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Mechanical Vibration
BMCM 3743

Chapter 6:

Design for Vibration Suppression

Dr. Azma Putra

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Why?
Toachieveacceptablelevelofvibration

*ISOgivesastandard;ISO2372(BS4675)
p y
*Eachcompanyhastheirownstandard
ClassI: Individualpartof
machine(<15kW).

ClassII:mediumsizemachine
(1575kW).

ClassIII:largemachineon
g
rigidfoundation.

ClassIV: largemachineon
softfoundation.

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Howtocontrolthevibration?

Source Path Receiver

Toreducevibrationatthereceiver:

1.Controlvibrationatsource.
Bestbutdifficult.Possibleatearlydesignstage(structuraldesign).
2 Modify transmission path
2.Modifytransmissionpath.
Isolator:optimumstiffnessanddamping.
3.Controlvibrationatreceiver.
Adddamping,etc.
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FromChapter3,twocasestocontrolthetransmissionpath:

Whatforcesaretransmitted Whatforces(displacement)are
throughsupportsto transmittedthroughsupportsfrom
thesurroundingstructure? thesurroundingstructure?
Fee jt
Xt e jt
Source Receiver
(sensitive
(machine, m instrument)
m
engine)
Xejt
Isolator
c Isolator
k c
(support) k (support) Xee jt
Source
Receiver
(floor)
Fte jt (earthquake,roughroad)
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VIBRATIONISOLATION

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Transmissibility

1 j 2 / n
T
1 / n j 2 / n
2
Xtejt

1 (2 / n ) 2 m
T
1 / 2 /
n
2 2
n
2

k c X ejt
e

Source
(earthquake,roughroad)

1 4 2 r 2
T r
1 r
with
2 2
4 2r 2 n

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Exampledesignproblem

Designanisolatortoholda3kg electronicsmodule
tobelessthen5mmdeflection.

Thebaseisknownmovingaty(t)=0.01sin(35t) m

Task:Chooseanisolatorwiththebestk andc.

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Findingparametersfromtransmissibilitycurve:
1.MakestraightlinealongthedesiredT value.

2.Notether valueforeachintersectionwithcurvewithconstant.

Requirement:

X 0.005
T 0.5
Y 0.01

ForT=0.5:
1
r
0.01 1.73
0.5
0.05 1.74
0.1
0.1 1.76 0.05
0.2 1.84 0.01
0.5 2.35
1.0 3.77 r / n

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Fromthetransmissibilitycurve,letschoose:

0.01 r 1.73

r 1.73 k 1228 N/m
n

c 2 km 2.428 kg/s

1.Findtheisolator(inaproductcatalogue)withtheseparametervalues.
2.Ifnotavailable,tryanotherdampinglossfactor.
3.Compromiseincaseofresonance.

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Thechoiceofk andc mustbereasonableforapplication.

Ithastoconsider:
1.Thestrengthoftheisolatortosupporttheweight(staticdeflection).
2.Theforce transmittedfromthebase totheinstrument.

FT ma
FT 2 m X

FT k Y r 2T

Fromexample: FT 18.38 N
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Thetransmittedforcefromthebase:
1.Smallatresonanceforalargedampingfactor.
2.Largeathighfrequencyforalargedampingfactor.
40
=0.01
30 =0.1
=0.3
=0.7
20
FT/kY (dB)

10

-10

-20
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Frequency ratio, r
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SHOCKISOLATION

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Thedesignofanisolatorshouldalsoanticipatefortheshockinput.

Assuminganidealisedmodelofashockinputasahalfsineshockpulse.

Y sin t , 0 t t
p
p 1

y (t )
0, t t
1
p

p
whereistheinput(excitation)frequency.
t1 isthepulseduration.

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x max n nt1
Plot: vs.
y max p
x

**Largedampingisdesirableforshockattenuation.
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Forshockisolation:

x max
1
y max

Fromtheplot,for 0.1 :

nt1 0.25m 2
0.5 k
t12

Anisolatorshouldbedesignedsothatitisgoodforboth
vibrationandshock isolation.

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SUMMARYforTransmissibility

VibrationisolationforaSDOFsystem

FT 1 (2r ) 2
Fixed baseforce
F0 (1 r 2 ) 2 (2r ) 2

X 1 (2r ) 2 Movingbase
displacement
Y (1 r 2 ) 2 (2r ) 2

FT 1 (2r ) 2
r 2
Moving baseforce
kY (1 r 2 ) 2 (2r ) 2
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VIBRATIONABSORBER

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ISOLATORandABSORBER?Whatisthedifferent?

1. Isolatevibrationto mainstructure 1. Absorb(reduce)vibration

(blockingthepath).
2. Remainasone DOFsystem.
3. Workforbroadfrequencyrange.
from mainstructure.
2. Changetotwo DOFsystem.
3. Workforsinglefrequency
(resonance).
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Equationsofmotion

mx cx kx ca ( x xa ) k a ( x xa ) f (t ) (1a)
ma xa ca ( xa x ) k a ( xa x) 0 (2a)

Forharmonicmotion:

k k a
2 m j (c ca ) X (k a jca ) X a F (1b)
(k a 2 ma jca ) X a (k a jca ) X 0 (2b)
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From2(b): (k a jca ) X
Xa
k a 2 ma jca
Substituteto1(b),weobtainthe motionofthemainstructure:

(k a 2 ma jca ) F
X

k k a 2 m j (c ca ) (k a 2 ma jca ) (k a jca ) 2

Forconvenience,assumingabsorberhassmalldamping: ca 0

(k a 2 ma ) F
X
(k k a 2 m jc)(k a 2 ma ) k a2

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Tomakevibrationofthemainstructurebecomeszero:

X 0 k a 2 ma 0

ka

ma

1. Thepropertiesoftheabsorber,ka andma,shouldbechosentomatch
the excitation frequency of the main structure.
theexcitationfrequencyofthemainstructure.
2. Onlyeffectiveformachineoperatingatfixedfrequency
(synchronousmachines).

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Backto1(a):
f (t )
x(t ) 0, ca 0 xa (t )
ka
Forceprovidedbytheabsorber:
p y

f (t )
f a (t ) k a xa k a f (t )
a
k

By tuning the absorber to the excitation frequency,

Bytuningtheabsorbertotheexcitationfrequency,
theforcegivenbytheabsorbermassisequalinmagnitudebutopposite
indirection tothedisturbanceforce.

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DYNAMIC Absorber

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Importanttonote!

Forundamped absorber:

1. Theexcitationfrequencyhastobeknown
exactly.

2.Onlyeffectiveforanarrowfrequencyband.

3. Ifofthesystemshifts,
itmightsufferresonance(from2DOFs).
Howtopreventthishappen?

Increasethesystemresonancebandwith
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Theratioofthemainstructuredisplacement
after andbefore attachingtheabsorber:

X 1 2 / a2

X 0 [1 2 ( / p ) 2 ][1 ( / a ) 2 ] 2

where:

p k / m originalnaturalfrequencyofthemainstructure
withouttheabsorber frequencyexcitation

a k a / ma naturalfrequencyoftheabsorberbeforeattachedto
the main structure
themainstructure.

k a ma a2
2 2
k m p
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Theratiograph
X
X0
0.25
1

0.908 1.118 a
absorberzone
Increasetheabsorbermass? Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Theeffectofmassratio ma / m onthesystemresonance

1

0.4

0.3 0.25
0.2
0.1
n / a
1 / a 1 2 / a

As increases, 2 1 becomeslarger.

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Designconsiderations:

1. Ifistoolarge(themassoftheabsorberalmostsimilarto
themassofthemainstructure),thisindicatesaverypoordesign.

2. If
Ifistoosmall (1 and 2 are very close)
is too small (andareveryclose)
thesystemcannottoleratemuchfluctuation
intheexcitationfrequency.

Ruleofthumb:

0.05 0.25

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Theeffectofdamping
1. Performancereduces.
Theabsorberwillnotcancel
thevibrationcompletely.
2. Significantlyreducesamplitude
atresonances.
Absorberbandwithincreases.
(suitableforbroadband
application).
3. ToensureAandBarethesame,
theabsorbershouldbetuned:
a 1

M.J.Brennan,2007
n 1
i.e.lowerthanthetroublesome
resonancefrequency.

Theoptimumdampingis
3
opt
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Typesofvibrationabsorber

M.J.Brennan,2007

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MilleniumBridge London(2000)

Cost:18.2m
(RM127.4m)

Designs:

1. Randomexcitation
frompedestrian.
2. Onlyvertical vibration
wasconsidered.

Problems:
Pedestrianscausing
excitedlateral vibration
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MilleniumBridge London(2000)

Solutions:

Cost:5m
(RM35m)

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References:

D.J.Inman,EngineeringVibrations,Pearson
M.J.Brennan,AdvancedCourses,Univ.ofSouthampton

Animations courtesyofDr.DanRussell,KetteringUniversity,USA

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