PO\,\TER

TTECTRIC
DISTRIBUTION
HANDBOOK

T.A.SHORT

CRC P R E SS
BocaRaton London New York \(CIhington, D.C.

(C) 2004by CRC PressLLC

 N u T a uotlo
NO ONn/D"
o recTAD? -
-t-rf1A
F Tt'?t?4,
F
Normal conditions UngroundedSystem
C

Line-to-ground
t\-z overvoltage
Neutral = Ground

1.73per unit overvoltage

Total ground referenceshift for a
fault from ground to phaseA

Typical Multigrounded System

C

\
I neutral \
A=Neutral=Ground
Ground atthe faultpoint
f--- ^=

No overvoltage 1.2per unit overvoltage

Phase A collapses to the neutral Partialgroundreferenceshift for a
(and ground) voltage fault from ground to phaseA

FIGURE13.3
Ground potential shifts and overvoltages depending on the grormding configuraon.

ground potential at the fault locaon. The severity of this ground reference
shift depends on the grounding configuration (seeFiguru 13.3}Lggglidly
grounded system with a good retum path to the grounding sorce, little
- the
line-to-ground voltage on volt-
age,1.-73per unit, On a multigrounded distribuon system with a solidly
grouRffittransrorrner, overvoitages above t.c per urur are rare.
Two factors relate the overvoltage to the system-!6ltige:

Coefficientof grounding:

COG = V'r*Nn

Earthfault factor:

EFF= V'wNu,t

where
V'LN=maximum line-to-ground voltage on the unfaulted phasesdur-
ing a fault from one or more phases to ground
V,Vu= nominal line-to-neutral and line-to-line voltages

(C) 2004 by CRC PressLLC

 ,'effectrvely grounded" if the coefficient of grounding is less
A system is
than r equal to 80% (the earth-fault factor is less than 138%) (ANSI/IEEE
c62.g2-]9bn This is met approximately with the following conditions:

' X f l X:' < 3

< 1
' Ro/X1

For a singie line-to-ground fault on phase A, the voltages on phases B and

C are

( z ', - 2 "" )l --
1 / -f-'
- ln +
" 2 2 , + z o + 3 R,)"

where
Z, = p osrlve-sequence imPedance
Z o= zeto-sequenceimpedance
a = 71120"
Rr = fault resistance
E = line-to-neutral voltage magnitude prior to the fault

For a double line-to-ground fault, the voltage on the unfaulted phase is

,r
v=
3Zo+ 6R , r
"-/4
Z t + z lo + 6 Rr'

hr some cases, the d

gtrro farilts are so much more common lve.oftel design for the single line-
o-ground fault. For single line-to-groyndfaults, the voltage is always worse
wiin tne fault impedance Rr= 0. For double line-to-ground faults, it may not
always be wors with Rp = 0' FigFre 13'4 shows overvoltage charts as a
funcon of Xs/X1and Ro/&.This includes o1e_r'gltagesdue to *ngle tq1-
to-ground faults and for double line-to-ground faults (qssuming that RF: 0).
tEU suggests the overvoltage multipter factors for different system:
shown in Table13.1(IEEEC6292.4.199I)'
shift during |s-to-srourd farrtts at a voltare of 1057o-(so, the-
overvoltage
The higher ovGlJlagfiactor of 1.35
1.35-for mulerounded sy
tor muttproundecl- systems with
metal-oxie affesters ws idenfied as a more con\rvative factor for four-
syr r c' r D becaue
w r r e systems
wire u cL q ."r of
vr the
u r v reduced saturation of
_ n\wer transformers and
\ \* T
^l
(c,2oo*bvcRCPresslLC
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\ eJdif$
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