Chamber Maintenance
Daily
NOTE Always use the correct type of O-rings. Refer to the Spare Parts section for
details.
Remove the spray chamber from the instrument

Drain the liquid trap
Remove the burner, nebulizer and pressure relief bung. Check/replace the
corresponding O-rings as required.
Flush the spray chamber and liquid trap with water. Do not clean it by
immersion as this would damage the micro-switches. If the walls are heavily
soiled, brush with laboratory detergent until clean and flush again. If organic
solvents have been used, let the spray chamber air overnight under the
laboratory fume hood to allow any residual solvent trapped inside the walls
to evaporate. Re-fit all plugs and bungs the next morning.
3-8
Nebulizers
Theory Most flame AA systems use pneumatic type nebulizers. In this design the
oxidant used to sustain the flame is also used a sample carrier.
Centralizer
end view
Centralizer Venturi Spray
Capillary
Oxidant
Impact passages
bead
Sample
Oxidant
Inlet (210 kPa)
Figure 3-6 Nebulizer
The oxidant is delivered at high pressure into the nebulizer body. It then
passes through three holes located on the circumference of the centralizer.
NOTE There is a tight fit between the capillary and the centralizer central hole,
therefore the oxidant can only flow through the peripheral holes. If these
holes become partially obstructed the nebulizer needs to be totally replaced.
The oxidant is then forced through the venturi where it reaches sub-sonic
speed. It is then allowed to expand inside the spray chamber where the
pressure is only just above atmospheric pressure. The expansion in the
venturi throat produces a partial vacuum which is used to aspirate the sample
via the capillary and turn it into a spray. Only the finer droplets in the spray
are useful for the analysis. The rest (approximately 85%) is intercepted by
the impact bead and allowed to flow down the drain.
The capillary can be adjusted by rotating the capillary assembly. If set fully
clockwise, only a small amount of sample is aspirated. As the knob is
adjusted anti-clockwise the capillary end moves into an area of higher
vacuum. This increases the sample intake and the absorbance. The best
performance is reached at the point where the absorbance is the highest. If
the knob is set further anti-clockwise there is a point where the end of the
capillary goes from a partial vacuum to a pressure situation. At that point the
oxidant flow increases suddenly and the aspiration stops. Instead, the
oxidant is pushed backwards into the capillary and creates bubbles in the
sample.

Nebulizers
Screw Mounted Nebulizer

The screw mounted nebulizer is used in the automatic burner rotation spray
chamber.
Removal of nebulizer/bung assembly:
Grasp the nebulizer knob assembly firmly and rotate it anti-clockwise.
Description In this type of nebulizer the oxidant is injected between the O-rings. It then
flows to the nebulizer body via holes drilled through the nebulizer bung. The
glass impact bead is held in place by a grub screw. The nebulizer body is
screw mounted inside the bung.
Screw socket set
M4 x 6LG cup point
Threaded insert (helicoil)

M3 x 2 dia
Bead
O-ring AS 216
Bung
Threaded insert (helicoil)

M4 x 1 dia
O-ring AS 222
Screw socket set

M3 x 6LG flat point
Pin
Nebulizer body
assembly (bung)
Screw
Clamp
Plug
Figure 3-7 Nebulizer in its bung
3-10
O-ring
Back AS 016 Nitrile
Front ferrule
ferrule Body
Thimble/capillary
assembly Sleeve (venturi)
Thimble/capillary O-ring
assembly AS 010 PTFE
Nut
PTFE sleeve Thimble Centralizer
retaining nut
Figure 3-8 Nebulizer body, section view
The picture above shows the nebulizer, as supplied by GBC as a spare part.
The oxidant flows through a groove machined around the nebulizer body,
then through two holes drilled through the body, then through the centralizer
and the venturi.
Nebulizer replacement When fitting a new nebulizer, it is necessary to remove the old nebulizer
from the bung as follows. This procedure conserves the nebulizer bung
assembly, a practice which is more cost effective than replacing the
complete nebulizer/bung assembly.
1. Loosen the clamp screw, then rotate the thimble anti-clockwise as far as
it will go.
2. Using a thin 8 mm spanner engage the flat machined end on the nebulizer
body (between the thimble and the nebulizer bung).
3. Unscrew the nebulizer body from the bung.
4. Reverse the procedure to replace the nebulizer. Check/replace the
O-rings as required. Set the impact bead as shown below immediately
after.
Impact bead setting Refer to the nebulizer/bung assembly drawing (Figure 3-2)
1. Loosen the grub screw securing the impact bead
2. Remove the plug.
3. Push the glass bead inwards until it sits on the venturi outlet.
4. Insert the bead setting tool into the plug threaded hole.
5. Rotate the tool clockwise until you feel it just touches the back of the
bead (at this point the bead will start separating from there venturi
outlet).
6. Rotate the tool a further two turns.
7. Ensure the bead is well aligned with the venturi outlet, then tighten the
grub screw.
8. Replace the plug using some thread sealant to make it air-tight.

Nebulizers
Disassembly Refer to the nebulizer section view.

The capillary/thimble assembly may become obstructed or bent, and the
PTFE sleeve may become worn out and fail to seal properly. These parts can
be replaced. New ferrules and are required if the PTFE sleeve needs to be
replaced.
1. Hold the thimble firmly and fully unscrew the retaining nut.
2. Fully unscrew the thimble/capillary assembly from the sleeve.
3. Remove the thimble/capillary assembly.
4. Remove the nut.
5. Remove the sleeve. The ferrules and are swaged to the sleeve and they
come out with it.
Push-in Nebulizer
The push-in type nebulizer is used with the standard spray chamber and with
instruments not fitted with automatic burner rotation systems.
Swagelock nut
1.
Venturi PTFE threaded
sleeve
Replacement
Pt/Ir capillary
and thimble
Oxidant inlet
Figure 3-9 Push-in Nebulizer
Disconnect the oxidant (blue) line from the nebulizer.

2. Remove the two knurled knobs securing the nebulizer clamping plate to
the spray chamber body.
3. Remove the clamping plate.
4. Pull the nebulizer/bung assembly out of the spray chamber.
5. Unscrew the nebulizer from its bung.
Check/replace the O-ring as required, and check the impact bead setting as
shown below before replacing.
Impact bead 1. Screw the nebulizer fully into its bung.

adjustment
2. Loosen the grub screw located on the underside of the bung.
3. Remove the grub screw located under the nebulizer knob.
4. Push the glass bead inwards until it sits on the venturi.
5. Replace the grub screw located under the nebulizer knob.
3-12
6. Rotate the grub screw clockwise until you feel it just touches the back of
the bead (at this point the bead will start separating from the venturi
outlet).
7. Rotate the grub screw a further two turns.
8. Ensure the bead is well aligned with the venturi outlet, then tighten the
securing grub screw located on the bung underside.
Maintenance
Daily
Aspirate distilled water with some laboratory detergent for a few minutes at
the end of the day. As part of the spray chamber maintenance, remove the
nebulizer/bung assembly, clean and check the O-rings.
If there is a reduction in instrument sensitivity, the nebulizer is generally the
cause. The capillary or the air passages may be obstructed causing a
reduction of sample up-take. Remove the thimble-capillary assembly and
pass the nebulizer cleaning wire through the capillary.
The air passages on the periphery of the centralizer may become obstructed
with compressor oil, condensing water or dust particles if the air supply is
not clean. These passages cannot be cleaned mechanically, and an ultrasonic
bath is necessary once all the O-rings have been removed. If this fails, the
nebulizer must be replaced.

Burner Adjuster Assembly
Description
The burner adjuster assembly includes the burner shield and all the parts
attached to it.
The spray chamber is attached to a box located inside the burner
compartment. If the automatic burner rotation option is fitted this box houses
the burner rotation stepper motor.
The parts used to provide horizontal and vertical movements of the spray
chamber/burner assembly are located inside the left face of the burner shield.
Two options are available: manual and motorized. The picture below shows
the motorized version.
Figure 3-10 Motorised burner adjuster mechanism
The parts and assemblies described overleaf are common to both types of
burner adjusters. The lead screws assemblies are different.
3-14
Supporting bracket The whole mechanism rests on the supporting bracket located at the bottom
of the assembly.
Horizontal movement The horizontal movement plate is assembled on the burner shield directly. It
slides onto the supporting bracket and is moved horizontally by the bottom
leadscrew
Vertical movement The vertical movement assembly includes three main components:
1. The vertical movement plate slides on the horizontal movement plate.
2. The vertical movement lever connects the vertical movement plate to the
vertical movement carriage.
3. The vertical movement carriage is moved horizontally by the top
leadscrew. It slides on the lower part of the horizontal movement plate
which rests on the supporting bracket. The horizontal movement of the
carriage is translated to a vertical movement by the lever.
NOTE The only routine maintenance operation on the burner adjuster is

lubrication
of the leadscrews. The access and dismantling procedures given here apply
only if the burner adjuster mechanism becomes jammed or malfunctions.

Access
To lubricate the leadscrews, it is sufficient to remove the instrument left
front panel. If a complete overhaul is needed, the complete burner
shield/burner adjuster assembly will need to be removed as follows:
Burner Shield/Burner Adjuster Removal
Equipment required Metric Allen keys set.

4 mm or 5/32" ball driver with extension bar.
1. Remove the spray chamber.

2. Remove the instrument top cover by doing the following:
Remove three screws located along the back panel top edge.
Remove one screw located centrally on each side panel top edge.
Remove five screws along the burner shield top edge.
Lift the cover vertically off the instrument
3. Remove the burner adjuster knobs (manual burner adjuster only).

4. Remove the left front panel by completing the following steps:
Loosen three screws located along the left vertical panel front edge.
Loosen three screws located along the burner shield left vertical
edge.
Remove the panel by pulling it gently towards the instrument front.
5. Remove the gas box. The procedure for instruments with an interlocked
gas box is outlined on page 3-27. For instruments with a programmable
gas box, refer to page 3-30.
For Instruments with the motorized burner rotation:

6. Remove the four screws securing the spray chamber housing bottom
plate.
Lower the burner rotation motor assembly.
Disconnect the burner rotation motor wiring and remove the motor
assembly. Refer to Figure 3-11 on page 3-17.
Then proceed with step 7.
For Instruments with a motorized burner adjuster:

7. Disconnect the motors wiring from the main CPU PCB connectors 1J12
and 1J13
Disconnect connector P32.
Then proceed with step 8.
8. Remove the four screws securing the burner shield to the instrument
chassis.
9. Lift the burner adjuster assembly so that the burner shield bottom edge
just clears the instrument chassis front bar.
10. Gently ease the burner adjuster assembly out towards the front of the
instrument. Push the gas lines and motor wiring back through their
respective holes as you do this.
Reverse this procedure to replace the burner shield/burner adjuster assembly.
3-16
Motorized Burner Adjuster Disassembly
Equipment required Metric Allen keys set

8 mm spanner, or socket with ratchet handle.
Two adjustable spanners.
PTFE adhesive tape
Light machine oil
Molybdenum disulfide grease GBC part No 69-0099-00
1. Remove the burner shield assembly from the instrument as described

above and lay it horizontally on the bench (with the burner adjuster
assembly on top).
2. Locate the grub screws locking the leadscrew hubs to the motors shafts.
If required, gently rotate the lead screws so that the grub screws may be
accessed using a 2.5 mm Allen key.
3. Using a sharp pencil, mark the position of the horizontal movement plate
on the burner shield, and the position of the vertical movement plate on
the horizontal movement plate.
For both lead screws, measure and record the distance between the
encoder wheel and the driven nut.
4. Remove the optical sensors assembly by removing the two screws
securing the grey bracket holding the sensors. Ease the assembly off
without removing the sensors from it.
5. Remove the motors assembly by loosening the grub screws at the motor
shafts, and then rotating the leadscrews clockwise in order to expose the
motors shafts.
Remove the two screws securing the motors bracket and lift off the
motors assembly.
6. Remove the screws securing the brass driven nuts. Early motorized
burner adjusters use gimbals in that location. Gimbals are nuts mounted
on a Cardan type assembly.
7. Remove the lead screws.
8. Remove the spray chamber housing.
9. Locate the four guide screws for the horizontal movement plate. Remove
the four nuts, steel washers and PTFE washers from them.
10. Working from inside the burner shield, remove the three screws securing
the supporting bracket to the burner shield.
NOTE At this point, the burner adjuster assembly can be lifted off the burner
shield.
However, leaving it in place will make disassembly more convienent.
11. Locate the four guide screws for the vertical movement plate. Remove
the four nuts, steel washers and PTFE washers from them.
12. Remove the two nuts located on the plates vertical fold. Remove the
washers and the guide screws.

13. Locate the four guide screws for the vertical movement carriage. Two are
attached to the supporting bracket, and two to the horizontal movement
plate. Remove the nuts and washers.
Disconnect the earth lead from the vertical movement plate.
14. Lift off the vertical movement assembly. This assembly consists of the
vertical movement plate and the vertical movement carriage connected
by the vertical movement lever. It should not be necessary to dismantle
the vertical movement assembly further. Avoid resting the friction
surfaces on the bench. They have been slightly oiled to reduce friction
and may pick up traces of dirt.
15. Remove the horizontal movement plate and the supporting bracket.
Avoid resting the back of the plate on the bench. It is slightly oiled to
reduce friction and may pick up traces of dirt.
Figure 3-11 Spray chamber housing in place with

burner rotation assembly removed
3-18
Figure 3-12 Burner adjuster assembly complete
Figure 3-13 Burner adjuster assembly separated

The housing is secured to the burner adjuster horizontal movement plate

using four screws and spacers. Three screws are accessible from inside the
burner compartment, the fourth one (bottom left) from the burner adjuster
mechanism side.
Inspection and Inspect all the friction surfaces. Clean with methylated spirits and replace
Cleaning any missing or damaged PTFE tape. Oil the tapes slightly with light machine
oil (sewing machine oil is acceptable) and wipe off any excess oil with
tissue paper.
3-20
Motorized Burner Adjuster Assembly

Reverse steps 115 of the disassemby procedures, observing the precautions
below:
Steps 13 and 11 With the burner shield assembly rested horizontally, place the PTFE washer
first, then the steel washer and the nut. Leave the nuts very loose initially.
Do not tighten until you reach step 9.
Step 12 Set the guide screws so that they do not protrude from the nuts, as otherwise
they may interfere with the instrument front panel.
Step 10 Do not tighten the screws initially.
Step 9 It is critical that the following is observed when assembling the burner
adjuster:
NOTE The horizontal movement plate must be positioned so that the guide screws
are
centrally located with respect to the slots.
The setting of the M5 nuts needs to be correct. If the nuts are too tight the
friction will be excessive. If they are too loose, there is a risk of jamming.
1. Keep the assembly horizontally on the bench. Do not fit the washers and
nuts to the horizontal movement plate guide screws yet.
2. Locate the guide screws on the supporting bracket. Tighten the nuts so
that the supporting bracket, horizontal movement plate and vertical
movement carriage are firmly pressed together.
3. Locate the burner adjuster assembly precisely so that the guide screws
are centrally located to the horizontal movement plate slots.
4. Tighten the three screws securing the supporting bracket to the burner
shield.
5. Loosen the nuts which you tightened at Step 2.
6. Fit the PTFE washers, steel washers and nuts to the horizontal movement
plate guide screws. Do not tighten the nuts yet.
7. Position the burner shield assembly vertically on the bench.
8. Tighten all the M5 nuts finger tight. There are 14 of these nuts in the
assembly.
9. Exercise both the horizontal and vertical movements. Check that the
mechanism moves freely without jamming.
10. Lock all 14 nuts and the guide screws on the vertical fold using
Loctite 290.
11. Allow at least two hours for the Loctite to set.

Step 8 1. Fit the three screws external to the spray chamber housing first, and then
fit the spacers.
2. Fit the last screw from the burner adjuster mechanism side and then fit
the spacer.
3. Position the housing and tighten the four screws.
Step 6 Leave the screws securing the drive nuts (or gimbals) loose initially.
Step 5 1. After re-fitting the motors, position the movement plates as they were
before disassembly (as per the pencil marks).
2. Adjust the drive nuts position so that they are aligned with the motor
shafts, then tighten their securing screws (left loose at step 5).
3. Fit the encoder wheels.
4. Rotate the lead screws so that they are positioned as they were before
disassembly (e.g., check the distance between encoder wheel and drive
nut).
5. Tighten the grub screws to lock the leadscrew hubs to the motors shafts.
6. Lubricate the lead screws using some molybdenum disulfide grease GBC
part No 69-0099-00.
Testing Before re-installing the burner shield assembly:

1. Reconnect the motors wiring from the main CPU PCB connectors 1J12
and 1J13.
2. Reconnect the connector P32.
3. Switch off the lights around the instrument as they may interfere with the
optical sensors.
4. Start the instrument and software and allow the instrument to peak.
5. From the software access the gas box status screen, complete the
following:
Exercise the burner adjuster by running both movements throughout
their complete range. Check that both mechanisms run freely and
do not jam.
If jamming occurs, find out what is jamming and rectify the
problem:
If one of the movement plates jams against guide screws (e.g., the
plate has moved until the guide screws come in contact with the end
of a slot) the position of the corresponding optical sensor position
may need to be adjusted.
If one of the lead screws runs out of travel (e.g., the driven nut
comes in contact with the encoder wheel or its retaining nut) the
leadscrew position may not be correct with respect to the motor.
Loosen the grub screw at the leadscrew hub and rotate the
leadscrew to rectify this.
3-22
Manual Burner Adjuster Disassembly

1. Remove the burner shield assembly from the instrument as described
above and lay it horizontally on the bench (with the burner adjuster
assembly on top).
2. Remove the vertical movement leadscrew (this is the top leadscrew) via
the following procedure:
Remove the two nuts at the end of the leadscrew and the washers. Then
remove the screws securing the bronze drive nut.
Loosen the two nuts located near the drive nut end of the leadscrew and
spin them anti-clockwise so that they move at least 60 mm right of their
original position. Then spin the drive nut anti-clockwise so that it moves
next to the two nuts you moved in the previous step.
Remove the circlips, washers and spacer located at the knob end of the
leadscrew.
Remove the leadscrew by moving it to the left until the knob end clears
the hole.
3. Remove the horizontal movement leadscrew, using the same proceed as
described for the vertical movement leadscrew above.
4. Follow steps 813 of the motorized burner adjuster procedure.
Inspection Inspect all of the friction surfaces. Clean the surfaces with methylated
spirits, replacing any missing or damaged PTFE tape. Oil the tapes slightly
with light machine oil (sewing machine oil is acceptable) and wipe off any
excess oil with tissue paper.

Manual Burner Adjuster Assembly

Reverse steps 815 of the motorized burner adjuster section (pages 3-16 and
3-17), observing the assembly notes for the motorized burner adjuster.
Reassemble the lead screws and set up the locking nuts following the
procedure outlined below. The procedure describes the vertical (top)
leadscrew setup. The same principle applies to the horizontal leadscrew.
Before you proceed with the adjustments please note the following:
NOTE The leadscrew should move freely and with minimum backlash. This is
achieved
by setting up the locking nuts located near the knob end.
The movement travel is not set by the plate slots length, but by the
positioning of the four locking nuts located on either sides of the drive nut.
1. Fit the knob to the leadscrew end.

2. Loosen both nuts near the knob end.
3. Adjust the right side nut first. If it is too tight it will be difficult to rotate
the leadscrew. If it is too loose there will be some backlash. The ideal
setting of the nut is a compromise between these two situations.
4. Holding the right nut stationary with one spanner, tighten the left nut
against the right nut using a second spanner.
5. Check that the vertical movement operates freely without backlash.
6. Rotate the leadscrew clockwise as far as it will go. The vertical
movement plate will travel all the way up until the guide screws stop it.
7. Back off by rotating the leadscrew anti-clockwise by one turn.
8. Finger tighten the left inner nut to the drive nut, then lock the right inner
nut to it using two spanners as you did for the knob end locking nuts.
9. Rotate the leadscrew anti-clockwise as far as it will go. The vertical
movement plate will travel all the way down until the guide screws stop
it.
10. Back off by rotating the leadscrew clockwise by one turn.
11. Finger tighten the right outer nut to the drive nut, then lock the left outer
nut to it using two spanners.
12. Lubricate the lead screws using some molybdenum disulfide grease
(GBC Part No 69-0099-00).
13. Exercise the burner adjuster and check that both movements run
smoothly throughout their full range.
3-24
Automatic Burner Rotation Motor
Access 1. Remove the four screws securing the spray chamber housing bottom
plate.
2. Lower the burner rotation motor assembly.
3. Disconnect the burner rotation motor wiring and remove the motor
assembly.
Meshing adjustment The motor mounting plate has four slots which allow for adjustment of the
motor assembly position horizontally. When re-assembling the motor, take
care to adjust the meshing between the motor driving gear and the spray
chamber ring gear. Excessive meshing leads to jamming and lack of
meshing to backlash in the burner angular position.

Igniter
Access
1. From the compartment, remove the glass window and the stainless steel
reflector shield.
2. Remove the right fromt panel. The ignitor is assembled onto the right
wall of the burner shield.
Description
The acetylene from the inlet is passed through a 0.2 mm jet. This aspirates
some air through the air entrainment hole. The resulting mixture passes the
glowing filament of a glo-plug and ignites.
Glo Plug
Removal/Replacement
Acetylene
1.
inlet
Jet
Air entrainment hole
Glo plug
Figure 3-14 Igniter
Remove the stainless steel reflector shield.

2. Loosen the grub screw securing the glo plug.
3. Lower the glo plug down from inside the ignitor block.
4. Disconnect the glo plug from its lead.
Reverse the procedure to replace the glo plug.
NOTE Before inserting the glo plug, it is a good idea to remove some of the
anodizing
from the plug body at the contact point with the grub screw. This makes a
better contact.
3-26
Troubleshooting The two conditions necessary for successful ignition are as follows:
1. A suitable gas mixture reaches the glo-plug filament.
2. The filament temperature exceeds the gas mixture flash point.
Gas mixture
The acetylene pressure needs to be correct and the solenoid valve needs to
open in the gas box. If problems persist after checking this, clean the jet hole
by passing a 0.2 mm copper wire through it. Any obstruction may indicate
the presence of acetone in the acetylene supply and therefore the possibility
of gas box problems. This may be caused by the use of non-instrument grade
acetylene or by allowing the cylinder pressure to fall below 500 kPa. The
igniter flame should be blue with a yellow feather. If it is too lean (blue) or
too rich (sooty) after the above checks, adjust the mixture using the screw
provided across the air entrainment hole.
Glo-plug filament temperature

The glo-plug requires 1.5 V 4 A to operate. If the filament is good, failure to
ignite is generally caused by a poor connection in the glo-plug circuit. The
most likely spot is the connection between the igniter block and the glo-plug
body. It is recommended to file off some of the glo-plug body anodizing at
the contact point with the securing grub screw, as outlined in the Glo Plug
Removal/Replacement procedure on the previous page.

Interlocked Gas Control Unit
Access
1. Remove the instrument top cover (refer to page 4-11).
2. Remove the instrument left side panel.
3. Remove the three screws securing the side panel to the back panel.
4. Loosen the three screws securing the side panel to the front panel.
5. Disconnect the fan.
6. Remove the panel.
It is possible to work on the gas box with the covers removed, however the
gas box may also be removed following the procedure below:
1. Remove the spray chamber assembly.
2. Turn off all gases and disconnect the gas lines.
3. Disconnect the following gas outlets from inside the gas box
compartment:
Nebulizer line (blue),
Acetylene line (red),
Ignitor (disconnect at the ignitor block connector).
4. Disconnect the following as box wiring:
Ignitor glo plug wires,
The two connectors connecting the gas box to the main instrument
loom.
5. From inside the burner compartment remove the plate holding the
interlocks connector and the burner key socket.
6. Disconnect the wiring to the interlock socket.
7. Remove the burner key socket from the plate by unscrewing the nut.
8. Pull in the interlocks and burner socket wiring from the gas box side.
9. Remove the two screws securing the front of the gas box chassis to the
instrument chassis.
10. Remove the gas box by sliding it towards the right side of the instrument.
Description
The interlocked gas box controls the pressure and/or flows of the acetylene
and oxidant gases to the flame atomisation system. It interfaces to the
standard spray chamber only, and is unable to drive the automatic burner
rotation spray chamber.
Acetylene circuit The acetylene is supplied at a low pressure (100 kPa maximum). There is no
pressure regulator in this circuit. The acetylene flow is controlled by a
manually operated metering valve and can be monitored using the flow
gauge. The metering valve is also used to stop the gas flow when the flame
is not in use. The pressure after the metering valve is equal to the spray
chamber pressure as there is no restriction past that point. This is
atmospheric pressure plus 40 mm of water at the most. The acetylene is also
connected to the igniter via a solenoid valve.
Oxidant circuit The oxidant gas (air or N2O) is selected by a manually operated dog valve.
The pressure is reduced to 210 kPa by a regulator. The only restriction in the
circuit is the nebulizer, hence the pressure is equal to 210 kPa from the
regulator outlet to the nebulizer inlet. The oxidant flow is set by the 210 kPa
3-28
pressure and the nebulizer adjustment (in this respect the nebulizer acts as a
needle valve). The oxidant flow can be monitored by the operator using the
flow gauge. The auxiliary metering valve is normally shut when running
aqueous samples. It may be opened by the operator when running organic
samples to lean the flame. Some oxidant will then by-pass the nebulizer and
be injected into the spray chamber directly via the acetylene line. Note that
this does not change the oxidant flow through the nebulizer.
Flow Diagram
Pressures
Acetylene N 2O Air
400 kPa Red 100 kPa Blue 400 kPa Black 400 kPa
210 kPa
100 kPa
Atmospheric
3-way selector
valve
Oxidant
Regulator
210 kPa
Ignition
Solenoid
Fuel Metering
Valve
Flow Gauge Flow Gauge
Auxiliary Valve
To Ignitor To Spray To
Chamber Nebulizer
Figure 3-15 Interlocked gas box flow diagram

Safety Interlocks
The interlocks circuit is designed to prevent the operator from starting the
flame in unsafe conditions.
The ignition relay RL1 is used to connect the 220 V AC from the main
transformer to the ignition solenoid and the glo-plug transformer. The
Flame On switch and all the interlocks are wired in series with RL1 coil.
The 28 V from the main power supply is connected to the ignition relay coil
(RL1) pin 1 via the oxidant selector micro-switch SW5 and the Flame On
switch SW3. Pin 4 of this coil is connected to ground via transistor V1 on
the interlocks PCB. V1 base needs to be grounded to make it conduct and
close the circuit. This is done via the liquid trap Hall Effect switch HE, the
spray chamber micro-switches SW1 and SW2 and the burner key wired in
series. The interlocks PCB also controls the fault LEDs located on the front
panel.
The table below shows the LEDs status:
IGNITION FAULT LED1 LED 2 LED 3

None OFF OFF OFF
Nebulizer or pressure relief bung missing ON OFF OFF
Liquid trap not primed ON ON OFF
Burner key missing ON ON ON
Calibration
1. Set the air pressure to 350 kPa.
2. Connect the pressure gauge using the T piece to the nebulizer inlet.
3. Turn on the air.
4. Adjust the pressure to 21010 kPa.
5. Adjust the nebulizer to get 67 flow units on the flow gauge.
6. Check the pressure again and adjust if necessary.
7. Turn the air on and off several times and check that the pressure stays
within the tolerance range above.
Leak Testing
Any gas circuit may be leak tested the following way:
1. Connect the pressure gauge to the gas circuit outlet.
2. Connect the air supply to the inlet.
3. Turn the air on, set the pressure to 350 kPa.
4. Open any device present in the circuit to be tested. For example, if you
are testing the acetylene circuit open the acetylene metering valve fully.
5. Turn off the air supply.
6. If the circuit is suitably air tight, the pressure should not drop by more
than 5 kPa in the first 10 minutes. If it does, use Snoop solution on all
joints to find the leak.
3-30
Programmable Gas Control Unit
Access
Proceed as for the interlocked gas box (page 3-27).
In addition 1. To access the PCBs on the gas box front, it is necessary to remove the
right front panel. The procedure is identical to the left panel removal,
except there is no screw securing the bottom edge to the chassis.
2. If the gas box needs to be removed:
Remove the external optics cover.
Locate the flame sensor PCB next to the chopper (the flame sensor
looks at the flame through the window and the chopper).
Disconnect the flame sensor connector.
Cut the cable tie securing the flame sensor cable to the optics
chassis.
Pull the flame sensor cable back in from the gas box side.
For instruments fitted with the automatic burner rotation option:

Disconnect the burner rotating motor wiring from inside the gas box
compartment.
Description
The programmable gas box controls the pressures and flows of the acetylene
and the oxidant to the flame atomisation system. The electronics includes a
separate CPU PCB which communicates directly with the computer via the
serial link. This enables computer control of some of the gas box functions.
In addition, the programmable gas box can support both the standard spray
chamber and the ABR spray chamber/burner adjuster system.
The gas circuit follows exactly the same principles as the interlocked gas
box. Refer to page 3-28 for details.
The inlet manifold supports the line filters, the pressure switches, solenoid
valves and two check valves for the air and N2O.
The pressure switches are normally open and close when gas pressure is
applied. The CPU PCB monitors the switches status and controls the
solenoid valves.
The check valves prevent any accidental mixing of gases if the air and N2O
pressures are uneven. For example, the N2O check valve will stop the air
from leaking back through the N2O port if the N2O is not connected. The air
check valve stops any N2O from leaking back into the air line which would
create a hazardous situation on ignition.
The CPU PCB also controls the fuel and auxiliary metering valves and
monitors their respective limit switches.
The oxidant passes through a small orifice to monitor the flow. A pressure
transducer located on the analog PCB is connected across the orifice via two
pieces of clear PVC hose. The electronics senses the pressure difference
across the orifice and converts it to flow in litres per minute.
NOTE As in the interlocked gas box, the oxidant flow is set by the oxidant
regulator
pressure (210 kPa) and the amount of restriction due to the nebulizer. This
implies that if the auxiliary valve is shut the operator cannot control the

oxidant flow from the computer. Only the auxiliary oxidant flow may be
controlled this way.
The auxiliary valve will open automatically if the operator selects an oxidant
flow greater than the natural flow through the nebulizer. The flow can only
be computer controlled in this situation. The auxiliary valve is then
constantly adjusted by the software to maintain a constant flow.
Flow Diagram
Inlet manifold assembly
Acetylene N 2O Air
Red 100 kPa Blue 400 kPa Black 400 kPa
Computer
Acetylene N2O pressure Air pressure

pressure switch switch
Serial
switch
Link
Ignitor Acetylene N2O solenoid Air solenoid

solenoid valve solenoid valve valve valve
CPU
PCB
Check valves
Data
Regulator Regulator
50 kPa 210 kPa
Fuel Metering
Valve 55 kPa
Stepper Analog
Motor PCB
Orifice
Stepper
Motor
Spray chamber
interlocks
Auxiliary
Metering Valve Flame sensor
Zero burner
angle detector
To Ignitor To Spray To
Pressures
Chamber Nebulizer
400 kPa
100 kPa
50 kPa
Atmospheric
Figure 3-16 Programmable spray chamber
3-32
Spray chamber status The gas box electronics also controls and monitors the spray chamber as
monitoring follows:
1. The analog PCB senses the spray chamber integrity and liquid trap status.
2. In the instrument optics the flame sensor (infra red sensitive
photo-resistor) monitors the flame through the chopper. It is connected to
the analog PCB. This enables the gas box to shut down the gases if the
flame goes off.
3. If an automatic burner rotation system is fitted, the CPU PCB controls
the burner rotation stepper motor in the burner adjuster and senses the
burner reference position in the spray chamber.
Power supply The gas box power supply includes a large back-up capacitor. In case of
mains failure the capacitor holds enough energy to enable the system to shut
down the flame safely. A simplified circuit diagram of the power supply is
shown below.
Gas Box Analog PCB
3J2 D1 R1 Fuse 1
+ 28 V
(Main power supply, 3, 4
electronic chassis) 15 W, 2 A 2A
NTC Slo-Blo
Resistor
1, 2
40W.
EXP.
1J14
3, 4 Fuse 1
Back-up capacitor + 25 A
40,000 F Gas Box CPU PCB
40 V
Figure 3-17 Simplified circuit diagram
In normal operation the main power supply feeds the electronics and keeps
the back-up capacitor charged. The circuit is protected by Fuse 1 (2 A slow
blow) on the analog PCB. In shut-down mode D1 stops the capacitor from
discharging back into the rest of the instrument, so its energy is used in the
gas box only. Note that Fuse 1 in the CPU PCB is a 25 A fuse as it should
not be allowed to fail in any circumstances. The mains failure detection
process is explained in detail in the gas box analog PCB circuit description.

Safety interlocks In the Avanta software the status screen displays the status of all the flame
(status screen) system interlocks. It also indicates the reason of the latest flame shut down.
Figure 3-18 Software Status Screen
3-34
Ignition problems Ignition can take place only if all the conditions listed in the status screen are
OK. The message Ready to ignite will then be displayed on screen. If the
flame fails to ignite or extinguishes soon after ignition, the screen will
display a message.
The table below summarises the different messages and the possible causes
of malfunction.
Sequence of events Message on screen Possible causes

The flame starts then stops after a No flame The flame sensor fails to register the
few seconds flame:
The burner is too low or out of
alignment
The flame is too lean
Spray chamber acetylene inlet is
obstructed
The igniter works but the flame does No flame Air in acetylene line
not start Acetylene solenoid failure
The igniter does not light No flame Refer to the igniter section
The igniter does not light Spray chamber integrity failed or Nebulizer too open or out of order
Excessive oxidant flow
The igniter does not light Insufficient oxidant flow (sometimes Nebulizer closed or out of order
No flame message as well) Faulty air solenoid valve or oxidant
regulator
The igniter does not light or the Air pressure low Problem in air supply
flame fails after a few seconds Clogged filter
The igniter does not light or the Acetylene pressure low Problem in acetylene supply
flame fails after a few seconds Clogged filter

Calibrations
Analog PCB The procedure below allows matching of the orifice on the gas line and the
calibration pressure transducer on the analog PCB. It needs to be done when replacing
the analog PCB, the pressure transducer or the orifice. Referring to the
analog gas box schematics, two potentiometers are provided in the oxidant
flow analog to digital conversion circuit. P1 is an offset adjustment and P2 a
gain adjustment. Note that the two adjustments are strongly interactive due
to the low signal level and high offset.
Analog board
calibration procedure
NOTE Use this procedure when replacing Gasbox Analog Board. It is assumed
that air
and acetylene regulators are set to the correct pressures.
Place the gas control unit in service position, that is, protruding
100150 mm from instrument front, and all gas and electrical lines
connected. It is possible to switch on the instrument and start the flame in
that position.
1. Install an air-acetylene burner.
2. Close the nebulizer fully.
3. Connect a Digital Voltmeter to IC6 pin 8.
4. Switch ON the instrument and the computer, and check on status screen
that flame is ready to ignite.
5. On computer create an application with these gas flows:
Air 22.5 L/min
Acetylene 1.5 L/min
6. Adjust P1 so that DVM reads 0.25 0.05 V.
7. Start flame.
With the gas flows set at step (5), the flame should be lean with corners
just lifting off burner. If this is the case, go to step (10).
8. If: (a) Flame stays fully down on the burner, or
(b) Computer displays Insufficient oxidant flow
Turn the flame off.
Make a small adjustment to P2 (anticlockwise looking from back of
instrument).
Go back to step (6).
9. If: (a) Flame lifts off burner and is blown out (off), or
(b) Computer displays Excessive oxidant flow or Spray chamber
integrity failure.
Make a small adjustment to P2 (clockwise looking from back of
instrument).
Go back to step (6).
10. Lock P1 and P2 with nail polish.
3-36
Programmable gas
control unit
calibration procedure
Equipment required
Item Description Part number

1 Metering valve 67-0011-01
2 Air regulator 67-0016-00
with Tee, 1/4" tube to 1/8" NPT fittings 65-0025-23 (outlet)
Connector male 1/4" tube to 1/8" NPT 65-0025-01 (inlet)
3 Flow gauge 97-0425-00
4 250 kPa pressure gauge 67-0029-00
with Tee 1/4" tube to 1/8" NPT female fitting 65-0025-05
5 Low flow gauge 67-0063-00
6 Calibration software disk N/A
7 Extension cable for connector P/S N/A
8 IBM compatible computer with GBC serial cable N/A
9 Tee, union, 1/4" tube 65-0025-02
10 6 extension tubes 1/4" swagelock fitted with nuts both ends N/A
NOTE Items 1, 2, and 3 are standard gas control units spare parts.
Item 3: Flow gauges used in 902/3 and in GF2000/3000 may have different
fittings but are otherwise identical. They are also suitable for this
calibration procedure.
Item 5: Must be able to read 0.35 litre per minute flow with no back
pressure.

1. Setting up for calibration

Remove gas control unit and place on bench on right hand side of
instrument
Connect gas control unit plug P2 to main power supply module socket S2
using extension cable (7)
Connect computer to instrument serial port
Connect air supply as shown below:
Air supply should be approximately 300 kPa (check using air supply
pressure indicator, NOT 250 kPa pressure gauge)
Pressure gauge (4)
Air Regulator (2) To gasbox

supply acetylene unit
To gasbox
air inlet
Turn air on
Adjust regulator to give 70 kPa on acetylene input
Remove pressure gauge from inlet circuit (see diagram below).
2. Acetylene regulator
Connections:
Regulator (2) Pressure

acet Metering
gauge (4)
Air valve (1)
supply
Gasbox Acetylene
out (red) Flow
block (3)
air
904/905 type flowmeter is used with 250 kPa pressure gauge. Restrict flow
using the metering valve at flowmeter output.
Start computer with calibration software disk in default drive
Select fuel calibration, cal fuel reg. from computer
Adjust acetylene regulator and metering valve to give 55 kPa with a flow
of 3 units
Lock regulator adjusting screw with nail polish
3-38
3. Acetylene minimum flow

Connections:
acet
Air
supply
Gasbox Acetylene
out (red)
Flow
gauge (3)
air
Use low flow gauge with no restriction on output.

Select cal fuel min from computer.
Reading should be 4.0 units on flow gauge (0.35 l/min)
To adjust minimum flow, loosen coupling between fuel metering valve
and driving motor, then adjust metering valve to get the correct flow
Re-tighten coupling.
4. Air regulator and flow

Connections:
Pressure
acet gauge (4)
Air
supply
Gasbox blue
Tee (9) Flow Metering
block (3) valve (1)
air
red
Select Cal oxidant on computer.

Up/down arrows on keyboard allow you to turn air valve on and off
With air valve off adjust P1 (offset) on analog board to get 17 3 ADC
counts
Turn air valve on
Adjust air regulator and metering valve to set 210 kPa on pressure gauge
and 6 flow units on flow gauge
On analog board adjust P2 (gain) to get 96 ADC counts
P1 and P2 adjustment are interactive. Re-iterate P1 and P2 adjustments
until high and low ADC counts are both correct

NOTE The graph below shows ADC counts versus air flow measured at metering
valve output, e.g. at atmospheric pressure and for a calibrated analog board.
In the conditions set above, the air flow corresponds to 9.5 L/min at
atmospheric pressure, or approximately 4.5 L/min at flow block (the
pressure there is 210 kPa, around 2.1 times atmospheric pressure).
If flow gauges are not available, air flow can be calibrated using Analog
Board Calibration Procedure. This procedure applies when the board only
is replaced (it is assumed that pressures and fuel calibration are correct).
ADC
200
Air Flow
96
17
Air Flow
9.5 22 L/min
3-40
Figure 4-1
Electronics Monochromator
Overview
Wavelength Micrometer
Selection Wavelength SM
Microswitches
Slits SM
Avanta Series Service Manual

Grating Slit
ANALOG Height
PCB Mask
PM
Tube
Signal
EHT
The Photometric System
CPU PCB Timing

Computer Serial Link Chopper Reference
Lamps
COM1 Drive Beam
Solenoid/Motor 8255 Modulation BS1
Drivers Ports PCB
D2 HC Chopper
DC
SM Sample
SM Stepper Motor Beam
BS2
DC DC Motor HC
Peaking Mirror
(Optional)
SM
Solenoid D2
Light Beam D2 Attenuator
Lamps External Optics

optics and electronics work together to form the photometric system.
The main functions of the photometric system have been described on
page 1-4. The purpose of this section is to provide more details on how the
4-1
Overview
Description
Lamps The Avanta may have four or eight hollow cathode lamps placed on a turret,
with up to four superlamps. Only two lamps may be turned on at any one
time. The active lamp faces the optics while the warm-up lamp may be
turned on in preparation for the next analysis. In addition, a D2 lamp is
provided for background correction. The background correction function is
explained in detail in the next section.
External optics In the external optics, the beams from the HC and D2 lamps are split into
sample and reference beams, then recombined and directed to the
monochromator.
Monochromator The monochromator is an optical filter for selecting the wavelength of

interest.
The wavelength and slits mechanisms are both driven by stepper motors.
This enables automatic slit selection and wavelength peaking on all
instruments. For some applications (graphite furnace or hydride generation
work) it is necessary to reduce the slit height. The slit height mask is then
placed in front of the monochromator entrance slit by a solenoid.
Electronics The electronics is usually contained in three PCBs: the analog PCB, the
CPU PCB and the chopper driver PCB.
Analog PCB function

Lamps power supply and modulation.
High voltage to the PM tube (EHT).
PM tube signal amplification and processing.
Micro step drive to the wavelength selection stepper motor.
CPU PCB function

Communication with the computer via the serial link.
Control of the analog PCB via the data bus
Drives stepper motors: slits, peaking mirror (optional)
Drives solenoids for the D2 attenuator and the slit height mask.
Chopper driver PCB function

Monitor the chopper speed via the chopper looker, and control it via the
DC voltage to the chopper motor.
Transmit the timing signal to the analog PCB.
In addition the photometric system may include a power supply for one or
four superlamps. These are not shown on the block diagram.
For schematics, detailed circuit descriptions and PCB configurations, refer
to the Electronics section.
4-2
Chapter 4The Photometric System
Double Beam and Background Correction

As mentioned in the Description section, the Avanta uses double beam
optics to compensate for light source fluctuations. The beam from the HC
lamp is split by the beamsplitter BS1 into the sample and reference beams
respectively. The beams are then recombined by beamsplitter BS1 and from
there follow the same path through the monochromator to the PM tube.
The Avanta also provides background correction. In Atomic Absorption
Spectrometry, background absorbance refers to any reduction of the
sample beam intensity which is not caused by the atoms of the element
being analysed. The background absorbance is not of an atomic nature and
therefore occurs in a broader wavelength range than the atomic absorption.
To measure the background, a D2 lamp is used as it provides light of a
constant intensity within the band width of the monochromator. The same
beamsplitter, BS2 is used to generate the sample and reference beams for the
D2 lamp. From the second beamsplitter, BS1, to the PM tube, the D2 beams
are superimposed with the HC beams.
The following notations are used in the diagrams and discussion below:
Beam intensity Reference Sample

HC lamp I0HC ItHC
D2 lamp I0D2 ItD2
%T %T
100 IoD2 = IoHc = 100 100
50 ItD2
ItHc
Wavelength Wavelength

a) Slit Width b) Slit Width
%T %T
100 ItD2
50 ItD2
20 ItHc
10 ItHc
Wavelength Wavelength

c) Slit Width d) Slit Width
Figure 4-2 Photometric system block diagram

Overview
Figure 1 (a) shows the reference beams intensities for the HC lamp and the
D2 lamp within the monochromator slit width. The HC lamp generates a
sharp peak at the central wavelength, and the D2 lamp intensity is constant.
With nothing in the sample beam, the sample beam intensities are similar.
The reference beam is not affected by the manipulations shown below.
Figure 1 (b) shows the changes to the sample beam intensities if a 50%
neutral density filter is placed on the sample beam. The HC and D2 sample
intensities drop to 50%. The total absorbance and the background
absorbance in this case is calculated as follows:
Total ABS = log (I0HC/ItHC) = log (100/50) = 0.3
similarly,
Background ABS = log (I0D2/ItD2) = log (100/50) = 0.3
and, the true atomic absorption, or corrected absorption is given by:
Corrected ABS = Total ABS - Background ABS = 0.
The neutral density filter simulates a 0.3 ABS background without atomic
absorption.
Figure 1 (c) shows the changes to the sample beam intensities with the flame
on and the sample being aspirated. There is a reduction of the HC intensity
only. The atomic absorption due to the flame occurs at that wavelength only
and therefore the D2 signal is not affected. The background absorbance is
equal to zero, therefore the true atomic absorption is equal to the total
absorption calculated as above using the HC intensities only.
Figure 1 (d) shows the changes to the sample beams intensities if there is an
active flame on as well as a neutral density filter, as above. The flame
absorbs the HC lamp light further, reducing ItHC to 10%. The total ABS is
therefore log(100/10)=1ABS. This simulates a real application where there
is some background. The ABS values for the different cases may be
summarised in the table below:
On sample beam Filter only Flame only Flame and filter

Total ABS (measured using HC signal) 0.3 0.7 1.0
Background ABS (measured using D2 signal) 0.3 0 0.3
Atomic ABS 0 0.7 0.7
This shows that when background correction is used the instrument gives a
correct reading whether the neutral density filter (simulating the
background) is present or not. In the software, the Service meters screen
gives access to the four beam intensities as discussed above. Refer to the
Testing section for details.
4-4
Chopper and Lamps Modulation

There are two main reasons why DC light sources are not suitable for atomic
absorption spectrometry.
1. In the flame there is a small population of excited atoms of the element
being analysed. These atoms emit light of the same wavelength as the
lamp (flame emission). If the lamp signal was DC, it would not be
possible to distinguish it from the flame emission signal.
2. In the Double beam and background correction section above four
instrument beams were superimposed from the second beamsplitter
through to the PM tube. The only way for the PM tube to measure the
four intensities separately to have the D2 and HC lamps turned on at
different times.
The sample/reference beam separation is achieved by using a chopper which
allows only one beam at a time to go through the system:
Reference beam Sample beam is Reference beam is Sample beam

period starts obstructed by chopper obstructed by chopper period starts
Figure 4-3
In addition the lamps are modulated electronically. During the reference

beam period the D2 lamp send a pulse first, then the hollow cathode lamp .
During the sample beam period, the D2 lamp sends three pulses, and the
hollow cathode lamp four pulses.

Overview
On the PM tube signal the reference and sample pulses have different
amplitudes due to the optical characteristics of the instrument as explained
in the Double beam and background correction section above. The
electronics demodulates the signal to calculate the four beam intensities.
0 20 ms
Chopper Reference Beam On Sample Beam On
20 ms
ON
D2 lamp modulation OFF
ON
HC lamp modulation OFF
PM tube signal
(Tp2, analog PCB)
Figure 4-4 Chopper
4-6
Lamps
Theory of Operation
Hollow cathode lamp A high voltage (600 V) is applied to the lamp anode. The cathode is
connected to ground via a transistor located in the analog PCB. This
transistor is used to control the lamp current and modulate the lamp.
When the transistor turns on, the lamp fill gas gets ionised and the resulting
ions collide with the cathode material, causing release and excitation of
some of the cathode atoms (known as sputtering). The lamp intensity
increases with the current up to an optimum point. If the current is further
increased, the sputtering also increases, however a cloud of ground state
atoms form outside the cathode and absorb the radiation from the excited
atoms.
Atoms at ground state

(not excited) These absorb
emitted radiation from
excited atoms Radiation
Anode
Cathode
Ring
Anode
Cathode
Excited atoms
Glass
Cathode
Insulator
Getter
HOLLOW CATHODE LAMP
GBC
Hollow Cathode Lamp Plug
8 1
Cathode
7 2
6 Anode
3
5 4
Octal socket
Figure 4-5 Chopper cycle, lamps modulation and PM signal
The lamp should be run at the recommended current marked on the lamp
socket. This will happen automatically with the Avanta software. If a
stronger lamp signal is required, the current may be increased up to the
maximum current marked on the lamp socket.
For lamp warranty conditions please refer to the lamp documentation.

Lamps
Super lamp The superlamp provides a second discharge between an electron source and
the anode, passing through the cylindrical cathode. The electrons excite the
ground state atoms which increases lamp intensity and allows the use of
higher currents. The current flowing between anode and cathode (cathode
current) uses the same circuit as a normal hollow cathode lamp. The current
flowing from anode to electron source is called boost current, or superlamp
current. It is supplied by the superlamp power supply. It has to be set to an
optimal level which occurs during the instrument automatic peaking
sequence. The electron emitter includes a heater or filament (2.4 V, 6 A).
The filament power supply is also part of the superlamp power supply
module.
+ 130 V + HCSupply
Normal hollow (600 V)
Cylindrical
cathode discharge cathode
3
most or all
SUPER LAMP + 2.4 V + 7 atoms excited
SOCKET ANALOG
Auxiliary boost
BOOST
1
FILAMENT BOARD
discharge
SUPPLY
8 2 SUPPLY
(floating) 3 (floating) 1
7
4 5
6 5 Anode Electron HCMOD
- emitter
SUPERLAMP
Figure 4-7 Super lamp power supply block diagram

-
Figure 4-6 Hollow cathode lamp components
As for the normal HC lamps, the recommended cathode current is selected

automatically by the software. The boost current is set to maximum while
peaking zero order or wavelength. It is then adjusted automatically to obtain
the optical signal during the peaking superlamp process. The filament
voltage is constant.
4-8
D2 lamp
Part of Analog PCB
Trigger supply
(600 V)
2.2 k,
2W
Main D2
Anode D2 gas supply (150 V)
Aperture
Envelope
Filament supply
(floating)
(610 V)
Arc discharge
Cathode
(filament)
Light axis
Figure 4-8
The D2 lamp makes use of a stable arc discharge to create a source of UV

light. During the starting phase the full 10 V is applied to the filament
causing thermionic emission of electrons. The aperture prevents the gas
breakdown from occurring for an anode voltage of less than approximately
400 V. A higher voltage (600 V) is applied to the anode. This accelerates the
electrons emitted by the filament to an energy level sufficient to break down
the filling gas molecules and form positive ions. Due to their large mass, the
positive ions migrate slowly towards the cathode. Most become neutralised
by the space charge on their way. When a sufficient population of positive
ions is present, more electrons are released from the filament to neutralise
the charge space, thus creating more positive ions. Arc discharge then occurs
and the anode current is only limited by the external circuit (transistor and
resistor in series connecting the filament to ground). At this point, the high
value series resistor of the trigger stops it from supplying the lamp current.
The main power supply dominates and subsequently the anode voltage is
lowered. The lamp current is sufficient to sustain the arc discharge and to
heat the filament. The filament voltage therefore drops to 6 V several
seconds after the lamp starts, for lamp life reasons.

Lamps
The D2 lamp intensity is considered constant within the monochromator slit

width. However, it is wavelength dependent, as shown below:
D2 Lamp Intensity
Wavelength (nm)
190 240 350
In the Avanta the D2 lamp operates in pulse mode. To sustain the discharge,
the minimum current (about 14 mA) is still allowed to flow during the off
time. The circuit can adjust the current between 14 and 300 mA (average
reading) to match the HC lamp intensity.
For some wavelengths the HC lamp is brighter than the D2 lamp, even
driven at 300 mA. The beam intensities can not be matched. This is often the
case with the Cu lamp at 324.7 nm. The beam imbalance is then
compensated by the software. D2 lamp background correction does not work
for wavelengths above 450 nm.
D2 lamp attenuator For some HC lamps the D2 lamp is still too bright, even when the lowest
possible current is used. The D2 attenuator is then automatically placed in
front of the lamp by a solenoid located in the D2 lamp holder. One wire of
the solenoid is permanently connected to the 28 V present on the CPU PCB
connector 1J10 pin 5. The solenoid is turned on by grounding pin 4.
4-10
Lamp Replacement and Alignment
CAUTION
Wear eye protection when looking at the lamps as they emit harmful
radiations.
HC lamp removal/ 1. From the software front page, click on the Instrument button (bottom
replacement left).
2. Click on Instrument on the top bar, then select Properties and Lamp
table.
3. For instruments with motorized turret only:
Click on Insert lamp.
Click on the number of the lamp you want to insert.
The turret moves so that lamp position becomes accessible.
4. Insert the lamp.
5. Key the element name in the appropriate location.
D2 lamp removal/ 1. Fully unscrew the D2 lamp vertical adjusting knob.

replacement 2. Disconnect the in-line connectors to the D2 lamp and the D2 attenuator.
3. Lift the D2 lamp holder assembly vertically off the instrument.

4. Loosen the collar at the base of the D2 lamp.
5. Ease the lamp off the collar.
Reverse the procedure to replace the lamp.
Lamp alignment A D2 lamp or HC lamp needs to be aligned immediately after it has been
installed.
From the software front page, click on the Instrument button
Click on Instrument on the top bar, then select Optimise, and HC/D2
lamps alignment.
The software displays a status page showing the HC and D2 reference beams
intensities. Adjust the lamps horizontal and vertical positions to optimise
the signal. This applies to the D2 lamp in all instruments, and to the HC
lamps in instruments not fitted with an automatic peaking mirror.
Some difficulties may be experienced with the vertical alignment of the HC
lamp if it is not facing the optics. This can be corrected by adjusting the
turret angular position. Refer to the next section.

Lamps
Super Lamp Power Supply Calibration
Calibration procedure The procedure below applies if a superlamp module has to be replaced.
1-Super lamp module

1. Ensure that power is off and links are in correct position (refer to board
component overlay).
2. Unscrew back of lamp holder No 1 and place a voltmeter across the
filament pins (5 and 7). Connect an analog voltmeter between TP3 and
TP4 on superlamp board.
3. Insert a superlamp (preferably arsenic) in lamp holder 1, turn on
instrument, peak instrument and turn on superlamp by pressing F3 on
lamp turret table screen. Ensure cathode current (or lamp current)
corresponds to recommended current written on lamp socket.
4. Adjust R20 until filament voltage at lamp base is 2.4V. Allow 15
minutes to warm up and re-check voltage.
5. If R7 and R6 have been factory set, do not adjust them as only R20 needs
adjustment.
NOTE Make only small adjustments to R7 and R6 as you may damage the lamp
and
boost circuit.
6. Use the Service Meter screen to set the super lamp current to zero.
7. Analog voltmeter should read 0.1V. Otherwise adjust R7.
8. Change current to 50 mA on computer and adjust R6 so that reading is
0.75V (15 ohm 50 mA).
9. Using both R6 and R7 adjust until 50 mA on computer corresponds to
0.75V and 0 mA corresponds to 0.03V.
NOTE Do not run Superlamp on 50 mA or over for too long as most lamps boost
to
under 50 mA.
10. Lock pots.
4-Super lamp module

Follow the same procedure as above, except:
R20 Adjust R29, R30, R35, R40 for Super Lamp 1, 2, 3, 4*
R6: Adjust R49, R52, R58, R64
R7: Adjust R46, R55, R61, R67
* In the Avanta , lamp positions are 1, 3, 5 and 7.
4-12
Hollow Cathode Lamp Turret

The Avanta range offers 4-lamp manual and motorized turrets and an 8 lamp
motorized turret. Coarse vertical adjustment of the hollow cathode lamps
position can be done by adjusting the turret position angle if the active lamp
is clearly not facing the optics entrance window.
Manual turret The lamps can be adjusted using two operator accessible knurled knobs, and
a third adjustment via an allen screw.
1. Remove the top cover and left side panel.
2. Set all adjustments to mid position for the lamp facing the optics.
3. Using a 3 mm ball driver, loosen the four screws securing the turret disk
assembly to the eight-tooth spigot. These screws are accessible through
four holes drilled in a square pattern around the centre of the turret disk.
4. Holding the eight-tooth spigot stationary, rotate the turret disk assembly
so that the lamp is aligned with the optics entrance slit.
5. Tighten the four screws.
Motorized turret The turret reference position can be changed by adjusting the position of the
optical looker PCB up or down if the active lamp is not facing the optics.
Problems with the motor/gearbox were extremely rare with the 906 model.
The procedure below shows how to replace the motor should such problems
occur. The turret assembly needs to be removed.
1. Remove the instrument top cover and left side panel.
2. Remove the optical turret PCB (this is important to avoid damage when
removing/replacing the turret assembly).
3. Loosen two socket-head screw securing the turret hub to the
motor/gearbox shaft. These screws are accessible through the circular
cut-out on the top face of the turret shaft housing.
4. Support the turret assembly with one hand, then remove the four screws
securing the shaft housing to the optical casting.
5. Remove the turret assembly and rest it on the bench near the instrument.
Take care not to stretch the wiring.
6. Disconnect the turret motor from the instrument loom.
7. Remove the four nuts securing the gearbox.
8. Remove the motor/gearbox assembly.
Reverse this procedure to replace the turret.

Monochromator
Monochromator
Access
1. Remove the top cover.
2. Remove the optics plastic covers.
3. The monochromator is located along the back edge of the optical module.
Description and Definitions

The Avanta uses an Ebert design with a 1200 lines per mm grating rotated
by a sine bar. The sine bar is rotated by a micrometer driven by a
micro-stepped stepper motor. The micrometer displacement approximates a
sine function of the grating rotation angle, hence the name sine bar.
Micrometer
Sine bar
Monochromator
spheric mirror Entrance slit
Grating
Blaze
arrow
Exit slit
ord er
Zero
First order
UV
Visible Slit mask

assembly
Infra-red
Figure 4-9 D2 lamp and circuit
In the picture above the grating is shown perpendicular to the

monochromator optical axis. The incoming light is reflected by the grating
which acts as a mirror. The light reflected by the grating is called zero
order, and the grating position is referred to as zero order position. The
zero order beam is used to reference the wavelength every time the
instrument is powered up. Some of the light falling on the grating is also
diffracted to form several spectra. The most intense spectrum is called the
first order. The blaze arrow on the top side of the grating points towards
the direction of the first order and therefore towards the exit slit. To select a
particular wavelength, the grating is rotated clockwise until the light of the
correct wavelength in the first order spectrum is focused on the exit slit.
In the alignment procedures it is convenient to use the monochromator in
reverse, e.g., the light source is placed behind the exit slit in place of the
photomultiplier tube.
4-14
Slit Mask Assembly
Open slits
Close slits
Set screw Microswitch

Slit mask
Compression spring
Slits actuating
bar
Upper shaft
Gear box
outlet shaft
Lower shaft
Figure 4-10 Monochromator
NOTE The front slit mask is not shown.
Slits initialisation and The slits reference to the micro-switch when the instrument is turned on and
operation when the slit width is changed by the operator or when the application is
changed. Looking at the slit plate assembly from inside the monochromator:
On power up, the slits actuating bar is rotated clockwise until the set screw
at the end of the bar closes the micro-switch. At that point, the motor
reverses direction. The actuating bar is rotated anti clockwise until the
micro-switch just re-opens.
The point where the micro-switch re-opens corresponds to a 0.2 nm slit
width. If a wider slit is selected, the CPU PCB sends a predetermined
number of steps to the slits stepper motor to achieve the selected slit width.
The slits references to the micro-switch every time their value is changed by
the operator, or when selecting a new application.
NOTE There is no time limit for the stepper motor when it drives the bar towards
the
micro-switch and back. The instrument will hang if the micro-switch fails
to operate one way or the other.

Monochromator
Slits calibration 1. Peak the instrument on the 324.7 nm Cu line with a slit of 0.2 nm.
2. Display the service meters screen on the computer.
3. Scan the peak (click the mouse on the run scan button).
4. Using the mouse, determine the width of the peak at mid height. It should
be between 0.18 and 0.22 nm.
5. Change the slit value to 0.2 nm (this resets the slits to the micro-switch).
Scan the peak again and check that the new scan is superimposed on the
previous one. If the slit is not consistent, the micro-switch or the slits
gearbox may need to be replaced.
Proceed if the slit width is consistent but out of tolerance.
6. Switch off the instrument.
7. Remove the monochromator cover.
8. On the slit plate assembly, locate the adjusting screw at the end of the
slits actuating bar.
9. Loosen the locknut.
10. Make a small adjustment to the screw. Turning the screw clockwise will
open up the slit, while turning it anti- clockwise will close the slit.
11. Tighten the locknut while holding the screw still.
12. Replace the monochromator cover.
13. Scan the copper peak again. If the slit is out of tolerance, return to step 9
and reiterate the procedure.
Figure 4-11 Slit mask assembly
4-16
Replacing the slits Removing the slits microswitch is straightforward. Ensure the correct type
microswitch of microswitch is used for the replacement. Damage will occur to the slits
gearbox if the slits are allowed to close too tightly.
1. Having installed the new microswitch, loosen the set screw lock nut and
turn the screw clockwise by three turns.
2. Turn on the instrument and allow the slits to initialise.
3. The slits will be too wide initially. Calibrate them as per the procedure
above.
Replacing the slits 1. Disconnect the motor plug from the instrument loom.
stepper motor 2. Disconnect the EHT cable from the analog PCB.
3. Loosen the grub screws on the wavelength universal coupling.

4. Remove the micrometer fork drive assembly.
5. Undo the screws securing the monochromator assembly to the optics
casting.
6. Lift the monochromator assembly and rest it at an angle on the optics
casting, taking care not to damage the mirrors and the chopper.
7. Remove the compression spring located between the slits actuating bar
and the slits bracket.
8. Loosen the screw securing the actuating bar to the gearbox outlet shaft.
9. Ease the actuating bar from the gearbox shaft. This may require moderate
strength as it is a tight fit.
10. Undo the nuts securing the gearbox to the slit plate.
11. Remove the motor/gearbox assembly.
12. Prepare the new motor/gearbox as follows:
On the old gearbox, note the angle of the outlet shaft flat with respect to
the gearbox housing.
Mark the same angle on the new gearbox. The shaft needs to be rotated
to the same angle as the old one.
Do not rotate the shaft manually, as this will damage the
gears.
Plug the new motor into the instrument loom socket.
Turn the instrument on.
The shaft should start rotating clockwise (very slowly). If it rotates the
wrong way, turn the instrument off, swap yellow and black wires on the
motor plug and start again.
Turn the instrument off when the shaft reaches the correct angle.
13. Assemble the new motor/gearbox onto the slit plate.
14. Assemble the actuating bar and fit the compression spring.
15. Loosen the lock nut on the actuating arm set screw.
16. Turn the set screw three turns clockwise, or until the microswitch closes,
whichever happens first.
17. Replace the monochromator assembly.
18. Replace the micrometer fork drive.
19. Turn on the instrument and allow the slits to initialise.
20. Calibrate the slits as per the procedure above.

Monochromator
Slit height mask The slit height mask is used to reduce the slit height for some applications
(graphite furnace or hydride generation). To check its operation:
1. Disconnect the EHT cable from the analog PCB.
2. Turn on the instrument and the computer.
3. From the software start a graphite furnace application.
4. Check that the mask moves in front of the slit.
One wire of the solenoid is permanently connected to the 28V present on the
CPU PCB connector 1J10 pin 5. The solenoid is turned on by grounding
pin 5.
4-18
Sine Bar Microswitch
Sine bar initialisation The sine bar is referenced when the instrument is turned on. The
microswitch is not used to position the sine arm with the accuracy required,
but rather as a starting point for the zero order search routine. On power up:
the following steps take place:
The micrometer is rotated clockwise until the microswitch closes. At this
point, the instrument waits for the computer to load an application, turn the
correct lamp on and initiate the zero order search. The micrometer rotates
anti-clockwise by about one and a half turns (this corresponds to a 40 nm
wavelength displacement). The micrometer rotates clockwise again. To
enable the instrument to reference, the zero order peak must be found within
that 40 nm sweep. Ideally, the peak should be found half way, which implies
that the micro-switch should be set so that it closes 20 nm past the true zero
order position.
Sine bar microswitch It is necessary to locate the zero order position precisely to adjust this
adjustment microswitch. The zero order micro-meter reading should be written on a
label affixed to the monochromator cover. If this information is wrong or
missing, do the following:
1. Disconnect the EHT cable.
2. Disconnect the wavelength drive connector on the analog PCB.
3. Dim the lighting in the instrument environment (i.e., switch lights off,
shut curtains).
4. Turn on the instrument with a Cu lamp, 15 mA current and 2 nm slit.
5. The zero order light should be visible in the exit slit area. Use a white
card to help locate it.
6. Rotate the micro-meter manually so that it sits on the exit slit.
7. Turn off the instrument and position the limit switch so that it closes
2025 micrometer barrel divisions clockwise from the true zero order
position.

Monochromator
Installing the Back Illuminating Lamp

If the photometric system is capable of peaking, peak the instrument using
1 nm slit and 0.0 nm wavelength with any hollow cathode lamp.
To install the back illuminating lamp:
1. Disconnect the instrument from the mains supply.
2. Remove the top cover.
3. Remove the optics covers.
4. Remove the PM tube, together with its rubber housing and store it in a
safe place.
5. Install the back illuminating lamp at the PM tube location.
6. Switch the back illuminating lamp on and adjust its position to fully
illuminate the monochromator spheric mirror aperture.
Alignment check
1. Install the back illuminating lamp as described above.
2. Place a card in front of the grating and check that it is fully illuminated.
3. Check that the zero order light passes through the entrance slit (if
necessary do a horizontal adjustment by rotating the micrometer).
4. Rotate the micrometer anti-clockwise until the first order spectrum is
visible around the entrance slit area.
5. Check that the first order is located in the horizontal plane of the entrance
slit.
Alignment procedure WARNING

The optical module has been factory aligned by highly skilled
technicians. Optical alignment is not an easy task. It should only be
attempted by factory trained staff if a problem has been clearly
identified.
1. Remove the photomultiplier and install the white light source. Adjust the
source so that the slit and the left aperture of the monochromator mirror
are both evenly illuminated.
2. Place a white card in front of the grating and check that the grating is
evenly illuminated by the mirror. Sideways adjustment is made by
loosening the two screws securing the spherical mirror mount to the
baseplate and rotating as required. Re-tighten the screws before
continuing further. Vertical adjustment is made by the screw mounted in
the top of the mount at the front face of the mirror. The two screws and
nuts retaining the mirror backing plate at the top of the mount may need
releasing or tightening to accommodate vertical adjustment of the mirror.
3. Rotate the micrometer until white light from the grating fills the second
aperture of the mirror and is reflected down to the slit plane.
4. Vertical alignment of the slit image to the slit aperture is carried out by
making a minor adjustment to the monochromator mirror. If the white
light beam is now displaced from the second aperture of the mirror the
grating may need to be adjusted.
4-20
5. The Monochromator Focus is important in achieving narrow SBW, and

is carried out by placing a white card 50 mm outside the entrance slit of
the monochromator (opposite side to the white light source).
6. Close the slit to 0.5 nm:
Disconnect the EHT cable.
Switch the instrument on.
On the computer, select slit width from the Application Parameters
menu.
Switch the instrument off.
7. Slowly rotate the micrometer through zero order and watch the
movement of the spot of white light on the card. If the spot of light
moves across the card in the direction of the rotation on the top of the
micrometer barrel, the monochromator mirror needs moving back
towards the grating.
NOTE Focussing requires only small movements of the mirror.
Having made a slight adjustment, re-position the mirror mount,

maintaining passage of the beam of light through the slit. This step may
require several repeats to achieve a fine focus. The focus adjustment is
complete when the spot of light evenly eliminates from the centre or the
top and bottom depending on the direction of rotation of the micrometer.
If the spot of light moves across the card in the direction opposite to the
rotation of the micrometer barrel, the mirror will need to be gently
moved towards the end of the mono plate. Tighten the mirror screws
after each small adjustment because even the tension placed on these
screws is enough to destroy the focus.
8. When the focus is correct, re-check the vertical position of the image on
the slit. Adjust the mirrors top screw if necessary.
9. The Grating Squareness, that is, the orientation of the grooves of the
grating, is carried out by rotating the micrometer until a band of coloured
light spreads across the slitplate in the area of the entrance slit (opposite
the white light source).
To adjust this band of colour up or down to coincide with the slit plane:
Loosen the grub screw located on the top of the grating mount.
Tilt the grating until the band of colour is in the same plane as the
slit, then tighten the grub screw.
Repeat the procedure if necessary until both the white light and the
coloured band are in the same plane as the slit.

Monochromator
Wavelength Calibration
WARNING
The monochromator has been calibrated by highly skilled
technicians. Do not interfere with the calibration unless
wavelength errors of more than 0.2 nm cause analytical problems.
Preliminary notes
NOTE Please read the following paragraph before attempting calibration.
The monochromator is calibrated to the units on the micrometer. A 1 nm

wavelength shift corresponds to 0.001" of micrometer displacement. The
zero of the micrometer is not meant to be the monochromator zero order.
The zero order micrometer reading is written on a label affixed to the
monochromator cover. It is typically between 0.010 and 0.080".
To calibrate the monochromator the wavelength readings for two peaks
needs to be adjusted as follows:
1. A medium range wavelength (e.g., 324.7 nm Copper).
2. A high wavelength (e.g., 766.4 nm Potassium).
There are two adjustments available to move the two peaks to the correct
position:
1. The grating rotation, which is the angular position of the grating with
respect to micrometer tip. The grating rotation shifts the zero order
micrometer reading by a small amount. This will cause the K peak to
shift by approximately an equal and opposite amount. The Cu peak will
also shift in the same direction by an amount 34 times smaller.
2. The sine bar length, which is the distance between the grating pivot and
the contact point of the micrometer tip and the sine bar ruby ball. A sine
bar adjustment will cause only a minor shift of the zero order.
Shortening the sine bar makes the Cu and K peaks move down.
Lengthening the sine bar makes the Cu and K peaks move up.
Again the position of the K peak will move by a larger amount than the Cu
peak (in the ratio of approximately 2:1).
By performing these two adjustments, it is possible to bring the two peaks to
within 0.1 nm of their real values. This should ensure a 0.2 nm wavelength
accuracy throughout the complete range.
Calibration procedure Read the preliminary notes above before you begin. Have the instrument in a
semi-dark environment (i.e., switch lights off and close curtains if possible).
Remove the top cover and the external optics cover. Leave the
monochromator cover on during the procedure, except when you need to
read the micrometer or make an adjustment to the grating rotation or sine
bar.
4-22
Evaluation
1. Install Cu and K lamps in the turret, start the instrument and a Cu
application with a 0.0 nm wavelength.
2. Access the service meters screen in the software (refer to page 5-2).
3. Scan the peak to ensure that the zero order peak is actually on 0.0 nm.
4. Read the micrometer with a resolution of 0.1 barrel divisions. If the
instrument has not been re-calibrated from new, the micrometer reading
should be in accordance with the reading shown on the sticker affixed to
the monochromator cover.
5. In the method parameters change the wavelength to 324.7 nm.
6. Read and record the measured wavelength for Cu from the service meters
screen.
7. Change the element and wavelength to K, 766.5 nm.
8. Read and record the measured wavelength for K from the service meters
screen.
9. Repeat the evaluation to ensure the readings are consistent.
Which adjustments should be done?

Do not do any adjustment if both wavelengths are within 0.1 nm from their
true values.
If necessary, adjust the sine bar first for the Cu peak, then adjust the grating
rotation to bring the K peak within specifications. Reiterate the sine bar and
grating rotation adjustments until both peaks are within 0.1 nm from the true
value.
Sine Bar Adjustment

1. Engage the screw located at the end of the sine bar with a short sharp
4 mm Allen key.
2. To shorten the sine bar, tighten the screw by a small amount (no more
than 1/8 turn for each adjustment). To lengthen the sine bar, loosen the
same screw.

Monochromator
Grating Rotation
The zero order reading needs to be offset by an amount equal to the
wavelength error on the K peak.
For example:
The K peak reads 767.0 nm.
The true value is 766.5 nm, hence the error is 767.0-766-5 = + 0.5 nm
1. Install the back illuminating light (refer to page 4-20) and set the mono to
zero order.
2. Read the micrometer barrel.
3. Rotate the barrel by an amount equal to the wavelength error in the K
766.5 nm line.
For example:
If the micrometer reading for zero order, at step 2 is 0.0200",
then the wavelength error for the K line is 0.5 nm. Therefore, rotate the
micrometer by + 0.005". The new reading should now be 0.0205".
4. Loosen the two screws securing the grating bracket to the sine bar.
5. Holding the sine bar stationary, rotate the grating so that the zero spot is
super-imposed on the exit slit.
6. Tighten the screws and remove the back light.
This adjustment should bring the K peak within specification. The Cu peak
will shift in the same direction by an amount 34 times smaller. This may
require a further sine bar adjustment if it was on the edge of the tolerance
range before.
4-24
External Optics
Description
In early instruments the external optics consisted of two lenses only:
Monochromator
HC lamp Centre
Lens 1 of flame Lens 2
Figure 4-12 Service meters screen showing Cu peak scan.
Lens 1 focuses the light from the HC lamp cathode at the centre of the
flame, while lens 2 focuses the cathode image onto the entrance slit of the
monochromator.
Current instruments use mirror optics instead. The combination of a concave
mirror and a flat mirror is equivalent to a lens as shown below:
Flat mirror Focus

Source Focus
= Source
Lens
Concave mirror
Figure 4-13 AA Lens optics
The Avanta optics uses three toric mirrors, two beamsplitters and four flat
mirrors as shown on the following page. The left part of the optics splits the
reference and sample beams. The focal point of the sample beam is located
at the centre of the flame, while the focal point of the reference beam is
located near the chopper plane. The right part of the optics re-combines the
beams and focuses them onto the entrance slit of the monochromator.

External Optics
Monochromator
PMT
Chopper
Reference beam
H.C.L.
Sample beam
D2 lamp
Figure 4-14 Lens = mirror set
Access
1. Switch off the instrument.
2. Remove the instrument top cover.
3. Unclip and remove the optics plastic covers.
4. Replace the monochromator cover.
It is possible to operate the photometric system with the external optics

cover removed. Please wear safety glasses as the lamps emit harmful
radiation.
Cleaning
The Avanta optics are enclosed and the mirrors are quartz coated. Therefore
the only optical parts that require regular cleaning or replacing are the
windows. The mirrors should not be cleaned unless there is evidence of poor
UV light throughput once the windows have been removed. If this is the
case, all mirrors (except the grating) may be cleaned as per the procedure
below.
WARNING
Never attempt to clean the grating. It is not coated and contact
with any solid or liquid will ruin it.
Equipment required:
Photographic blow brush
Box of tissues
The preferred cleaning fluid is Petroleum Spirits, at a temperature of
6080.
4-26
1. Sweep off any loose dust using the photographic blow brush.
2. Moisten a tissue with Petroleum Spirit, and use it to clean the mirror
surface by rubbing in a circular motion. When the surface is clean, polish
it using a dry tissue.
3. Always use a fresh tissue to clean the next surface as impurities picked
up from one mirror may contaminate the next.
Alignment Check
Turn on the instrument and allow it to peak. The optical alignment is correct
if:
1. The beams are superimposed on the mono entrance slit. This can be
checked visually by looking at the slit image in the flat mirror located
near the monochromator. In addition, the beams intensities on the service
meters screen should move in unison when the lamps are moved away
from the peaked position.
2. The instrument passes the EHT/noise test.
Note that high noise and EHT are usually caused by dirty lenses or faulty
lamps, not incorrect alignment.
Alignment Procedure
WARNING
The optical module has been factory aligned by highly skilled
technicians. Optical alignment is not an easy task. It should only be
attempted by factory trained staff, if a problem has been clearly
identified.
To perform any optical alignment operation it is necessary to back-light the

optics by installing the back illuminating lamp at the PM tube location. The
light from this lamp is used to align the different mirrors as follows.

External Optics
Mirror Adjustments
Cleanliness If a mirror gets accidentally finger-printed, remove the print immediately

before acids secreted by the skin attack the coating. Remember that a
finger-printed grating is ruined.
Flat mirror Throughout the procedure below, each mirror is adjusted so that the
adjustments reflected beam is centered on the target which is placed in fromt of the next
mirror, This is achieved by adjusting the angle of the mirror surface with
respect to the incident beam.
Incident beam
Securing screw
Reflected beam
Target
Figure 4-15 Optical module
Horizontal adjustments are done by loosening the screw securing the mirror
mount onto the chassis, rotating the mirror and re-tightening the screw. As
the mirror will almost certainly move during the tightening operation,
several iterative adjustments may be necessary.
Vertical adjustments are performed by loosening the locknut located at the
back of the mirror, adjusting the screw to change the mirror vertical tilt
angle and re-tightening the locknut. Some re-iterations may also be
necessary.
4-28
Toric mirror Horizontal and vertical adjustments are required as for flat mirrors (refer to
adjustments the previous page). In addition, the following adjustments may need to be
made:
If the angle of a toric mirror with respect to a vertical plane is not correct,
the reflected beam will be distorted, as show below:
Distorted beam Correct beam
Figure 4-16 Flat mirror adjustment
To correct this distortion:

1. Loosen the screws securing the mirror plate to the mount and adjust the
mirror tilt angle until the reflected beam shape is correct.
2. Re-tighten the screws and re-check the mirror horizontal and vertical
angles as per the flat mirrors section (refer above).
Making a target The optical beam travels in a plane located 65 mm above the base of the
casting. The purpose of this target is to check that the beam is accurately
located at 65 mm above the target hole.
On the back of a business card, mark the long symmetry axis as shown
below and draw a line 65 mm from one end.

4-30
Figure 4-17
External Optics
Mirror 2
Setting a target
T2
65 mm
Figure 4-18
T3
Mirror 5 T5 Beam splitter no. 1

Note: Coating on this side
Mirror 3
Beam splitter no. 2

T6 Note: Coating on this side
T4
T7
Toric
Mirror 7 Mirror 4
T8 Mirror 6
T9
Mirror 8

External Optics
Alignment procedure 1. Install the back illuminating light.

2. Place the target at T3.
3. Adjust Mirror No. 2 rotation and beam height to centre the image on the
target.
5. If the image is centred on the target, go to step 8.
6. Loosen the screw securing Mirror No. 2 onto the chassis, shift the whole
mirror assembly along its mounting slot without altering the mirror angle
to centre the image onto the target.
7. Re-iterate steps 1 to 6 until the image is centred on the target for both
positions T2 and T3.
9. Adjust Mirror No. 3 to centre the beam onto target. Read the preliminary
note concerning beam shape for toric mirrors.
11. Adjust Mirror No. 5 to centre the beam onto the target.
12. For instruments fitted with an automatic peaking mirror only:
Manually rotate the peaking mirror cam so that the mirror is in the
mid-range position.
13. Adjust the angle to Mirror No. 6 assembly to centre the beam onto the
lamp cathode. Remove the lamp.
14. Place a card just behind the window and check that the whole image is
within the window area (e.g., no light obstruction).
15. For instruments fitted with an automatic peaking mirror only: Rotate
the peaking mirror cam one full turn and check that the image travels
within the window area throughout the whole mirror rotating range of the
peaking mirror.
NOTE The reference beam is now set and must not be altered any more. Proceed
with
the following steps to superimpose the sample beam to the reference beam.

17. Adjust Beamsplitter No. 1. Slide the beamsplitter assembly along the
mounting slot so that the reference beam is centred on the beamsplitter.
Then adjust the rotation and beam height to centre the reflected image
(which is the sample beam) onto the target.
19. Adjust Mirror No. 4 to centre the beam onto the target. Rotate the
chopper to clear the sample beam.
NOTE Steps 20 to 25 describe Beamsplitter No. 2 adjustment. This determines

beam
superimposition and is critical for correct double beam operation.
20. Place a card in the hollow cathode lamp vertical plane. On instruments
fitted with an automatic peaking mirror it may be attached with adhesive
tape onto the back of the D2 lamp adjuster. On other instruments it may
be attached to the hollow cathode lamp holder.
4-32
21. Adjust Beamsplitter No. 2 angle and beam height to exactly superimpose
the sample beam and reference beam on the card (the reference beam is
barely affected by the beamsplitter position as it goes through it). Check
superimposition by manually spinning the chopper. The image may
appear to change shape when the beams swap, but it should not move.
22. Place a card in front of the window.
23. If beams are also superimposed on the card then go to step 27.
24. Loosen the screw securing the Beamsplitter No. 2 mount onto the
chassis.
25. The beamsplitter assembly can now be moved backwards and forwards
to superimpose beams on card at the window.
26. Re-iterate steps 2025 until exact superimposition is achieved both at the
hollow cathode position and at the window.
NOTE Superimposition is most critical at lamp cathode position. A slight error

may
be tolerated at the window. It would mean that beams are not coaxially
superimposed and would cause the D2 lamp sample and reference beams
not to coincide exactly on the mono entrance slit.

28. Adjust Mirror No. 7 to centre the image onto the target (angle, beam
height and distortion).
29. Place the card at the D2 lamp window.
30. Adjust Mirror No. 8 to centre the beam on the window.

External Optics
4-34
Troubleshooting and Maintenance
Cu Test Method
The Cu test method is used both in the functional and performance testing
sections.
To create the method complete the following steps:
1. From the software main menu click on the Method button using the
right button on the mouse.
2. Select the stand-alone editor.
3. Enter the following parameters:
Screen Under the title Enter

Description Element Cu
Matrix Distilled water
Notes Cu application for instrument testing
Instrument Lamp current 3 mA
Wavelength 324.7 nm
Slit 1 nm
Background correction ON
Measurement Integration
Read time 3 seconds
Time constant 0
Replicates 10
Calibration Mode Concentration
Conc. units g/ml
Decimal place 2
Standards STD1 Standard 1
Concentration 5.00
4. Save the file as CUTEST.MTH.

Functional Test
Functional Test
The information included in this section is meant to be used to check that the
basic operation of the instrument is correct. It is based on observing the
peaking routine for the photometric system and the gas box initialisation for
the programmable gas box (the interlocked gas box operation is
straightforward). The flow charts show the normal behaviour of the
instrument at power up and indicate what actions should be taken initially if
a malfunction occurs at that stage.
Photometric System
Service meters screen The Service Meters Screen gives access to all the Photometric System
parameters while the instrument is peaking or in standby. In addition it is
possible to run wavelength scans from the same screen.
To access the Service meters screen:
1. From the software front page click on the Instrument button.
2. Click on Instrument on the top screen bar and then Service Options.
3. Click on Service Meters.
Figure 5-1 Service Meters Screen
5-2
Chapter 5Troubleshooting and Maintenance
Chart 1: Peaking Routine
Start
Turn instrument on
Fans start, Slits initialize, Wavelength drive Fans won't start: check main supply and mains fuse
No
initializes, Turret initializes CPU won't initialize: Chart 2, Slits won't initialize: Chart 3
Yes Wavelength won't initialize: Chart 4,
Turret won't initialize: Chart 5
Turn computer on
Start CUTEST method,

Display Service Meters screen
Does HC No No Instrument not responding:

Does instrument
lamp start? Chart 6
respond?
Yes
Manual turret: rotate to correct position. Motorised Check HC lamp, Check/replace analog PCB: HC lamp
turret: turret rotates so that lamp 4 faces optics fuse, HC lamp power supply, HC lamp modulation circuit
Is zero order No Zero order not found:

found? Chart 7
Yes
Is Cu peak No Check wavelength motor wiring, Check that micrometer

found? rotates freely, Check analog PCB wavelength drive circuit
Yes
Is
wavelength No
324.7 nm Check mono calibration
0.2 nm?
Yes
Is EHT lower No Check HC lamp, Check/replace windows

than 400 V? Check optical cleanliness and alignment
Yes
Is D2 signal No Check D2 lamp alignment D2 lamp firing:

between 70 and Chart 8
150 units?
Yes
End
Figure 5-2 Chart 1

Functional Test
Chart 2: CPU PCB Initialisation
Start
Is
28 V DC present No Check/repair the main
at connector power supply
1J14?
Yes
No
Is F1 fuse OK? Replace
Yes A
Is +12 V No Check/replace
present V9, V10, IC15
at TP4?
Yes
Is +5V No
DC present Rectify
at TP1?
Yes
Check/replace REG.1
Check EPROM type NOTE: the +5 V is also used on the analog
Memory links position PCB, the slots and wavelength
DIP switches settings microswitches and the spray chamber
interlocks connector.
Yes
No
All OK? Rectify A
Yes
Is
instrument No Repair/replace
A initialising at
the CPU PCB
power-
up?
Yes
Chart 1
Figure 5-3 Chart 2. Please note that letter A refers to Chart 1.
5-4
Chart 3: Slits Initialisation
Start
Remove the top cover and the optics

cover. Disconnect the EHT cable from
the analog PCB. Turn the computer off
Check the microswitch

ON/OFF operation
Is the
No
microswitch Replace
working?
Yes
Keep the microswitch closed

by pressing the trigger, then
turn on the instrument.
Is the
slits actuating bar Check slits motor wiring
No
rotating anti- Check/replace the CPU PCB
clockwise? Check/replace the slits motor/gearbox
Yes
Release the microswitch as soon

as you notice the movement. The
actuating bar should stop immediately
Reset the
instrument
The actuating bar turns clockwise until

the microswitch closes.
NOTE: Damage will occur to the gearbox if the
actuating bar movement is hindered(e.g., if the
slits get fully closed before the micro-switch is
reached, or if the mechanism is jammed)
The actuating bar rotates

anti-clockwise
until the microswitch re-opens
End
Figure 5-4 Chart 3

Functional Test
Chart 4: Wavelength Drive Initialisation
Start
Remove the instrument and

optics cover. Disconnect the EHT
cable. Turn the computer off
Switch the instrument on
Does
the micro-meter No Check wavelength motor wiring
rotate Check/replace CPU PCB
clockwise?
Yes
...until the sine Check micro-switch

No
bar micro-switch Check micro-switch wiring
closes? Check/replace CPU PCB
Yes
Start
Figure 5-5 Chart 4
Chart 5: Turret Initialisation
Start
Turn the computer off

Remove the instrument cover
Switch the instrument on
The turret rotates until the shaft

vane engages or disengages
the optical looker
Check/replace the optical looker

Does the No Check the wiring
turret temporarily Check/replace CPU PCB
stop?
Yes
The turret rotates again until

lamp 4 (4 lamp turret) or lamp 5
(8 lamp turret) faces the optics
Yes
End
Figure 5-6 Chart 5
5-6
Chart 6: Instrument Communication
Start
Check that instrument and

computer cases are connected to
a common earth terminal
Check that serial cable is connected

to computer COM1 serial port and jack
plug fully inserted in instrument socket
Turn instrument on
Does
No
Chart 2 instrument
initialise
Yes
Turn computer on
Start Cu test method
Does
instrument No Try the following steps, test instrument
respond communication after each step
1. Disconnect any accessory serial cable
Yes 2. Check the serial cable for continuity
3. Check the computer serial port
End (try another computer)
4. Disconnect the gas box
(programmable gas box only)
5. Check the CPU PCB (chart 2)
6. Replace the CPU PCB
7. Replace the analog PCB
Figure 5-7 Chart 6

Functional Test
Chart 7: Zero Order Peaking Routine
Start
Turn computer on
Start Cu test method
Turn instrument on
Ensure correct HC lamp is

turned on and faces the optics
Is Yes
zero order End
found?
No
Turn instrument off. Disconnect EHT cable. In the
method change lamp current to 15 mA and slit to 2 nm.
If possible have the instrument in a semi-dark
environment (e.g., switch lights off and close curtains)
Turn instrument on
Is
No Check/replace the chopper driver PCB
the chopper
and/or the chopper motor
rotating?
Block off the sample beam Adjust the lamp position to Adjust the peaking mirror cam to centre
Check that the reference beam reaches centre the beam onto the slit the beam onto the slit horizontally.
the monochromator entrance window Adjust the turret optical looker to centre
the beam onto the slit vertically
No
Is the Does the Yes
reference beam No instrument have an
centered on automatic peaking
the slit? mirror?
Yes
Using a business card, locate
Switch the instrument
the zero order beam next to
off and back on
the monochromator exit slit
Is the beam No Adjust the sine bar microswitch

sweeping the slit while position (refer page 5-17)
searching zero
order?
Yes
Switch off the instrument
Check the PM loom continuity: Disconnect the signal

cable measure the resistance between the EHT plug
tip and the signal plug shield terminal. It should be A
about 3.3 M ohm.
Figure 5-8 Chart 7
5-8
Chart 7: Zero Order Peaking Routine
Remove the PM tube.

Check continuity for the signal,
ground and EHT lines between the
plugs and the PM socket.
Note: the PM end of the EHT cable shield is not
connected. The signal cable shield is connected to
the PM ground terminal.
No
Is PM loom OK? Rectify
Yes
Check the chopper looker Yes
No
signal on the analog PCB Is zero order found?
connector 2J3 pin 4
Is the Trace signal back to the

chopper signal chopper looker via the
present? chopper driver PCB
No
Yes
Check/replace the analog PCB
The areas to check are: Yes
Is zero order found?
The EHT circuit
The signal processing and ADC circuit
The timing circuit
No
Call GBC service
representative
End
Figure 5-9 Chart 7 (continued)

Functional Test
Chart 8: D2 Lamp Peaking Routine
WARNING
Start DO NOT LOOK AT D2 LAMP WITHOUT
WEARING SAFETY GLASSES
Start computer & Cu test method

Reduce lamp current to 2 mA
Display service meters screen
Turn instrument on, wait until

Peak D2 lamp
peaking routine is complete
D2 signal should be
Does Yes greater than 50 units
D2 lamp and less than 120 units
strike?
No
Too low Is D2 signal

Replace D2 lamp
correct?
Yes
Too high
Does D2 attenuator should be on
D2 lamp Check D2 attenuator wiring
strike? Check/replace CPU PCB
No
Check D2 lamp wiring

Check/replace analog PCB
Does
D2 lamp
strike?
No
Call GBC service representative End
Figure 5-10 Chart 8
5-10
Flame System
Chart 9: Flame System Functional Test
Start
Remove right front panel and right side panel
Turn gases off and bleed lines, Disconnect burner

key and spray chamber lead
Turn instrument on
Metering valves are rotated clockwise until the limit

switches are reached, then anti-clockwise and stop
Are
metering
valves rotated as No
described
Check/replace gas box CPU PCB
above?
Yes
Is the No
stepper motor
chattering?
Check/replace metering valve(s)
that may cause excessive friction
Yes
Turn computer on, start software
and dispaly gas box status screen
Interlocks display should read:Acetylene pressure

low, Air pressure low, Air/acet burner not installed, Check/replace as appropriate:
Liquid trap level low, Spray chamber integrity failed Burner socket wiring, gas box CPU PCB
(burner) Liquid trap float, spray chamber,
interlock plug wiring, gas box analog
PCB (liquid trap) Spray chamber interlock
Is this No microswitches, interlock plug, gas box
correct? analog PCB(spray chamber integrity)
Yes
Turn gases on, Plug in burner key, Plug in spray
chamber, Fill liquid trap with water
Is
Ready to
Ignite message
displayed?
Yes
Start the flame Refer to Ignition Problems
in Chapter 3
Does
No
flame start
and stay
on?
Yes
End
Figure 5-11 Chart 9

Functional Test
Gas box status screen The gas box status screen checks the spray chamber and gas box interlocks
(programmable gas status, along with the gas flows, while the flame is going. It is possible to
box only) start and stop the flame from this screen, thus by-passing the instrument
flame on/off button.
To access the screen:
1. From the software front page click on the Instrument button.
2. On the instrument picture, double click on the spray chamber.
Figure 5-12 Gas Flows Optimisation Screen
Performance test In this section it is assumed that the photometric system of the instrument is
capable of peaking and the gas box is operating correctly. The tests outlined
below are meant to ensure that the instrument is performing as per factory
specifications.
5-12
Performance Test
GBC Certification Procedure for Atomic

Absorption Spectrometers
Tests Summary The following tests should be carried out every six months to ensure
conformance of the spectrometer with factory specifications:
No Test
1 EHT/Photometric Noise
2 Slit Width
3 Wavelength Accuracy
4 Gauze Test/Background Correction
5 Sensitivity/Flame Noise
Equipment A calibration kit (Part No 95-0355-00) is available from GBC:
Part No. Description Qty

41-0114-00 Hollow cathode lamp, Cu (copper) 1
41-0141-00 Hollow cathode lamp, K (potassium) 1
95-0354-00 Calibrated gauze screen 1
01-0793-00 Instruction leaflet 1
01-0798-00 Certificates 10
NOTE The lamps should be kept for testing purposes only and not used for regular
analysis.
The gauze screen should be kept clean and dust free.
In addition, a 5 ppm Standard Copper solution is needed.

Performance Test
5 ppm Standard
Copper solution Ingredients
preparation
De-ionized water
Standard Copper solution, 1000 ppm, 5 ppm
Reagent grade Nitric Acid (70%)
WARNING
Nitric acid is a dangerous chemical. Please read the handling
guidelines on the last page of this document before mixing the
standard.
Equipment
Volumetric flask with stopper, 1000 ml
Glass pipette 5 ml
Beaker 10 to 100 ml
High density polyethylene bottles with caps (two 500 ml bottles is ideal)
Ensure that all equipment is thoroughly clean before preparing the standard.
Preparation for 1 litre of 5 ppm Copper Standard

1. Pour a small quantity of 1000 ppm standard solution in the beaker. Use it
to rinse the 5 ml pipette and the beaker, then discard it.
2. Pour another 5 ml (minimum) 1000 ppm standard into the beaker.
3. Pipette 5 ml standard from the beaker into the 1000 ml volumetric flask.
4. Half fill the volumetric flask with de-ionized water.
5. Pour 10 ml (approximately) of nitric acid into the volumetric flask.
(Please refer to safe handling of nitric acid procedure, page 9).
6. Fill the volumetric flask with de-ionized water exactly to the mark.
7. Put the stopper and mix the solution thoroughly by inversion 10 times.
8. The diluted solution may be stored in high density polyethylene bottles,
hermetically closed. Its shelf life is three months maximum.
5-14
Tests description
Preparation:
Install the test copper lamp and peak the instrument with the following
parameters:
Lamp Current 5 mA
Wavelength 324.8 nm
Slit Width 0.5 nm
Background Correction OFF
Allow the instrument to warm up for about 30 minutes, then proceed with
the tests.
1. EHT/photometric noise
1. Peak the instrument again using the copper lamp and the parameters
above.
2. Measure the EHT. It should be less than 350 V.
3. If the EHT is more than 350 V, do a noise test as follows:
4. Set ABS expansion to 100.
5. Take 10 readings of 10 seconds.
6. Calculate the Standard Deviation (NOT the %RSD).
7. The Standard Deviation (STD) should be less than 0.0002 Abs
2. Slit width
1. Install the test copper lamp and peak the instrument with the following
parameters:
Allow the instrument to warm up for about 30 minutes, then proceed with
the tests.
Lamp Current 4 mA
Wavelength 324.8 nm
Slit 0.5 nm
2. Access the Service Meters screen as outlined on page 5-2.

3. Run a scan and use the Zoom function to get a good picture of the peak.
4. Determine the peak height using the X-hair function.
5. Determine the peak width at mid height as shown on the example on the
next page.

Performance Test
6. Determine and check the slit width as per the table below:
Selected Slit width (nm) Tolerance Range

0.2 0.2 0.02
0.5 0.5 0.05
1.0 1.0 0.1
Examples of slit width determination (0.5 nm)
Figure 5-14 Slit width=324.985 - 324.509= 0.476 nm
5-16
3. Wavelength accuracy
Peak the instrument for the following elements and check the wavelength
accuracy:
Element Lamp Current (mA) Slit Width (nm) Wavelength Tolerance Range (nm)
Cu 4 0.5 324.8 0.2
K 6 0.5 766.5 0.2
To determine the wavelength, display the Service Meters screen as

outlined on page 5-2.
The actual wavelength can be read on the wavelength field and checked by
running a scan.
Figure 5-16 K wavelength = 766.5 nm

Performance Test
4. Gauze test/background correction

parameters:
Lamp Current 3 mA
Wavelength 324.8 nm
Slit Width 0.5 nm
Zero the instrument.

Place the gauze centrally on the burner, then lower the burner so that the
beam passes through the centre of the gauze (the gauze must not move
during the test).
Take a 10 seconds ABS reading. The result should be as per the gauze
screen value 0.02 ABS.
Remove the gauze, then turn on the background correction.
Ensure the D2 lamp is peaked properly, then zero the instrument.
Take a 10 seconds ABS reading without the gauze.
Place the gauze on the burner as previously, then take another 10 seconds
ABS reading. The difference should be less than 0.02 ABS.
5. Sensitivity/flame noise test

parameters:
Lamp Current 4 mA
Wavelength 324.8 nm
Slit Width 0.5 nm
Optimize the burner position and the nebulizer to achieve a maximum

ABS reading for the 5 ppm Cu solution.
Minimum Absorbance should be 0.7 ABS.
Measure the RSD for 10 replicates of 10 seconds readings.
The %RSD should be less than 0.5.
5-18
Safe handling of nitric Nitric acid is a strong oxidizing agent particularly with organic material. It is
acid (57%70%) corrosive to the skin and eyes. Vapours and mists are irritants to the skin,
eyes and mucous membranes.
Storage
Should be stored in a cool well ventilated place out of direct sun light. Keep
containers closed at all times and store away from oxidizable, caustic and
combustible materials
Spills
Clear area of unprotected personnel. Increase ventilation in the contaminated
area. Wear full protective equipment, including impervious footwear and
breathing apparatus. Contain spills using sand or earth. DO NOT use rags,
sawdust or other combustible materials.
First Aid
Skin
Immediately wash away with water. Remove all contaminated clothing.
Wash contaminated clothing before re-use. If swelling, redness, blistering or
irritation occurs seek medical advice.
Eyes
Immediately irrigate with copious quantities of water for at least 15 minutes.
Eyelids should be held open. Remove contaminated clothing as above.
Urgently seek medical assistance. Transport to a hospital or medical centre.
Inhalation
Remove the victim from exposure and avoid becoming a casualty. Seek
medical attention for all but the most minor symptoms. If breathing has
stopped apply artificial respiration. If cardiac arrest apply external cardiac
massage. If breathing is laboured or victim is cyanotic (blue), give oxygen
through a face mask.
Ingestion
Thoroughly rinse the mouth with water. Give plenty of water or milk to
drink. DO NOT induce vomiting. If the victim vomits, wash the mouth again
and give plenty of water to drink to effectively dilute the acid. Seek
immediate medical assistance.

Performance Test
Calibration Certificate
AA Spectrometer
Calibration Certificate
Instrument identity Tested by
Instrument type Name
Serial number Company
Customer
Date tested Certificate No.
Test Results
No Test Description Criteria Result Pass ( )
1 EHT <350 V
Photometric Noise (if EHT >350 V) Std. Dev <0.0002
2 Slit Width, 0.2 nm 0.2 0.02

Slit Width, 0.5 nm 0.5 0.05
Slit Width, 1.0 nm 1.0 0.1
3 Wavelength Accuracy, Cu 324.8 0.2

Wavelength Accuracy, K 766.5 0.2
4 Gauze Screen Reading * 0.02

Reading in BC mode without gauze
Reading in BC mode with gauze
Difference <0.02 Abs
5 ABS Reading on 5 ppm Cu >0.7 Abs

RSD <0.5%
* Write in the Criteria column the Abs reading on the gauze screen calibration label
We hereby certify
that the above instrument complies
with GBC factory specifications
Signed Date
01-0798-00
Figure 5-17 Calibration Certificate
5-20
Regular Maintenance Schedule

The instrument should be inspected by an authorized service engineer every
six months. The points listed below should be checked.
Items marked with * require more frequent attention:
* Weekly
** Daily
Electronics
Printed circuit boards

Remove any dust. Check connectors for corrosion.
Fan
Clean or replace filter element as appropriate.
Power indicator light

Replace if faulty
Optics
Windows
Clean or replace as appropriate
D2 lamp
Check operation. Replace if required.
Peaking routine
Check that the instrument peaks for a Copper lamp, then for Arsenic and
Potassium. If these lamps are not available, check for the lowest and highest
wavelengths used.

Performance Test
Gas system
General
Check for leaks
Compressor
*Drain the compressor tank
Air filter unit

Replace THE filter cartridge
**Drain the condensation bowl
Acetylene
**Ensure that the tank pressure is not below 500 kPa
**Pressure switches
For programmable gas control unit, check the operation of the pressure
switches.
Burner compartment
Burner adjuster
Clean, lubricate moving parts using light graphite grease. Replace the
adjusting knobs if required
**Spray chamber-liquid trap

Drain and clean
*Spray chamber O-ring kit

Replace with appropriate type (for aqueous or organic solutions).
Check/replace every 6 months or more frequently.
Spray chamber interlocks

**Check all interlocks operation:
Burner
Burner key
Nebulizer bung
Pressure relief bung
Check the interlocks connector for corrosion
Liquid trap
Drain and clean the liquid trap. Check the liquid trap interlock.
Burner mount
Check for wear. Replace the burner retaining plate if required (this part is
made of polypropylene in spray chamber with push-in type nebulizer and it
gets worn if the burner is replaced often).
5-22
Gas connections
Check for leaks
Ignitor
Ignite the flame several times to check ignition reliability.
Replace the glo-plug and/or tighten connections if required.
Nebulizer
Run the Copper test to check instrument sensitivity.
Replace the nebulizer if required.

Performance Test
5-24
Spare Parts and Tools
Item Part No. Description Usage For which
Instrument?
Burner
1 99-0075-00 Burner, nitrous oxide acetylene For standard spray chamber Avanta &
Avanta &
2 99-0115-00 Assy, final burner air acet 906 For standard spray chamber Avanta &
3 99-0273-00 Burner, air-acet 906 servo mk II For ABR spray chamber only
4 99-0273-01 Burner, N2O-acet 906 servo mk II For ABR spray chamber only
5 97-1401-00 Assy, burner rotation lever To rotate burner on standard spray Avanta &
chamber
6 68-0215-00 O-ring, AS215 red viton EL5015 Burner O-ring for aqueous samples Avanta &
7 68-0215-01 O-ring, AS215 black EDPM Burner O-ring for organic samples Avanta &
8 97-0346-00 Assy, plug burner interlock (large) N2O/acetylene burner key Avanta &
9 97-0347-00 Assy, plug burner interlock (small) Air/acetylene burner key Avanta &
10 97-1970-00 Assy, auto burner adjuster only
11 97-1971-00 Assy, manual burner adjuster Avanta &
12 06-0005-00 Tape, s/s teflon white 12 mm width Anti friction tape Avanta &
13 17-0138-00 Socket, chassis, 3 pole Burner key socket Avanta &
14 18-0050-01 Assy, motor/gearbox carousel Burner rotation motor Avanta &
PAL3000 modified
15 18-0065-00 Relay, 250 V DPCO SS205PD Forward/reverse relay for automatic only
adjuster motor
16 18-0129-01 Assy, motor/gearbox DC modified Burner adjuster motor only
17 20-0322-00 Loom, liquid trap interface Includes interlocks connector Avanta &
18 21-0017-00 Lead, glo plug and earth: burner Glo plug fitted with lead Avanta &
ignitor
19 40-0013-00 Window, quartz901/2/3/GF2000 Quartz window Avanta &
20 54-0005-00 Clip, window retaining901/2/3 Window clip Avanta &
21 59-0227-00 Shield, reflector Stainless steel heat reflector shield Avanta &
22 63-0009-01 Knob, plain: HG900 Knob for manual burner adjuster Avanta &
23 68-0011-00 O-ring, BS011 red viton O-ring for ABR burner adjuster gas Avanta &
ports
24 69-0010-00 Loctite, 290 super wick-in 50 mL To lock nuts Avanta &
25 69-0099-00 Grease molybond ultraplex TPG To lubricate leadscrews Avanta &
26 97-1405-00 Assy, ignitor Ignitor block complete with glo-plug Avanta &
27 97-1518-00 Assy, PCB looker DB UV-VIS Burner adjuster position detection only


Instrument?
Consumables/Spare Parts Kit, Includes:
28 95-0013-00 Kit, consumable spares, 906 and all For instruments fitted with ABR only
ABR
29 04-0032-00 Card, burner cleaning (pack 100) Avanta &
30 21-0017-00 Lead, glo plug and earth: burner Glo-plug fitted with wire Avanta &
ignitor
31 40-0013-00 Window, quartz901/2/3/ GF2000 Quartz window Avanta &
32 61-0088-00 Bead, glass for nebulizer Impact bead Avanta &
33 63-0001-00 Knob, burner adjustment 901/2/3 Avanta &
34 65-0085-00 Bung, pressure relief Avanta &
35 66-0015-00 Tube, capry uptake - nebulizer Avanta &
36 66-0019-00 Tubing, PVC clear10mm IDX Drain tube Avanta &
1.5 wall (3/8"IDX1/16")
37 68-0210-00 O-ring, BS210 red viton Pressure relief bung O-ring Avanta &
38 73-0022-00 Tool, bead adjuster Avanta &
39 95-0002-00 Assy, nebulizer cleaner Nebulizer cleaning wire Avanta &
40 95-9902-00 Service kit, O-ring 906/8 s/chamber Spray chamber O-ring kit Avanta &
41 97-0301-00 Assy, deuterium lamp (tested) D2 lamp Avanta &
42 99-0114-00 Nebulizer, tantalum w/o bung, 906 Nebulizer for ABR spray chamber Avanta &
(screw mounted), bung not included
Consumable/Spares Kit, Includes:
43 95-0103-00 Kit, consumable spares 908/9 Instrument with standard spray Avanta &
chamber
44 04-0032-00 Card, burner cleaning (pack 100) Avanta &
45 21-0017-00 Lead, glo plug and earth: burner Glo-plug fitted with wire Avanta &
ignitor
46 40-0013-00 Window, quartz901/2/3/GF2000 Quartz window Avanta &
48 63-0001-00 Knob, burner adjustment 901/2/3 Avanta &
49 65-0085-00 Bung, pressure relief Avanta &
50 66-0015-00 Tube, capry uptakenebulizer Avanta &
51 66-0019-00 Tubing, PVC clear 10mm IDX 1.5wall Drain tube Avanta &
(3/8"IDX1/16")
53 73-0022-00 Tool, bead adjuster Avanta &
55 95-9903-00 Service kit, O-ring 904/5 s/chamber Spray chamber O-ring kit Avanta &
56 97-0301-00 Assy, deuterium lamp (tested) D2 lamp Avanta &
57 99-0137-02 Nebulizer, titanium 904/5 Nebulizer for standard spray Avanta &
chamber, bung not included gas box,
interlocked
6-2
Chapter 6Spare Parts and Tools

Instrument?
Gas Box, Interlocked
58 97-1904-00 Assy, manual gas boxAA Interlocked gas box Avanta &
59 14-0020-00 Switch, micro SP momentary lever Air/N2O selector microswitch Avanta &
60 15-0385-00 Bezel LED red For interlock LEDs Avanta &
61 18-0016-00 Solenoid, 24/24 V DC/C I.T.C. N2O enable solenoid Avanta &
62 18-0059-00 Relay cradle DP ST 27 V Ignition relay Avanta &
63 24-0014-02 Assy, transformer DW637 modified Glo plug transformer Avanta &
64 61-0001-00 Ball stainless steel 1/4" dia Flow gauge ball Avanta &
65 63-0009-00 Knob, plain Fuel and auxiliary knob Avanta &
66 63-0010-00 Knob, pointer Air/N2O selection knob Avanta &
67 66-0039-00 Tube, glass flow control Flowmeter tube Avanta &
68 67-0011-01 Valve, metering brass Metering valve for fuel and auxiliary Avanta &
control
69 67-0011-02 Valve, ball B.42.XS4 whitey Air/N2O selecting valve Avanta &
70 67-0011-04 Solenoid 240 V, 2 W 121.M13 brass Ignitor solenoid valve Avanta &
71 67-0016-00 Regulator, RO7-100-NNKG Air regulator Avanta &
72 68-0011-02 O-ring, BS011 nitrile O-ring for flow gauge Avanta &
73 97-1096-00 Assy, PCB manual gas box indicator Interlocks PCB Avanta &
i/lock
74 97-1107-00 Assy, PCB LED PCB holding interlock LEDs Avanta &
Gas Box, Programmable
75 97-1905-00 Assy, auto gas control unit AA Complete programmable gas box Avanta &
76 13-0073-00 Cap, electro 150,000 UF 40 V Power supply back-up capacitor Avanta &
77 14-0020-00 Switch, micro SP momentary lever Metering valve referencing Avanta &
microswitch
78 14-0032-02 Switch, pressure 015 adj #76057-15 Pressure switch Avanta &
79 14-0058-01 Switch, pressure #76058-40 Pressure switch Avanta &
80 18-0025-00 Relay RT11 12 V DC Glo plug relay Avanta &
81 18-0042-01 Motor, stepper 12 V UHD 23 and Stepper motor for metering valve Avanta &
plug
82 23-0001-00 Transducer, pressure SX01DN For oxidant flow measuring Avanta &
83 24-0014-01 Assy, transformer Glo-plug transformer Avanta &
84 31-0018-01 Eprom, 906 gas box Avanta &
85 66-0020-00 Tubing, 1/4" OD Dekabon 1300 Black iron tubing for gas box internal Avanta &
plumbing
86 66-0033-00 Tubing, PVC clear 1/8" ID x 1/16" Connecting pressure transducer Avanta &
wall
87 67-0011-01 Valve, metering brass Metering valve for fuel and auxiliary Avanta &
control


Instrument?
88 67-0011-05 Valve, check 1 PSI, B.4C.1 (brass) Check valve Avanta &
89 67-0016-00 Regulator, RO7-100-NNKG Oxidant regulator Avanta &
90 67-0038-00 Valve, solenoid 12 V angar AM-096 Gas solenoid valves Avanta &
91 67-0082-01 Regulator, acet. cig modified Fuel regulator Avanta &
92 68-0014-02 O-ring, BS014 nitrile Gas manifold O-ring for filters and Avanta &
fittings
93 76-0006-00 Filter, in line B.4F.7 (Swagelok) Gas inlet filter Avanta &
94 97-0325-00 Assy, PCB CPU module 906 CPU PCB (Eprom not included) Avanta &
95 97-0328-00 Assy, PCB GCU 906 Gas box analog PCB Avanta &
Liquid Trap
96 23-0004-00 Hall effect switch S41-847 For float detection Avanta &
97 59-0067-00 Shield, liquid trap 906 Avanta &
98 65-0083-00 Tail, 1/2"UNF barbed Drain tail Avanta &
99 65-0101-00 Plug liquid trap Top plug (sealed) Avanta &
100 65-0102-00 Plug, liquid trap drain Bottom drain plug Avanta &
101 65-0102-01 Plug, liquid trap top Top plug (vented) Avanta &
102 65-0287-00 Plug, float chamber Bottom plug for float chamber cavity Avanta &
103 68-0114-00 O-ring, BS114 red viton O-ring for bottom plug Avanta &
104 69-0051-00 Silicone, sealant clear 300 mL To seal cover plates Avanta &
105 97-1412-00 Phantom: Assy, float s liquid trap Float Avanta &
Nebulizer, ABR spray chamber
106 99-0114-00 Nebulizer, tantalum w/o bung, 906 Nebulizer for ABR spray chamber only
(screw mounted), bung not included
106a 99-1468-00 Nebulizer, screw mounted Complete with bung, O-rings, impact only
bead and lock screw
107 52-0179-00 Screw, clamp only
108 52-0181-00 Screw, M4 x 6 grub SKT St.Stl dog only
Pt
109 52-0182-00 Screw, M3 x 6 grub SKT St.Stl flat Pt only
110 52-0195-00 Insert, helicoil threaded M3 x only
(2 x dia.)
111 52-0208-00 Insert, helicoil Thd. M4 x 6 St.Stl. only
112 54-0061-00 Clamp nebulizer only
113 60-0098-00 Pin, clamp support 906 only
114 61-0088-00 Bead, glass for nebulizer Impact bead only
115 65-0008-00 Sleeve, PTFE threaded nebulizer only
116 65-0025-39 Nut Swagelock 1/4" tube s/s only
117 65-0025-40 Ferrule, front Swagelock s/s only
6-4

Instrument?
118 65-0025-41 Ferrule, back Swagelock s/s only
119 65-0075-00 Bung, nebulizer 906 only
120 66-0015-00 Tube, capry uptake nebulizer Sample up-take capillary only
121 68-0010-03 O-ring, BS010 PTFE Nebulizer internal front O-ring only
122 68-0016-00 O-ring, BS016 red viton Nebulizer internal back O-ring only
123 68-0216-00 O-ring, AS216 red viton Nebulizer bung front O-ring only
124 68-0222-09 O-ring, AS222 black viton Nebulizer bung back O-ring only
125 97-1894-00 Assy, nebulizer bung, 906 Screw-mount nebulizer bung only
assembly
126 99-0203-00 Thimble/capillary pt/ir 906/8 Thimble and platinium/irridium only
nebulizer capillary assembly
Nebulizer, Standard
127 99-0137-01 Nebulizer tantalum 904/5 Nebulizer for standard spray Avanta &
chamber, titanium venturi. Bung not
supplied.
127a 99-1469-00 Nebulizer, push on, Tantalum venturi Nebulizer for standard spray Avanta &
chamber, titanium venturi. Bung
supplied.
128 99-0137-02 Nebulizer, titanium 904/5 Nebulizer for standard spray Avanta &
chamber, tantalum venturi. Bung not
supplied.
128a 99-1470-00 Nebulizer, push-on, Titanium venturi Nebulizer for standard spray Avanta &
chamber, tantalum venturi. Bung
supplied.
129 65-0008-00 Sleeve, PTFE threaded nebulizer Avanta &
130 65-0100-00 Bung, low memory Push-in type nebulizer bung Avanta &
131 66-0015-00 Tube, capry uptake nebulizer Sample up-take capillary Avanta &
132 68-0010-03 O-ring, BS010 PTFE Avanta &
133 68-0218-00 O-ring, BS218, red viton Nebulizer bung O-ring Avanta &
134 97-0165-00 Assy, thimble/capillary Pt/Ir, nebulizer Thimble and Pti/Ir capillary assembly Avanta &
Optics, External
135 18-0038-01 Motor/gearbox, stepper (modified): Peaking mirror stepper motor Avanta &
906
136 18-0041-01 Motor, stepper wavelength 906 assy Wavelength stepper motor Avanta &
137 18-0047-01 Assy, motor gearbox turret 906 Turret stepper motor Avanta &
138 58-0062-00 Cover, top front optical chassis: External optics plastic cover Avanta &
906
139 97-0288-01 Phantom: assy, toric mirror: 906 Peaking mirror (motor not included) Avanta &
140 97-0296-00 Assy, mirror No.2: 906 Avanta &
141 97-0297-00 Assy, toric mirror No. 3 Avanta &
142 97-0298-00 Assy, mirror No. 4, No. 5, No. 8 (906) Avanta &
143 97-0305-00 Assy, toric mirror No. 7: 906 Avanta &


instrument?
144 97-0306-00 Assy, beam splitter No. 1: 906 Avanta &
145 97-0372-00 Assy, beam splitter No. 2: 906 Avanta &
146 97-0522-00 Assy, fork drive 906 Fork driving micrometer assembly Avanta &
147 97-1471-00 Assy, PCB looker Chopper looker Avanta &
Optics, Lamps
148 97-0286-01 Phantom: assy, lamp socket (gold) Lamp socket (gold contacts) Avanta &
149 97-0301-00 Assy, deuterium lamp D2 lamp Avanta &
150 97-0509-00 Assy, attenuator D2 lamp D2 lamp attenuator Avanta &
Optics, Monochromator
151 14-0098-00 Switch, micro momentary V42T7-GP Slits microswitch Avanta &
without lever
152 18-0058-01 Motor, slit peaking 906 (modified) Slits stepper motor/gearbox Avanta &
assy
153 18-0114-01 Relay, blocking 215 24 V DC: Slit height solenoid Avanta &
modified
154 40-0001-01 Mirror, 76.2 mm dia. 666 mm R.O.C.: Monochromator spheric mirror Avanta &
901/2/3/6
155 41-0001-00 PMT, Hamamatsu R446 Photomultiplier tube Avanta &
156 58-0061-00 Cover, top rear optical chassis: 906 Monochromator plastic cover Avanta &
157 59-0060-00 Shroud, PM lamp: 906 Photomultiplier tube rubber housing Avanta &
158 77-0005-01 Coupling, universal single (modified) Coupling wavelength motor to fork Avanta &
assembly
159 97-0055-01 Assy, grating 906 MKII Grating Avanta &
160 97-0261-00 Assy, slit mask: 906 mono Complete slit plate assembly Avanta &
161 97-0311-00 Phantom: assy, solenoid/slit mask Slit heght mask assembly Avanta &
906
O-ring Kit, Includes:
162 95-9902-00 Service kit, O-ring 906/8 s/chamber O-ring kit for ABR spray chamber, only
aqueous samples
163 68-0011-02 O-ring, BS011 nitrile Burner adjuster gas ports only
164 68-0114-00 O-ring, BS114 viton Liquid trap bottom, Avanta and late only
906
165 68-0115-00 O-ring, BS115 red viton Liquid trap top, early 906 only
166 68-0210-00 O-ring, BS210 red viton Pressure relief bung only
167 68-0215-00 O-ring, AS215 red viton EL5015 Burner, early 906 only only
168 68-0216-00 O-ring, AS216 red viton Nebulizer bung front only
169 68-0222-09 O-ring, AS222 black viton Nebulizer bung back only
170 68-1011-00 Gasket, spray chamber Surface gasket, spray chamber side only
171 68-1012-00 Gasket, liquid trap Surface gasket, liquid trap side only
172 68-1050-00 Seal, 1.438" x 1.125" x 0.156" viton Burner lip seal only
U-pack
6-6

Instrument?
173 95-9902-01 Service kit, O-ring organic 906/8 O-ring kit for satndard spray Avanta &
s/chamber chamber, organic samples
174 68-0011-02 O-ring, BS011 nitrile Burner adjuster gas ports Avanta &
175 68-0114-00 O-ring, BS114 viton Liquid trap bottom, Avanta and late Avanta &
906
176 68-0115-01 O-ring, BS115 EPDM Liquid trap top, early 906 Avanta &
177 68-0210-01 O-ring, BS210 EPDM Pressure relief bung Avanta &
178 68-0215-01 O-ring, AS215 EPDM Burner, early 906 only Avanta &
179 68-0216-01 O-ring, AS216 EPDM Nebulizer bung front Avanta &
180 68-0222-09 O-ring, AS222 black viton Nebulizer back Avanta &
181 68-1011-01 Gasket, spray chamber, PTFE Surface gasket, spray chamber side, Avanta &
PTFE
182 68-1012-01 Gasket, liquid trap, PTFE Surface gasket, liquid trap side, Avanta &
PTFE
183 68-1050-00 Seal, 1.438" x 1.125" x 0.156" viton Burner lip seal, Avanta and late 906 Avanta &
u-pack
184 95-9903-00 Service kit, O-ring 904/5 s/chamber For standard spray chamber and Avanta &
aqueous samples
906
186 68-0115-00 O-ring, BS115 red viton Liquid trap top, early 906 Avanta &
187 68-0210-00 O-ring, BS210 red viton Pressure relief bung Avanta &
188 68-0215-00 O-ring, AS215 red viton EL5015 Burner Avanta &
189 68-0218-00 O-ring, BS218 red viton Nebulizer bung Avanta &
190 68-1011-00 Gasket, spray chamber Surface gasket, spray chamber side Avanta &
191 68-1012-00 Gasket, liquid trap Surface gasket, liquid trap side Avanta &
192 95-9903-01 Service kit, O-ring organic 904/5 For standard spray chamber and Avanta &
s/chamber organic samples
906
194 68-0115-01 O-ring, BS115 EPDM Liquid trap top, early 906 Avanta &
195 68-0210-01 O-ring, BS210 EPDM Pressure relief bung Avanta &
196 68-0215-01 O-ring, AS215 EPDM Burner Avanta &
197 68-0218-01 O-ring, BS218 EPDM Nebulizer bung Avanta &
198 68-1011-01 Gasket, spray chamber, PTFE Surface gasket, spray chamber side, Avanta &
PTFE
199 68-1012-01 Gasket, liquid trap, PTFE Surface gasket, liquid trap side, Avanta &
PTFE


Instrument?
Packing List Items
200 01-0019-00 Manual, methods flame Avanta &
201 01-0069-00 Poster, Periodic Table of the Avanta &
Elements
202 01-0810-00 Manual, Operation Avanta Avanta &
or
01-0811-00 Manual, Operation Avanta
203 04-0031-00 Card, burner cleaner Avanta &
204 17-0317-00 Connector, adaptor DB9 plug to Avanta &
DB25 socket
205 21-0001-00 Lead, mains Australia Avanta &
206 21-0001-01 Lead, mains USA Avanta &
207 21-0001-02 Lead, mains Europe Avanta &
208 21-0052-00 Cable, serial instrument to 9 pin Avanta &
computer
209 25-0004-00 Glo-plug, Taipan hot red Supplied without wire Avanta &
210 31-0208-00 Disk, Avanta installation 3 1/2" Software disk only Avanta &
211 58-0081-00 Cover, dust 906/8 Avanta &
213 66-0015-00 Tube, capry uptake nebulizer Avanta &
214 66-0017-00 Tube, drain (PVC) Avanta &
215 73-0001-06 Key, hex 1.5 mm A/F Allen key Avanta &
216 73-0001-07 Key, hex 2 mm A/F Allen key Avanta &
217 73-0002-00 Driver, hex-ball 5/32" AF (with Balldriver for ABR spray chamber Avanta &
handle) removal
218 73-0022-00 Tool, bead adjuster Impact bead adjusting tool, ABR Avanta &
nebulizer
220 97-0117-00 Assy, gas line black (Australia) Air line, regulator fitting included Avanta &
221 97-0117-01 Assy, gas line, red (Australia) Acetylene line, regulator fitting Avanta &
included
222 97-0117-02 Assy, gas line, blue (Australia) N2O line, regulator fitting included Avanta &
223 97-0117-03 Assy, gas line black (Other Air line, regulator fitting not included Avanta &
countries)
224 97-0117-04 Assy, gas line, red (Other Acetylene line, regulator fitting not Avanta &
countries) included
225 97-0117-05 Assy, gas line, blue (Other N2O line, regulator fitting not Avanta &
countries) included
226 97-0523-00 Assy, AA window Glass flame shield Avanta &
227 97-1401-00 Assy, burner rotation lever To rotate burner on standard spray Avanta &
chamber
6-8

Instrument?
PCB
228 97-0325-00 Assy, PCB CPU module 906 CPU PCB, Eprom not included Avanta &
229 97-0328-00 Assy, PCB GCU 906 Gas box analog PCB Avanta &
230 97-1989-00 Assy, PCB analog 906 Analog PCB Avanta &
231 97-1096-00 Assy, PCB manual gas box indicator PCB for interlocked gas box Avanta &
i/lock looker PCB for interlocks
232 97-1107-00 Assy, PCB LED PCB holding interlock LEDs Avanta &
233 97-1470-00 Assy, PCB flame sensor Avanta &
234 97-1471-00 Assy, PCB looker Optical looker PCB Avanta &
235 97-1518-00 Assy, PCB looker DB UV-VIS Burner adjuster position detection Avanta &
236 97-1982-00 Assy, PCB 1 lamp superlamp c/w Avanta &
heatsink
heatsink
239 97-1077-00 Assy, PCB DC chopper motor driver Avanta &
Plumbing
240 65-0019-00 Nut, RH thread gas line Air regulator connecting nut Avanta &
241 65-0020-00 Nut, LH thread gas line Acetylene regulator connecting nut Avanta &
242 65-0021-01 Tail, air/acet gas line (modified) Air or acetylene tail Avanta &
243 65-0022-00 Tail, N2O - hose to gauge fitting N2O tail Avanta &
244 65-0023-00 Nut, N2O - hose to gauge fitting N2O regulator connecting nut Avanta &
245 65-0025-04 Union, 1/4" tube brass Swage union Avanta &
246 65-0025-24 Nut, Swagelock 1/4" tube brass Swage nut Avanta &
247 65-0025-25 Ferrule, front Swagelock 1/4" tube Swage ferrule, brass Avanta &
brass
248 65-0025-26 Ferrule, back Swagelock tube brass Swage ferrule, brass Avanta &
249 66-0021-00 Tubing, nylon 1/4" OD red 1 m length Avanta &
250 66-0022-00 Tubing, nylon 1/4" OD blue 1 m length Avanta &
251 66-0023-00 Tubing, nylon 1/4" OD black 1 m length Avanta &
Power Supply
252 97-1907-00 Assy, power supply Complete power supply assembly Avanta &
253 11-0068-00 Rectifier, bridge 25 A 240 V: MDA Avanta &
2504
254 11-0076-00 Varistor, 7 m/8 m 250 VB Avanta &
255 12-0207-00 Resistor, NTC 15 R 2.2 A Avanta &
256 13-0069-00 Cap, electro 40,000 UF 40 V includes Avanta &
fittings
257 14-0291-00 Button, push illuminates flush head Power switch button Avanta &
green rafix


Instrument?
258 14-0292-00 Switch, unit illuminating non-latching Ignition switch body Avanta &
SPST rafix
259 14-0293-00 Switch, unit illuminating latching Power switch body Avanta &
DPST rafix
260 14-0294-00 Button, push illuminating flush head Ignition switch button Avanta &
yellow rafix
261 15-0061-00 Terminal, block 12 way klippon Avanta &
262 17-0139-00 Module, power entry incl. filter Avanta &
263 18-0085-01 Fan, modified Cabinet fan Avanta &
264 24-0046-00 Transformer DX 807 Main power supply transformer Avanta &
265 28-0017-00 Lamp, 24 V/1.2 WG wedge Power switch lamp Avanta &
Spray Chamber, ABR
266 99-0332-00 Spray chamber, ABR Avanta Nebulizer included only
267 14-0050-00 Switch, micro momentary lever Interlock microswitch (suits all 3 only
positions)
268 19-0241-00 Cable, teflon 7/32 AWG silver coated 1 m length only
grey
269 20-0119-00 Loom, spray chamber Interlocks Needs to be soldered only
cable with plug wired
270 23-0004-00 Hall effect switch S41-847 For burner angle zero detection, only
liquid trap float detection
271 59-0070-00 Shield, spray chamber Stainless steel shield only
272 65-0085-00 Bung, pressure relief O-ring not mounted only
273 68-0210-00 O-ring, BS210 red viton Pressure relief bung O-ring only
274 68-1011-00 Gasket, spray chamber only
275 68-1012-00 Gasket, liquid trap only
276 68-1050-00 Seal, 1.438" x 1.125" x 0.156" viton Burner lip seal only
u-pack
Spray Chamber, Standard
277 99-0333-00 Spray chamber, standard, Avanta Nebulizer included Avanta &
278 20-0119-00 Loom, spray chamber Interlocks cable with plug wired. Avanta &
Needs to be soldered
279 20-0281-00 Loom, liquid trap 904 (s) Includes connector, microswitches Avanta &
and liquid trap hall effect switch
280 56-0248-00 Retainer, bung Nebulizer bung retaining plate Avanta &
281 56-0790-00 Bracket, liquid trap support Avanta &
282 62-0144-00 Spacer, retainer bung Avanta &
283 63-0056-00 Knob, retainer bung Avanta &
284 65-0025-07 Elbow, union 1/4" tube (s/steel) Spray chamber acetylene inlet Avanta &
6-10

Instrument?
285 65-0099-00 Bung pressure relief Avanta &
287 68-0218-00 O-ring, BS218 red viton Nebulizer bung O-ring Avanta &
288 68-1011-00 Gasket, spray chamber Avanta &
289 68-1012-00 Gasket, liquid trap Avanta &
290 81-0303-00 Plate, burner retainer Polypropylene ring retaining burner Avanta &
SuperLamp Power Supply
heatsink
heatsink
293 11-0068-00 Rectifier, bridge 25 A 240 V: MDA Avanta &
2504
294 18-0125-01 Fan, radial blower modified Avanta &
295 24-0227-00 Transformer, 6.6 V SuperLamp One lamp power supply transformer Avanta &
SD1231
296 24-0228-00 Transformer, 6.6 V 4 lamp Four lamp power supply transformer Avanta &
superlamp DX886A
Tools
297 Allen key set, 1.5 mm to 5 mm, ball Avanta &
end
298 Balldriver set, 1.5 mm to 5 mm with Front panel screws Avanta &
extension bar
299 Spanner, open ended, 9/16" Swagelock fittings Avanta &
300 Spanner, open ended, 8 mm Optical alignment, burner adjuster Avanta &
301 Adjustable spanner, 150 mm Various. Two required for the burner Avanta &
adjuster.
302 Ring spanner Burner adjuster travel adjustment Avanta &
303 Pressure gauge, 400 kpa Gas box Avanta &
304 95-0505-00 Back illuminating jig Optical alignment Avanta &
Calibration Kit, Includes:
305 95-0355-00 Calibration kit For performance test Avanta &
306 41-0114-00 Hollow cathode lamp, Cu Avanta &
307 41-0141-00 Hollow cathode lamp, K Avanta &
308 95-0354-00 Calibrated gauze screen Avanta &
309 01-0793-00 Instruction leaflet Avanta &
310 01-0798-00 Certificate Avanta &

Recommendations for Stocks of Spare Parts
NUMBER OF INSTRUMENTS IN FIELD 15 620 21100 > 100

Part No. Description
11-0068-00 Rectifier, bridge 25 A 240 V: MDA 2504 1 1
12-0207-00 Resistor, NTC 15 R 2.2 A 1 1
13-0069-00 Cap, electro 40,000 UF 40 V incl fittings 1
14-0020-00 Switch, micro SP momentary lever 1 2
14-0032-00 Switch, pressure 015 ADJ #76057-15 1 1
14-0058-00 Switch, pressure #76058-40 1 1
14-0098-00 Switch, micro momentary V42T7-GP without lever 1 1
14-0291-00 Button, push illum flush head green rafix 1 1
14-0292-00 Switch, unit illum non-latching SPST rafix 1 1
14-0293-00 Switch, unit illum latching DPST rafix 1 1
14-0294-00 Button, push illum flush head yellow rafix 1 1
17-0138-00 Socket, chassis, 3 pole 1 1 1
17-0139-00 Module, power entry incl. filter 1
18-0038-01 Motor/gearbox, stepper (modified) 1
18-0041-01 Motor, stepper wavelength Avanta assy 1
18-0042-01 Motor, stepper 12 V UHD 23 and plug 1
18-0047-01 Assy, motor gearbox turretAvanta 1
18-0058-01 Motor, slit peaking Avanta (modified) assy 1
18-0059-00 Relay cradle DP ST 27 V 1 1
18-0085-01 Fan, modified 1 1 1
18-0125-01 Fan, radial blower modified 1 1
18-0129-01 Assy, motor/gearbox DC modified 1 1
21-0017-00 Lead, glo plug and earth: burner ignitor 1 1 2 3
23-0001-00 Transducer, pressure SX01DN 1 1
25-0004-00 Glo-plug, taipan hot red 1 1 2 3
28-0017-00 Lamp, 24 V/1.2 W G wedge 1 1 2 2
31-0018-01 Eprom, Avanta gas box 1 1
40-0013-00 Window,quartzGF2000 2 2 4 4
54-0005-00 Clip, window retaining 2 2 4 4
58-0062-00 Cover, top frontoptical chassis: Avanta 1
61-0088-00 Bead, glass for nebulizer 1 2 3 4
63-0009-00 Knob, plain 1 2
63-0010-00 Knob, pointer 1 2
65-0102-00 Plug, liquid trap drain 1 1
65-0102-01 Plug, liquid trap top 1 1
65-0287-00 Plug, float chamber 1 1
66-0015-00 Tube, capry uptakenebulizer 1 2 3 4
6-12

Part No. Description 2 2
66-0019-00 Tubing, PVC clear10 mm IDX 1.5 wall (3/8"IDX1/16") 1 2
66-0039-00 Tube, glass flow control 1 1
67-0011-01 Valve, metering brass 1
67-0011-02 Valve, ball B.42.XS4 whitey 1 1 1
67-0011-04 Solenoid 240 V, 2 W 121.M13 brass 1 1
67-0016-00 Regulator, RO7-100-NNKG 1 2 3
67-0038-00 Valve, solenoid 12 V angar AM-096 2 2 4 4
68-0011-00 O-ring, BS011 red viton 4 4 4 4
68-0011-02 O-ring, BS011 nitrile 1 1
68-0215-00 O-ring, AS215 red viton EL5015 1 1 2 4
68-0215-01 O-ring, AS215 black EDPM 1 2
73-0022-00 Tool, bead adjuster 1 1 2 2
95-0002-00 Assy, nebulizer cleaner 1 1 1 1
95-0013-00 Kit, consumable spares Avanta and all ABR 1 1 1 1
95-0103-00 Kit, consumable spares Avanta 1 1 2 2
95-9902-00 Service kit, O-ring s/chamber 1 1 2 2
95-9902-00 Service kit, O-ring s/chamber 1 1 2 2
95-9902-01 Service kit, O-ring organic s/chamber 1 1 2 2
97-0055-01 Assy, grating Avanta MKII 1
97-0165-00 Assy, thimble/capillary pt/ir, nebulizer 1
97-0261-00 Assy, slit mask: Avanta mono
97-0286-01 Phantom: assy, lamp socket (gold) 1 1
97-0288-01 Phantom: assy, toric mirror: Avanta 1
97-0296-00 Assy, mirror no.2: Avanta 1
97-0297-00 Assy, toric mirror no 3 1
97-0298-00 Assy, mirror no.4, no.5, no.8: Avanta 1
97-0301-00 Assy, deuterium lamp (tested) 1 1 2 2
97-0301-00 Assy, deuterium lamp 1 1 2 3
97-0305-00 Assy, toric mirror no. 7: Avanta 1
97-0306-00 Assy, beamsplitter no. 1 Avanta 1
97-0325-00 Assy, PCB CPU module Avanta 1 1 1
97-0328-00 Assy, PCB GCU Avanta 1 1
97-0346-00 Assy, plug burner interlock (large) 1 1 1
97-0347-00 Assy, plug burner interlock (small) 1 1 1
97-0372-00 Assy, beamsplitter no. 2: Avanta 1
97-0509-00 Assy, attenuator D2 lamp 1


Part No. Description
97-0522-00 Assy, fork drive Avanta 1
97-0533-00 Assy, gear 1 1
97-1077-00 Assy, PCB DC chopper motor driver 1 1
97-1405-00 Assy, ignitor 1 1 2
97-1412-00 Phantom: assy, float s liquid trap 1
97-1470-00 Assy, PCB flame sensor 1
97-1471-00 Assy, PCB looker 1
97-1471-00 Assy, PCB looker 1 1
97-1518-00 Assy, PCB looker DB UV-VIS 1 1 1
97-1518-00 Assy, PCB looker DB UV-VIS 1 1
97-1904-00 Assy, manual gas box AA 1
97-1905-00 Assy, auto gas control unit AA 1
97-1907-00 Assy, power supply 1
97-1982-00 Assy, PCB 1 lamp superlamp c/w heatsink 1
97-1982-00 Assy, PCB 1 lamp superlamp c/w heatsink
97-1983-00 Assy, PCB 4 lamp superlamp c/w heatsink 1
97-1989-00 Assy, PCB analog Avanta 1 2
99-0332-00 Spray chamber, auto burner rotation, Avanta 1 1
99-0333-00 Spray chamber, standard, Avanta 1 1
99-0075-00 Burner, nitrous oxide acetylene 1 1 2
99-0115-00 Assy, final burner air acet Avanta 1 1 2
99-0203-00 Thimble/capillary PT/IR nebulizer 1
99-0273-01 Burner, air-acet Avanta servo MK II 1 1 2
99-0273-00 Burner, N2O-acet Avanta servo MK II 1 1 1
99-1468-00 Nebulizer screw mounted type, complete 1 1 1 1
99-1469-00 Nebulizer, push-on type tantalum venturi 1
99-1470-00 Nebulizer, push-on type titanium venturi 1 1 1 1
6-14
Electronics and Wiring
Access
Main electronic 1. Remove the instrument top cover.

module
3. Remove the three screws securing the panel to the back panel.
4. Loosen the three screws securing the panel to the left front panel.
5. Slide the side panel off towards the left.
7. Remove the two screws securing the analog PCB heat-sink to the
instrument chassis.
If the analog and main CPU PCB need to be removed, disconnect all the
connectors from them and remove them now. If they can be worked on
without being removed on proceed as follows.
8. Cut the cable ties securing the wiring to the metal plate near the turret
(referred to as the turret shield).
9. Slide off the turret shield assembly.
NOTE As you do this, take care not to stretch the wiring. Also, take note of the
silicone
rubber pad position between the analog board heat-sink and the chassis.
This needs to be inserted in the same position on re-assembly.
10. Slide the analog PCB/CPU PCB system off the instrument towards the
left. The PCBs may be secured in this position using one of the turret
shield securing screws in one of the instrument chassis inserts.
Superlamp power The superlamp power supply assembly consists of a PCB fitted with a large
supply heat-sink and a centrifugal type cooling fan.
If you need to work on the superlamp power supply it can be accessed by
placing the analog PCB/CPU PCB system in the service position as
described above.
To remove the Superlamp power supply PCB:
1. Remove the instrument top cover.
3. Disconnect the wires from the superlamp power supply PCB.
4. Disconnect the fan.
5. Remove the two screws securing the heat-sink to the back panel.
6. Lift the superlamp power supply assembly vertically off the instrument.

Chapter 7Electronics and Wiring
Main power supply The main power supply can only be accessed by removing the back panel.
1. Remove the two screws securing the superlamp power supply to the back
panel.
2. Remove the two black screws located on either sides of the power entry
module.
3. Remove the six screws securing the back panel to the side panels (three
on each side).
4. Remove the back panel.
Chopper driver PCB To remove the Chopper Driver PCB:

1. Remove the left front panel.
2. The chopper driver PCB is located in the cavity under the optics on the
left side of the burner shield. It is mounted on the left wall of that cavity.
3. Disconnect the connectors on the PCB.
4. Remove the four nuts securing the nylon pegs to the wall.
5. Remove the PCB.
7-2
CPU PCB
Configuration
Main CPU Module (Photometric system)
The CPU PCB uses a single EPROM as its main CPU and can be configured
for any instrument in the Avanta range by using the appropriate DIP
switches setting.
EPROM: Part No
GAL: Part No 31-0021-00
DIP switches settings
Switch OFF ON
1 Single beam Double beam
2 Manual turret or no turret motorized turret
3 No turret, or 4 lamp motorized turret 4 lamp manual turret or 8 lamp motorized turret
4
5 Normal operation Self test
6 Manual burner adjuster motorized burner adjuster
7 No in-built superlamp In-built superlamp
8 One lamp superlamp Four lamp superlamp
Switch 4 is not active.

Switch 8 is not active if switch 7 is OFF.
Links
LK1 LK2 LK3 LK4 LK5 LK6 LK7

BC BC BC BC Closed Open Open
Gas box CPU module

EPROM: Part No 31-0018-01
GAL: Part No 31-0021-00
DIP switches
SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4 SW5 SW6 SW7 SW8

OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF ON ON OFF
Links
LK1 LK2 LK3 LK4 LK5 LK6 LK7

BC AB AB BC Closed Open Open

7-4
MAIN PCB
SHEET 1 OF 3
PROCESSOR, MEMORY AND SERIAL PORTS
Processor: Serial ports:

8 bits 64180 type, IC2. IC 2 has two in-built serial ports in TTL logic:
Port 0 (pins 45-46) is directly connected to connector 1J1 (not used).
Interrupts: Port 1 (pins 48-49) is made RS232C compatible on the input side by R1-R4
The 64180 has 3 interrupt lines INT0, INT1 and INT2 at pins 9, 10 and 11. and inverter IC1:D, and on the output side by R5-R8 and transistors V1-V2.
The only one used is INT0 in the main module CPU. Refer to the timing It is connected to connector 1J2 and provides communication with the
circuit description (Analog board, Sheet 2) for details. computer both in the main electronic module and in the programmable gas
box module.
Memory:
Provision for 32 kb of RAM (IC5) and 64 kb of ROM (IC6).
Links Positions: TEST NOTES

Refer to the notes on the circuit diagram. Check on microprocessor IC2:
6.144 MHz clock pins 2-3
Location LK1 LK2 LK3 LK4 INT0 signal pin 9
Main CPU BC BC AB BC Address and data lines pulsing
Gas module BC AB AB BC RD, WR, IOE lines pulsing
Memory and input/output chip select:

Programmable decoder GAL 16 V (IC4).

7-6
MAIN PCB
SHEET 2 OF 3
DIP SWITCHES, PARALLEL PORTS, STEPPER AND SOLENOID
DRIVERS
DIP switches settings:

Port C of IC7 is connected to an 8-ways DIP switch. These switches have to
be set differently depending upon where the CPU is being used.
Location Switches ON
Gas module 6, 7
All other switches are OFF.
Parallel Ports:
Ports A and B of IC7 are connected to 1J6 and 1J7 connectors.
Steppers and solenoid drivers:

An 8255 (IC8) drives directly 6 stepper motor drivers (IC9-14) that may also
be used as buffers to drive solenoids. Pins 5 and 6 of connectors 1J8 to 1J13
may be connected to +12 V regulated or +24 V unregulated depending on the
state of transistors V3-V8.
Refer to the interconnect diagrams at the end of this manual for the connectors
functions.

7-8
MAIN PCB
SHEET 3 OF 3
POWER SUPPLIES
+30 V unregulated from main power supply module is switched down to TEST NOTES:
+12 V by a TIP42 transistor (V9) driven by the switch mode supply driver +29 V is non regulated at C5. It is labelled as +24 V on the circuit
LM3524 (IC15) via V10. Fast recovery diode D17 is a flywheel diode.
diagram. In the main CPU 29 V comes from the main power supply
+12 V is used to drive steppers and solenoids and the RS232C
module via 1J14. F1 is a 3A slow blow fuse. In the gas control unit 29V
communication.
comes from analog board via 40 way EXP. connector pins 1 and 2. Gas
D15, 16 and C11 and C12 generate -12V regulated by REG2 also for the module back-up capacitors are connected to 1J14. F1 is a link of
RS232C communication. negligible impedance (25 A fuse).
REG 1 regulates +12 V down to 5 V for logic operation on the CPU and the
+13 V at R29. Labelled as +12 V on circuit diagram.
Analog board.
-12 V at C13.
RESET line: +5 V at an output of REG1.
This line goes momentarily high shortly after the +5 V power supply
establishes. It resets the microprocessor and all the 8255 interfaces present A mains frequency ripple on the R29 side of inductor L1 indicates that the
in the system. Two 8255s are on the CPU board (refer to Sheet 2). RESET D17 is an open circuit. Replace it.
also goes to connector 1J4 pin 34 (refer to Sheet 1) to reset the 8255s
external to the CPU.

7-10

7-12

Analog PCB
7-14
Sheet 1 of 7
Pre-amplifier and Analog to Digital Conversion
Pre-amplifier
The PM Tube signal is applied to RCA Socket (COAX1). It is amplified by
IC1:A and IC1:B. The pre-amplifier output signal may be observed at TP2.
Emission Clamp
Analog switch IC2:A and IC1:C with R7 and C4 sample and hold TP2 signal
when EMISSCLAMP line is high (see timing chart).
In Absorbance mode EMISSCOMP line is high. IC2:B feeds signal back to
input which removes any offset due to flame or furnace emission. In Emission
mode EMISSCOMP goes low which opens IC2:B. This disables Emission
Clamp and makes pre-amplifier sensitive to DC.
Analog to Digital Conversion

Analog to digital conversion is performed by means of a sigma-delta type
converter with DC feedback or a pulse density modulator.
TP2 signal is applied via R9. to IC1:D integrator input.
The DC stabilizing signal is fed back via R12.
IC3:A, IC3:B and IC4:A form the sigma-delta section with R14 and C6.
Voltage at IC1:D pin 14 alters charge/discharge time ratio of C6 hence output
pulse duration at IC4:A pin 6 (short pulse for high input and vice versa).
This pulse gates VCO, a 6 MHz clock from timing circuit (see Sheet 2) into
the three clock inputs of counter IC5. Signal at TP3 has a variable pulse
density: high density for high %T and vice versa.
Timing circuit (Sheet 2) generates 3 demodulation signals (D2DEMOD,
HCDEMOD and ZERODEMOD) for D2, hollow cathode and dark current
respectively. These de-modulation signals gate TP3 pulses into the three
counters of IC5.

Analog PCB
7-16
Sheet 2 of 7
Timing Circuit
Position of link LK2 determines origin of synchronising signal: HCMOD: Hollow cathode lamp modulation (Sheet 5).
As all instruments in the Avanta range have a chopper, it is set as shown on D2MOD: D2 lamp modulation (Sheet 4).
the diagram.
EMISSCLAMP: Activates flame emission clamp (Sheet 1).
TP5 signal is SIG input to phase lock loop IC8 which generates 6 MHz
REF: Allows to substitute VREF (6.9V) to PM tube signal
clock (VCO at TP7) synchronised on TP5 signal. VCO frequency is
(Sheet 1). REF is always low unless special software is
divided by counters of IC9 then fed to clock input of counter IC7. Outputs
used.
of IC7 are connected to inputs A0 to A10 of timing EPROM IC10. Q11
output of IC7 also provides feedback to COMP input of phase lock loop I8.
Inputs to timing circuits are:
The PLL is synchronised only when the frequency and phase of COMP is
the same as SIG inputs. Chopper signal
Data lines D0...D7 of IC11 latched by IC11 generate all timing signals
B0...B3: Data lines to IC10 from IC28 (Sheet 7).
required:
CLINT: Clear Interrupt from IC24 (Sheet 7).
INT0: Main interrupt to microprocessor.
ZERODEMOD: Dark current demodulation (Sheet 1).
HCDEMOD: Hollow cathode signal demodulation (Sheet 1).
D2DEMOD: D2 lamp signal demodulation (Sheet 1).


Analog PCB
7-18
Sheet 3 of 7
Wavelength Drive, Analog Control Signals
Wavelength Drive
Fractional step resolution required for the wavelength stepper motor is
achieved by varying the voltages applied to motor windings. Dual DAC IC25
generates these voltages with IC26 A and B.
Quad darlingtons IC28 and IC27 drive the motor windings.
Analog Control Signals

Four signals are generated by quadruple DAC IC12:
VHC2 controls second hollow cathode current (warming it up)
VHC1 controls first hollow cathode current (lamp being used)
VD2 controls D2 lamp current
VEHT controls the EHT
Reference voltage VREF to IC12 is also used on superlamp connecting PCB.

VREF is used for IC25 (above and ADC circuit (sheet 1).
TEST NOTES:
Out 1 and Out 2 of drivers IC27 and IC28 should always total 12V
approximately.
Examples: Out 112 V, 10 V, 6 V; Out 20 V, 2 V, 6 V
One output pegged to ground or to +12V indicates a faulty IC.
VREF = +6.9 V.

7-20
Analog PCB
TEST NOTES:
Sheet 4 of 7 There are four conditions for a working D2 lamp:

HC Lamps Power Supply, D2 Lamp Circuit
1. Strike voltage. With D2 lamp OFF, +600 V on 2J2 pins 1 and 3, going to
Hollow cathode lamps supply (FUSE2) goes to all lamp anodes via lamp anode (red wire).
connector J5 (Sheet 5). It is also used as striking voltage for D2 lamp via
R34. 2. Heater voltage.
D2 lamp heater Heater must glow when lamp turned ON. Approximately 6 V DC
Regulator REG2. It is turned on by V1 and IC15 when D2ON line goes between 2J2 pins 1 and 2 with lamp cold.
high. D4 provides a minimum voltage after the starting period.
3. Main supply voltage.
D2 lamp modulator
140150 V on D9 anode, D9 and FUSE1 OK.
Lamp off: D2ON is low, R37 gives slightly negative polarisation to
4. Modulator OK, D2ON high.
V2 base via IC17.
Lamp on: D2MOD signal applies control voltage VD2 to IC17

input during ON times. During off times R35-R36 apply
approximately 20 mV to IC17 so that the lamp is not
turned off completely.

Analog PCB
7-22
Sheet 5 of 7
HC Lamps Drivers
The instrument may have up to eight lamps installed, so there is provision for
eight lamp drivers on the board.
The instrument may drive one or two lamp simultaneously at any time: one
used for measurement and one warming up. Programmable analog switches
IC18 and IC19 drive the first and the second lamps respectively.
Analog controls to the circuit are:

VHC1: controls first lamp current
VHC: controls second lamp current
Digital signals HCL10...HCL22 determine which lamp(s) is (are) turned on.
HCMOD modulates the lamp(s).


Analog PCB
7-24
Sheet 6 of 7
EHT, 15 V Supplies
EHT voltage quadrupler generates up to -1200 V at D23 anode. IC22,

transistors V12...V16 form a shunt regulator with drop resistor R93.
DC feedback is done via R89...R92, AC feedback (ripple suppression) via C37

and R88.
NOTE: C3435 take several seconds to fully discharge.


Analog PCB
7-26
Sheet 7 of 7
Connection to Main CPU and SuperLamp Power Supply Driving
Board, Chip Selection
Main CPU board is connected to analog board via 40WAY EXP. connector.
IC24 does the chip selection for the analog board and the superlamp power
supply connecting board if fitted. It also generates the clear interrupt signal
(CLINT) going to Sheet 2.
NOTE: IC24 is a GAL16U8 type PROGRAMMABLE chip. Refer to the

Parts List for its interface PCB.
SuperLamp power supply interface PCB is connected to 30 WAY SL-EXP.

connector.

7-28

7-30
CHOPPER MOTOR CONTROLLER PCB
Power Supply: Motor Control Voltage:

Transformer T1, rectifier RECT.1 and regulator REG1 provide 12 V DC The instant value depends on IC2 pin 13 state:
regulated. State Q1 base voltage Motor voltage
Low 0V 0V
Reference Signal: High impedance 7.7 V 7V
R4 provides mains 50 Hz (60 Hz) sine wave (reduced) to Schmit trigger High 12 V 1112 V
IC1 input. IC1 gives a 50 Hz (60 Hz) square wave to Signal input of phase
lock loop IC2.
If the chopper is well stabilised:
Chopper Looker Signal: On a 50 Hz supply the motor voltage is a 07 V square wave.
The chopper looker signal from connector J1 pin 1 is applied to Schmidt On a 60 Hz supply the motor voltage is a 711 V square wave.
trigger IC3 input. IC3 output signal is connected to the comparator input of
phase lock loop IC2. It is also sent to the chopper input of the Analog PCB
(main electronic module) via transistor Q2 and brown wire on connector J3. It is 1112 V DC during the accelerating stage shortly after power up.
Phase Lock Loop:

The VCO (part of IC2 PLL) is not used as the chopper
motor/chopper/chopper looker assembly form a VCO.
IC2 generates a 50/60 Hz square wave providing phase control to motor
driving transistor Q1.
If the chopper slows down, the phase difference between mains voltage and
the chopper looker signal increases which causes the high time of IC2
output signal to increase. This increases the average DC voltage fed to the
motor and makes it run faster.

7-32

using op-amps IC3:A and IC3:D (software determines which is which as
7-34
SUPERLAMP INTERFACE PCB
in a multi-element run stand-by lamp will eventually become active
lamp). IC3:B, IC3:C convert current boost control voltages to two pulse-
The SuperLamp interface board is attached via spaces on the solder side of width type signals fed to pins 1 and 2 of programmable decoder IC4.
the analog board, next to the main CPU board in the main electronic
module. It can drive a SuperLamp power supply module for one or four Outputs O5...O8 switch the filaments for the same two lamps. Lamps
superlamps. modulation HCMOD is inverted and applied to 3J1 and 3J2 by transistor
V1.
The analog board includes the superlamp interfacing circuit (refer to early
analog board circuit diagram sheet 5). This circuit can drive superlamp One Lamp Operation:
power supply module for one lamp only. It is not suitable for several Similar to four lamps operation except:
SuperLamps. Boost current control is done via R26 connected to connector 3J2.
Circuit Description
Connections:
Connection to the analog board via a 30 WAY EXP. connector. Connections
include data bus, all low voltage power supplies and hollow cathode lamp
modulation HCMOD.
Connection to one superlamp type power supply via 3J2 connector or to
four SuperLamp type power supply via 3J1 connector.
Four Lamps Operation:

Although up to 4 lamps may be installed only 2 lamps may be powered at
any on time: the lamp being used (active) and the one being warmed up
(stand-by). Dual digital to analog converter IC1 generates voltages
proportional to the boost currents required for active and stand-by lamps

7-36

Boost Current Control
7-38
SUPERLAMP POWER SUPPLY MODULE (1 SuperLamp)
Width of the pulse at IC2 determines the voltage of C3 which is applied to
Referring to the circuit diagram the following off-board items are not IC3 non inversant input when V1 is open circuit (see above). IC3 output
connected: turns on driving transistor V3 via V2. Voltage at TP4 is proportional to
boost current, it is fed back to IC3 pin 2 by R14.
AA output to hollow cathode.
Modulation on/off switch.
Filament Supply
Boost current adjusting pot. (10K).
REG3 and V4 form a boosted current voltage regulator with output voltage
500 mA fuse. adjustable via R20. P-type FET V5 forms an enable circuit for the regulator
Milliammeter (mA). which is switched on by a Filament On signl at IC4. Output voltage on
Indicator lamp. K1, K2 is typically 33.5 V to give 2.4 V on load measured as lamp pins 5
and 7.
Board Calibration
Refer to the SuperLamp Power Supply section.
Interface with Main Electronic Module
In the main electronic module the superlamp connecting board outputs the
following signals to CONN.3:
Pin 1: +5 V.
Pin 2: Boost current control pulses return.
Pin 3: Boost current control pulses.
Pin 4: Complement of hollow cathode modulation signal.
Modulation
IC1 turns off the V1 modulate boost current in synchronisation with the
hollow cathode current.

7-40

SUPERLAMP POWER SUPPLY MODULE (4 SuperLamp)
7-42
The SuperLamp power supply module is optional. It is located next to the NOTE: The four control circuits are identical. Lamp 1 circuit only is
lamp turret. described below.
The four SuperLamp module is not field retrofittable. It must be factory
fitted. Modulation:
In the Avanta , SuperLamps are mounted on turret positions 1, 3, 5, 7. In IC 6 turns on transistor V21 to modulate lamp 1 boost current in
four lamp turret instruments, they are on positions 1, 2, 3, 4. This synchronisation with the hollow cathode lamp current.
numbering is used in the following circuit description.
Boost Current Control:
Board Calibration Pulse width at IC2 determines C5 voltage which is applied to IC1:A non
Refer to SuperLamp Power Supply section. inversant input when V21 is open circuit (see above). IC3 output turns on
driving transistor V2 via V1. Voltage at V2 emitter is porportional to boost
current, it is fed back to IC1:A pin 2 via R3.
Superlamps Connection
Refer to Interconnect diagram, 4 Superlamp P/S.
Filament Supply:
REG3 and V4 form a boosted current voltage regulator with output voltage
Interface with Main Electronic Module adjustable via R20. P-type FET V5 forms an enable circuit for the regulator
Is done through connector 4J5: which is switched on by a Filament On signl at IC4. Output voltage on
Pin No Function K1, K2 is typically 33.5 V to give 2.4 V on load measured as lamp pins 5
1 Hollow cathode lamp modulation (HCMOD), inverted. and 7.
2 +5 V.
3 Boost current, lamp 1.
7 Lamp 1 ON (turn on filament).
Also refer to SuperLamp Interface circuit.


7-44

PROGRAMMABLE GAS BOX PCB 4. Mains Failure Detection
7-46
+24V (nominal: should be 2829 V) from the main power supply module
The Programmable Gas Box PCB communicates with the Gas Box CPU charges emergency supply capacitor (mounted on Gas Module chassis) via
via 8255 type PPI IC1. Its functions are: D1, R1 and a 2A fuse. (Also refer to CPU board Sheet 3).
IC2 pins 5, 6 and 7 compares +24V (reduced by divider R2-R3) with D7
voltage reference (reduced by R6-R5). IC2 pin 7 goes low and triggers the
1. Flame Sensing shut down procedure if the main power supply drops below 24 V.
An infrared detector (photoresistor) located in the optical module and
connected to 3J1 looks at the flame. It is capacitively coupled (C13) to
amplifier IC6:B which drives comparator IC2:C. The output of IC2 is 5. Glow Plug
directly connected to port B of IC1. IC1 pin 14 drives the glow plug relay via R29 and V4.
2. Measuring Oxidant Flow 6. Interlocks

The pressure sensor 1 measures the pressure difference across the restrictor The spray chamber and liquid trap interlocks are connected via connector
fitted in the oxidant line. Its outputs are connected to the inputs of amplifier 3J3.
IC6:C.
Pins 3 and 4 are pulled up by R7 and R8 and connected to IC1 pins 23
and 22 respectively.
NOTE: Offset and gain of IC2 (P1 and P2) are factory set. If the board
Pin 3 is pulled down by the liquid trap float switch when the liquid trap is
has to be replaced, refer to Calibration Procedure. full.
Pin 4 is pulled down when both spray chamber switches are activated;
The CPU changes the data at IC3's inputs until IC5 output equals IC6:C
output. Comparator IC2 pins 12, 13 and 14 then changes state which is that is, the burner, nebulizer and pressure relief bung are all properly
detected by IC1 pin 18. This achieves analog to digital conversion of gas installed.
flow by successive approximations method.
Refer to the gas box interconnect diagram for wiring.
3. -5 V Supply
Used only on this board (IC3 and IC5). If pin 3 or 4 stays high the computer will show a fault on the Status
Oscillator IC4 R10-R11-C4 drives complementary V1-V2 via V3. C11 and screen.
diodes D3-D4 produce-12v on negative terminal of C18. R21 and zener
diode D5 limit voltage to -5V.

7-48

7-50

7-52

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Avanta Series AAS

GBC Scientific Equipment Pty Ltd

GBC publication number 01-0814-00

Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 1-1

Pre-installation Requirements 2-1

Avanta Series Service Manual iii

Troubleshooting and Maintenance 5-1

Cu Test Method 5-1

Avanta Series Service Manual v

Spare Parts and Tools 6-1

Recommendations for Stocks of Spare Parts 6-12

Electronics and Wiring 7-1

Installation of cylinders should comply with local regulations. It is

Never use acetylene in direct contact with unalloyed copper, silver or

Avanta Series Service Manual vii

Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy is an analytical method by which

Absorbance (ABS) = log Io/It = KCL

Figure 1-1 Single beam AAS

Avanta Series Service Manual 1-1

Figure 1-2 Double beam AAS

Atomic absorption is a comparative method. The operator starts an analysis

Figure 1-3 Calibration Graph

When analysing an unknown sample, an ABS value is determined, and the

(Programmable gas box only)

Figure 1-4 Instrument block diagram

Avanta Series Service Manual 1-3

Detector The light filtered by the monochromator is measured using a Hamamatsu

Electronics The photometric system electronics consists of two PCBs:

Avanta Series Service Manual 1-5

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Temperature range The recommended temperature range is 1035C

Humidity range The recommended relative humidity range is 880%.

Outlets from air-conditioning ducts should not be directly over or directed

Width Depth Height

If a Graphite Furnace system is installed in an Avanta system it is preferable

Avanta Series Service Manual 2-1

400 mm 900 mm 500 mm 400 mm

Flame Fume Hood Location

Figure 2-1 Bench layout for an Avanta series system

An AA flame system requires air, nitrous oxide (optional) and acetylene. A

Moisture < 25 ppm at full cylinder pressure

A Balston 73-100 AA gas purifier should be installed in an easily accessible

Avanta Series Service Manual 2-3

Air Regulator N2O Regulator Acetylene Regulator

Black Blue Red

Air N2O Acetylene

A minimum of five general purpose power outlets should be installed at the

Voltage 110, 120, 220, or 240 V

A voltage stabilizer is required only if the voltage is expected to vary outside

Avanta Series Service Manual 2-5

Pre-installation Check List

1. Install the computer following the manufacturers instructions.

Avanta Series Service Manual 2-7

Instrument Communications and Photometric

7. Turn on the fume exhaust system.

From the standard spray chamber, complete the following steps:

Avanta Series Service Manual 3-1

Automatic Burner Rotation Spray Chamber

Burner sensing pin

Figure 3-1 Burner mount parts

Remove the burner.

Figure 3-2 ABR Spray Chamber

NOTE The burner behaves differently when being rotated clockwise or