Signals And Systems Lab File

(MATLAB Programs)

Tejhas Kapoor

Batch: ECE-E

Roll No. 2K15/EC/170

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Write a MATLAB code to generate different types of

Signals.

2. Write a MATLAB code to perform an Arithmetic operation

on signals Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division.

3. Write a MATLAB code to perform signal processing

operations: Time shifting, Time scaling, and Time inversion.

4. Write a MATLAB code to perform Convolution of two

signals.

5. Write a MATLAB code to determine response of LTI

system for a given input signal.

6. Write a MATLAB code to determine Fourier transform of

a given input signal and plot its Magnitude and Phase spectra.

7. Write a MATLAB code to generate Frequency Spectrum of

a Periodic signal.
 Experiment No. 1
Aim: Write a program to generate various signals like unit step,
ramp, unit impulse, sinusoidal and exponential signal.

Theory: -
Some of the basic functions are as follows: -

1. Unit Impulse Signal

The unit impulse signal, or signal, is a generalized signal
that is zero everywhere except at origin, with an integral of one over the entire real
line. The signal is sometimes thought of as a hypothetical function whose graph is
an infinitely high.

1, =0
(t) =
0, 0

2. Unit Step Signal

The unit step signal, usually denoted by u, is a
discontinuous signal whose value is zero for negative argument and one for positive
argument.

1, >0
u (t) =
0, <0

3. Ramp Signal
A continuous time ramp type signal is denoted by r(t). Its
value increases linearly with sample number n. mathematically it is defined as,

, 0
r (t) =
0, <0

4. Sinusoidal Signal
The sinusoidal signals include sine and cosine signals.
Mathematically they can be expressed as follows:

A sine signal: ( ) = ( ) = (2 )
A cosine signal: ( ) = ( ) = (2 )

5. Exponential Signal
A real exponential signal is defined as: -
 ( )=
The case a > 0 represents exponential growth. Some signals in unstable systems
exhibit exponential growth.
The case a < 0 represents exponential decay. Some signals in stable systems exhibit
exponential decay.

Code
t =-20:20;
t1 =-5:0.01:5;
t2 =-5:5;
unit_imp = [zeros(1,20),1,zeros(1,20)];
unit_step = [zeros(1,20),ones(1,21)];
i=1;
for k=-20:20
if (k>0)
ramp(i) = k;
else
ramp(i) = 0;
end
i = i+1;
end
expo = exp(-t2);
sinu = sin(t1);
subplot(3,2,1);
stem(t,unit_imp);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Unit Impulse signal');
grid on;
subplot(3,2,2);
stem(t,unit_step);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Unit Step signal');
grid on;
subplot(3,2,3);
plot(t,ramp);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Ramp signal');
grid on;
subplot(3,2,4);
plot(t2,expo);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Exponential signal') ;
grid on;
subplot(3,2,5)
plot(t1,sinu);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Sinusoidal Signal');
grid on;
Output
 Experiment No. 2
Aim: Write a MATLAB code to perform arithmetic operations
for a signal such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division.

Theory:-
The theoretical results of various arithmetic operations such as
addition,multiplications, subtraction of two signals (say sine wave and ramp signal).
Let us consider two signals
x(t)=sin(wt)
y(t)-cos(wt)
Signal processing operation on dependent variable is of the following types:
1) Addition z(t)=x(t)+y(t) =sin(wt)+cos(wt)
2)Subtraction z(t) =x(t)-y(t) =sin(wt)-cos(wt)
3) Multiplication z(t)=x(t)*y(t) =sin(wt)*cos(wt)
4) Division z(t)=x(t)/y(t);y(t)0 =sin(wt)/cos(wt)

Code
t =-5:0.1:5;
x = sin(t);
y= cos(t);
x_addition = x+y;
x_division = x./y;
x_multiplication = x.*y;
x_subtraction = x-y;
grid on;
subplot(2,3,1);
plot(t,x); grid on;
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Original Signal');
subplot(2,3,2);
plot(t,x_addition);
grid on;
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Added Signal');
subplot(2,3,3);
plot(t,x_division);
grid on; xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Divided Signal');
subplot(2,3,4);
plot(t,x_multiplication);
grid on; xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Multiplied Signal');
subplot(2,3,5);
plot(t,x_subtraction);
grid on;
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('subtracted Signal');

Output
 Experiment No. 3
Aim: Write a program to perform time shifting, scaling and
reversal operation on a sinusoidal signal

Theory:-
1. Time Shifting Operation
Time shifting of signals is probably the most important one, and
most widely used amongst all basic signal operations. Its generally used to fast-
forward or delay a signal, as is necessary in most practical circumstances.

Time shifting is mathematically expressed as, Y(t) = X (t - t 0).

Where, X(t) is the original signal, and t0 represents the shift in time.
For a signal X(t) if the position shifts t0> 0. Then the signal is said to be right shifted
or delayed.
In the same manner, if t0< 0, implies the signal is left shifted or fast forward.

2. Time Scaling Operation

Time scaling of signals of signals involves the modification of a
periodicity of the signal, keeping its amplitude constant.

Its mathematically expressed as, Y(t) = X(t)

Where, X(t) is the original signal, and is the scaling factor. If > 1 implies, the
signal is compressed. And < 1 implies, the signal is expanded.

3. Reversal Operation
Reversal of signal is a very interesting operation applicable
on both continuous and discrete signals. Here in this case the vertical axis acts as
the mirror, and the transformed image obtained is exactly the mirror image of the
parent signal.

It can be defined as Y(t) = X (- t)

Where, X(t) is the original signal.
Code
t=0:0.01:2*pi;
y=sin(t);
sh_y= sin(t-pi/4);
inv_y= sin(-t);
scl_y= sin(t/2);
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,y);
title('original singal');
xlabel('frequency');
ylabel('magnitude');
grid on;
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(t,sh_y);
title('shifted signal');
xlabel('frequency');
ylabel('magnitude');
grid on;
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(t,inv_y);
title('inverted signal');
xlabel('frequency');
ylabel('magnitude');
grid on;
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(t,scl_y);
title('scaled signal');
xlabel('frequency');
ylabel('magnitude');
grid on;
Output
 Experiment No. 4
Aim: Write a MATLAB code to perform convolution of two signals.
Theory:-
The convolution of two signals is the filtering of one through the other. In electrical
engineering, the convolution of one function (the input signal) with a second function
(the impulse response) gives the output of a linear time-invariant system (LTI).

The convolution of f and g is written fg, using an asterisk or star. It is defined as the
integral of the product of the two functions after one is reversed and shifted. As such,
it is a particular kind of integral transform:

y(t)=x(t)h(t)y(t)=x(t)h(t)

=x()h(t)d
(or)

=x(t)h()d

While the symbol t is used above, it need not represent the time domain.

Discrete Convolution

y(n)=x(n)h(n)y(n)=x(n)h(n)
=k=x(k)h(nk)=k=x(k)h(nk)
(or)

=k=x(nk)h(k)=k=x(nk)h(k)
By using convolution we can find zero state response of the system.
Code
x=[1 2 3];
h=[4 5 6];
m=length(x);
n=length(h);
X=[x,zeros(1,n)];
H=[h,zeros(1,m)];
for i=1:n+m-1
Y(i)=0;
for j=1:m
if(i-j+1>0)
Y(i)=Y(i)+X(j)*H(i-j+1);
else
end
end
end
Y
stem(Y);
ylabel('Y[n]');
xlabel('----->n');
title('Convolution of Two Signals without conv function');

Output
 Experiment No. 5

Aim: Write a MATLAB code to determine the response of a LTI

system for a given input.

Theory:-
LTI stands for Linear Time Invariant system. As the name suggests this type of system
is Linear as well as Time Invariant. It investigates the response of a linear and time-
invariant system to an arbitrary input signal. A continuous-time LTI system is usually
illustrated like this:

In general, the system HH maps its input signal x(t)x(t) to a corresponding output
signal y(t)y(t). The system is linear, so it obeys the principle of superposition. That is,
if x1(t) maps to an output of y1(t) and x2(t) maps to an output of y2(t)y2(t), then for all
values of a1 and a2,

H{a1x1(t) + a2x2(t)} = a1y1(t) + a2y2(t)

The system is time-invariant, so its characteristics do not change with time. If you add
a delay to the input signal, then you simply add the same delay to the output. For an
input signal x(t) that maps to an output signal y(t), then for all values of ,

H{x(t)} = y(t)

The impulse that is referred to in the term impulse response is generally a short-
duration time-domain signal. A system's impulse response (often annotated
as h(t)h(t) for continuous-time systems or h[n]h[n] for discrete-time systems) is defined
as the output signal that results when an impulse is applied to the system input.
Code

t = 0:0.01:10;
x = sin(t);
h = [ones(1,1001)];
Lx =length(x);
Lh = length(h);
Ly = Lx + Lh-1;
for p=1:Ly
sum=0;
for k=1:p
if(k<=Lx && k>=(p+1-Lh))
sum = sum + x(k).*h(p+1-k);
end
end
y(p) = sum;
end
t1 = 0:0.01:(Ly-1)*0.01;

subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,x);
title('Input Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude of the signal');
grid on;
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(t,h);
title('Impulse Response');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude of the signal');
grid on;
subplot(2,2,[3:4]);
plot(t1,y);
title('Output of the LTI System');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude of the signal');
grid on;
Output
 Experiment No. 6
Aim: Write a MATLAB code to generate Fourier transform of a
given Input signal and plot its Magnitude and Phase spectra.

Theory:-
X(t) = Fourier transform of a signal can be obtained by using FFT function in MATLAB.
The plot of X(W) vs. w is called as magnitude spectra And angle of X(W) vs. w is known
as phase spectra.

Code

t=0:0.1:2;
y=sin(t);
X=fft(y,21);
magx=abs(X);
phasex=angle(X)*(180/pi);
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(t,magx);
title('magnitude spectra')
ylabel('magnitude');
xlabel('n');
grid on;

subplot(2,1,2);
stem(t,phasex);
title('phase spectra');
ylabel('angle in degrees');
xlabel('n');
grid on;
Output
 Experiment No. 7
AIM: Write a MATLAB code to generate frequency spectrum of a
periodic signal.

Theory:-
The plot of X(W) vs. w is called as magnitude spectra And angle of X(W) vs. w is known
as phase spectra. These two spectra together are knows as the frequency spectra,
where X(W) = Fourier Transform of periodic signal x(t).

Code

t=0:0.1:2;
y=sin(t);
X=fft(y,21);
magx=abs(X);
phasex=angle(X)*(180/pi);
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(t,magx);
title('magnitude spectra')
ylabel('magnitude');
xlabel('n');
grid on;

subplot(2,1,2);
stem(t,phasex);
title('phase spectra');
ylabel('angle in degrees');
xlabel('n');
grid on;
Output