Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
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Contents
Information on Architectural drawing, lettering and related services
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NORTH POINT & SCALES
By Ayanthi Abayasekara, Aqeel Sourjah and Devi Wijesinghe
What is a north point?
The direction in which a compass needle normally points, towards the
horizon on the left hand side of a person facing east, or the part of
the horizon lying in this direction.
4
What is scale?
A scale is a way of making something smaller so that the transfer of its information regarding dimensions is made easier.
The ratio of the length in a drawing (or model) to the length of the real thing
Example:
In the drawing anything with the size of "1" would have a size of "10" in the real world, so a measurement of 150mm on the
drawing would be 1500mm in real size.
Imperial scales
The base unit of the imperial system is called a foot. This is further divided into
12 with each division referred to as an inch.
Metric scales
The metric system follows the idea that base units become larger or smaller based
on the power of 10.
The base units have prefixes to define these larger and smaller units.
The meter was intended to equal one ten-millionth of the length between the
North Pole to the Equator.
For example, 1 kilometer is equal to 1,000 meters. One centimeter is one-
hundredth of a meter, and 1 millimeter is 1,000 times smaller than a meter.
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Scale conventions
The relationship between metric and imperial scales and what we use them for
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LETTERING
By Raveena Weerabahu, Nadisha Abeyratne and Sharon Samuel
Pencil Techniques
Hold your pencil in the position shown. It should make approximately a 60 angle with the paper.
Letters must be open shaped and legible.
Use even pressure to draw precise, clean lines.
Use one stroke per line.
Pencil Strokes
Vertical Strokes are drawn Horizontal Strokes are Curved Strokes are drawn top to bottom in
downward drawn left to right one continuous stroke on each side
Horizontal
Straight Slanted Curved
Rectangular Based
Letters
H, N, V, X,
Y, Z T, U
Narrow Letters
B, E, F, I, J, K, L, P, R, S
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Curved Strokes are drawn
Spacing Between Letters top to bottom in one
continuous stroke on
each side
The background area between letters should be equal - NOT the distance between them.
Spaces between words are approximately equal to the letter O.
Common Mistakes
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Document Format
Resources
French, Thomas E. and Meiklejohn, Robert (2009). A Manual for Students and Designers (Third Edition), The Ohio State
University, McGraw-Hill Book company, Inc.
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PENS, PENCILS & ERASERS
By Ishani Amaratunga, Dayan Mohottiarachchi, Sachini Sarathchandra
PENCILS
Pencils across the world are graded on the European system using a continuum from H (for hardness) to B (for blackness)
The standard writing pencil is graded HB.
As well as F, a letter arbitrarily chosen to indicate midway between HB and H.
Hold the pencil between the thumb and first finger with the pencil under the palp of the hand.
In both methods do not grip it too tightly.
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Types
Mechanical pencils
There are also pencils which use mechanical methods to push lead through a hole at the
End. Lead types are based on grade and size; with standard sizes being 2.00 mm, 1.40 mm,
1.00 mm, 0.70 mm, 0.50 mm, 0.35 mm, 0.25 mm, 0.18 mm, and 0.13 mm (ISO 9175-1)the
0.9 mm size is available, but is not considered a standard ISO size.
Carbon pencils
They produce a fuller black than graphite pencils, but are smoother than charcoal.
Grease pencils
They write on virtually any surface.
Watercolor pencils
These are designed for use with watercolor techniques.
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Pencil sharpeners
Pencil sharpener Clutch pencil sharpener
ERASERS
An eraser is an article of stationery that is used for removing writing from paper.
Types of erasers
Kneaded Eraser - The shape can be changed as you desire. Especially for fine erasing, and erasing corners.
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PENS
0.1 Grids
0.13 Furniture
0.35 Walls
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How to Handle the pen
Cleaning
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Ink
Ideal drawing ink should be suitable for any type of technical Drawing pen.
Should give a good contrast on the drawing.
Must be water proof, fade proof and should dry fast.
Should be away from direct sunlight.
Correction fluid
Correction fluid is an opaque fluid. Once dried it can be written over.
A good correction fluid could be dry fast and should be easily overwritten.
Correction tapes are available as well.
Blades
Also single edged razor blades, Scratch knives and sand paper can be used to scrape ink off paper
When doing it, you must be careful to make sure not to destroy the paper.
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Stationaries Laboratory
Equipment
(rOtring Germany) Isograph Rs. 1,160/=
Drawing Pens Rs. 1,590/=
0.1 Rs. 1,230/=
0.13, 0.18
0.25,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8
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Available at:
Rotring Dealers (YMBA Building)
Tel : 0112320257, 0112448336,
Laboratory Equipment Company (Pvt) Ltd., 01,
Thi rd Floor, Y.M.B.A. Building, Colombo 01.
Premium Stationary
Tel: 2370386, 2574793
Liberty Plaza, Colombo 03
Email: premiums@sltnet.lk
www.premiumstationers.lk
Sarasavi Stationers
Tel: 2390540, 2390541
11,Maliban Street, Colombo 11.
Office World
Tel: 0112667667
282, Cotta Road Colombo 08
Alston
Tel: 2436580, 2441945
68, W.A.D. Ramanayake Mw.
Colombo 02
Email: sales@alston.lk
www. alston.lk
Best Paper,
No 21 Pepiliyana Road,
Nugegoda.
Tel:0112826665
Staedtler
Tel: 077 774 6808
No: 415 B62,, Borella - Rajagiriya Rd,
Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte
Sources
http://www.museartanddesign.com/pencils-pencil-grades/
http://www.pilot.co.jp/support/pdf/4+1_2.pdf
http://www.jetpens.com/blog/guide-to-technical-pens/pt/436
http://www.cultpens.com/pencyclopedia/guide-to-technical-pens
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PAPER TYPES AND SIZES
By Achana Rathnayake, Sachini De Silva, Hamla Sama Samad
Blank paper 40x58 60 - 7/= Smooth For all preliminary Cant erase ink
70 -8/= And white in colour work
80-9/=
100- 12/=
Ordinary A0-120/= 100 White and smooth For final Cant erase ink
drawing paper A1-20/= 70 texture presentation and
A2-15/= art work
A3-5/=
A4-3/=
Bristol board 20x25 220 Can have different Drawings Pencil lines cannot be
250 colours erased comptetly
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Photo copy A5 -4/= 70 Fade white colour Cant erase ink
paper (500 pack - 75 Glossy texture
250/= ) 80
500 paper
A4 pack
70 390/=
75-425/=
80-460/=
F4
8x11 -1/=
A3 2/=
Legal
(bigger 70-1/=
than A4) 80-1/=
13x11
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PAPER SIZES
THE RATIOS
Lengths and areas of each subsequent paper sizes are constant in proportion
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TABLE OF PAPER SIZES FROM A0 TO A10
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Conqueror board
Cheese Board
Ordinary drawing
paper
Graph paper
Blank paper
UNITED STATIONARY NO 13, MALIBAN STREET , 011-2381923 Ordinary drawing
COLOMBO 11 paper
Graph paper
Photocopy paper
Bristol board
Blank paper
PAPYRUS PAPERS PAPYRUS PAPERS (PVT) LTD 011- 2314027 Ordinary drawing
277, VAUXHALL ST paper
COLOMBO 02 Graph paper
Photocopy paper
Bristol board
Blank Paper
BEST PAPERS 21, PAPILIYANA RD, 011-2826665 Butter Sheets
NUGEGODA. Ivory board
Kent
Photocopy Paper
Bristol Board
Ordinary drawing
paper
Graph paper
Cheese Board
Blank paper
NINE HEARTS 758/1, BASELINE RD, Ordinary drawing
COLOMBO 09 paper
Graph paper
Photocopy paper
Bristol board
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ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
by Yathindra Pallegoda, Poorni Randeniya, Minuri De Silva
Rotring Rhodia
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Types of Instruments
Art Supplies (Paint, Paint Brushes, Colour Pencils, Chalk)
French Curves
Stencil
Cutting Mats
Glass top desk
Measuring Tape
Plotter Pens
Drawing Board
T Ruler
Set Square
Adjustable Set Square
Parallel Ruler
Compass
Protractor
Drawing boards
A drawing board (also drawing table, drafting table or architect's table) is, in its antique
form, a kind of a multipurpose desk which can be used for any kind of drawing, writing on
a large sheet of paper or other oversized document or for drafting precise technical
illustrations.
These Drawing boards come in different sizes and have a side support to keep any paper
from falling. More recently, engineers and draftsmen use this more.
However, with the gradual introduction of computer aided drafting and design (CADD
or CAD) the drawing board is becoming less common.
T-Ruler
A T-square is a technical drawing instrument used by draftsmen primarily as a guide for
drawing horizontal lines on a drafting table.
common lengths being 18 inches (460 mm), 24 inches (610 mm), 30 inches (760 mm), 36
inches (910 mm) and 42 inches (1,100 mm).
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Compass
A compass is a technical drawing instrument that can be used for inscribing circles or arcs.
As dividers, they can also be used as tools to measure distances.
Compasses are usually made of metal or plastic, and consist of two arms connected by a
hinge which can be adjusted to allow the changing of the radius of the circle drawn.
The simple difference between a set square and an adjustable set square is that in the
adjustable set square, the angle can be changed according to the purpose whereas in a
normal set square it is fixed.
Protractor
Usually they are calibrated from 0 180 degrees and the angles are measured in
degrees.
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French Curves
A French curve is an instrument which consist of many curves and is usually made out of plastic,
wood or metal.
And below this is a demonstration on how the French curve is actually used in architectural
drawing.
Stencils
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Parallel Ruler
Parallel rulers are a drafting instrument used by navigators to draw parallel lines on charts.
The tool consists of two straight edges joined by two arms which allow them to move closer or further
away while always remaining parallel to each other.
By alternating the moving edge, and securely holding down the non-moving edge, you can move the
rulers about the chart while still maintaining the same angle.
Drawing boards
Drawing board with T-Square A3 12450 Office World (timber A3 Rotring and plastic A3 Rapid)
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Set Square
Set Square (2 pieces) 2150 (Staedtler) Premium Stationers (only medium size)
Premium Stationers
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T-Square
French Curves
Price Available At
Stencils
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Parallel Rulers
Alstons Stationery Pvt. Ltd. No: 68, W. A. D. Ramanayake Mw, 011 - 2 436 580 / 2 441 945
Colombo - 02
Sri Lanka.
Prince Trade Center Pvt. Ltd. No: 63, Prince Street, Pettah, Colombo 011 - 2387686
11, Sri Lanka.
K.P.N. Stationary Maliban Street, Pettah, Sri Lanka. 011 2433207 / 2433511
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MODEL MAKING
By J.Poorvigah , M.Narmatha
WHAT IS A MODEL?
Models are an important part of the design process for any project. They are not simply the final design solution.
Models can help students analyze a situation and identify the needs of the people who use it. They are easily pulled
apart and altered. Models can help students appreciate how spaces are used and identify problems that may arise
from the interaction of different users.
They can be used as a means of communicating proposed solutions, highlighting special features, materials and
colors. Most importantly, a model is informative and brings a building, object or place to life off the plan.
TYPES OF MODELS
Working model
These are made at different stages of the design to study the spatial relationship and the
Structural feasibility.
Quick assembling of inexpensive material may cater this aspect of model making.
MAKING MODELS
Models are made using plans, sections, elevations and details of a design.
Materials used for the model must be carefully selected to display the actual outlook and the characteristics of the
design.
Models must follow a specific scale, which may be either metric or imperial.
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Detailed Detailed Exterior Site Plans and
Building of City
Interiors Building(s) Maps
1:1 1:100 1:1000
1:10 1:5000
1:20
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MDF board model chipboard model
Corrugated board model
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MODEL MAKING EQUIPMENTS
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PRINTING AND PHOTOCOPYING
by Shanya Fernandez, Akbar Deen, Zahra Niaz
What is a printer?
It is an output device that produces text and graphics on paper.
Nowadays you get wireless printers which do not require a USB connection
DIGITAL PRINTING
TYPES OF 2D PRINTING
SCREEN PRINTING
GRAVURE
OFFSET PRINTING
FLEXOGRAPHY
DIGITAL PRINTING - involves methods of printing from a digital based image directly to variety of media.
Inject printing
Laser printing
Blue printing
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Devices that ease an Architects work
Plotter
A Plotter is a very accurate large scale printer that is used to produce engineering drawings and
Architectural blueprints.
Laser Cutters
This is the technology where lasers are used to cut materials. It works by directing a high powered laser that is controlled
by a computer, this is called CNC (computer numerical control) The difference between mechanical cutting and laser cutting
is that in laser cutting there is less contact with the material so no contamination and less heat is generated and also
mechanical cutting uses power tools
3D Printers
3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), refers to producing a three
dimensional object. In 3D printing, successive layers of material are formed under
computer control.
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Scanners
This a device that optically scans images, printed text, or an object, and converts it to
a digital image. Commonly used in offices are variations of the desktop flatbed
Scanner where the document is placed on a glass window for scanning.
Anim 8 Ven. Muruththettuwe Ananda Himi Mawatha, Colombo. You can mail your items to
Tel. 011 2 591567 sales@print2digital.com and they
Call the below mentioned people regarding laser cutting will print your items for you.
as they handle that aspect
nd
Print Plus No. 460/20/1/1, 2 floor, Bauddhaloka mawatha, You can mail your items to
Colombo 07. (in front of the D. S. Senanayake swimming printpluscad@gmail.com and
pool entrance). they will print your items for you.
Tel.0773727247
0304 Design No. 4, Bullers lane, Colombo 07. They are open 24 hours and they
Studio Tel. 011 4503654 give discount for CSA students
Alstons No. 555/3, New Kandy road, Thalangama north, Mail your items to
Battaramulla. sales.btr@alston.lk and they will
Tel. 011 2053996 print your documents and speak
to Mr. Asanga for discounts
Prices for Printing (All prices are mentioned in Sri Lankan Rupees)
The cheapest place is highlighted in blue and the places where is guaranteed high quality with
experience are in green.
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Name of Place Paper Size Price
A1 200.00 450.00
A2 140.00 300.00
A3 40.00 70.00
A4 20.00 35.00
A1 300.00 1000.00
A2 200.00 600.00
A3 20.00 40.00
A4 10.00 60.00
A1 1100.00 1100.00
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A2 600.00 600.00
A3 88.00 175.00
A4 44.00 88.00
A1 120.00 400.00
A2 90.00 260.00
A3 20.00 80.00
A4 6.00 40.00
A1 600.00 800.00
A2 300.00 300.00
A3 150.00 280.00
A4 20.00 140.00
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A1 150.00 350.00 - 2000.00
A3 15.00 135.00
A4 7.00 55.00
What is Photocopying?
It is the production of copies of an original document containing text or images by the use of a scanning and printing
machine. It is a common practice all around the world
Prices for Photocopying & Scanning(All prices are mentioned in Sri Lankan Rupees)
The cheapest place is highlighted in blue and the places where we guarantee quality with are in green.
A1 100.00 - 95.00 -
A2 75.00 - 65.00 -
A3 10.00 - 40.00 -
A4 5.00 - 20.00 -
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0304 Design Studio A0 160.00 - 110.00 250.00
Anim 8 A0 - - -- -
A1 - - - -
A2 - - - -
A3 - - 100 100
A4 - - 100 100
A1 100.00 200.00 - -
A2 80.00 160.00 - -
A3 10.00 12.00 - -
A4 5.00 6.00 - -
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Softwave A0 140.00 1125.00 125.00 750.00
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ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA
By Irudini Liyanage and Ahmed Ismail
What is anthropometry?
Anthropometry involves quantitative measurements of dimensions of human body and is a universally
accepted technique for assessing sizes and proportions of human body. ISO standards are used for such
anthropometric measurements and these data of dimensions differ according to races, gender etc.
1) Static: Measurements when body is still (e.g: length of bones and distance between joints)
2) Dynamic: Measurements taken when body is in motion (e.g: Clearances, Reach etc.)
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Anthropometric Data of Sri Lankan Female and Male
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Useful anthropometric data
46
47
For working
For relaxing
(e.g: Lounge chair)
48
KITCHEN
0.34"
0'-2"
- The heights of the worktops (34) are based on the
average height of a Sri Lankan woman (5)
0'-32"
dimensions of a sink
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GENERAL DIMENSIONS OF CORRIDORS AND DOORS Corridors
Corridors within a building should be wide enough to allow two-way traffic and maneuvering at
junctions or when passing through doorways. For example, a clear width of 6 is the minimum that will
allow two wheelchair users to pass safely.
All corridors should have an unobstructed width of at least 4 wide.
300mm door nib (or clear space) to leading edge (pull side on)
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STUDIES RELATED TO ANTHROPOMETRY
The portrayal of dimensions of human body by Ernst Neufert according to golden section
51
LIMITATIONS AND SOLUTIONS
Anthropometric data is the mean measurements / average measurements of dimensions of human
body. However most of the people dont fall into this average. Therefore most of them are unable to
find the sustained comfort in the furniture.
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STAIRCASES
By Manik Goonewardane,Dasuni Kolambage
Parts of Stairs
1. Steps -is a portion of stairs which permits
ascent and descent
2. Tread -it is the upper horizontal portion of
step upon which the feet is placed
3. Riser - The vertical portion between each
tread on the stairs
4. Hand Rail -is a rail that is designed to be
grasped by the hand so as to provide stability
or support
5. Baluster -it is a vertical member of wood or
metal supporting the handrail
6. Newel post -Vertical member which is placed at the end of flights to connect handrail
7. Nosing-This is a part of the thread ,rounded to give good architectural effects
8. Run-Is the total length of stairs in a horizontal plane, including landings
9. Stringer-These are the sloping wooden
members which support the steps in a stair.
They run along the slope of the stair.
Types of stairs
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Straight Stairs
Straight stairs are certainly one of the most common stairs used in both residential and
commercial buildings. One or more flights are used when space available for staircase is long
but narrow in width.
Straight stairs can also have landings in the middle to reduce the workload for the people who
are using them in order for them to not to tire themselves
Winder
A series of wedge shaped steps in a stairway, used to make a 90 degree turn.
Types of winders-2 quarter winder, double winder.
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Curved Stairs
Curved stairs add elegance and s beauty. Curved stairs are helical and have a large radius and
typically do not make a full circle.
Spiral
Spiral stairs are often confused with curved stairs because both follow a helical arc. These
usually are made very compact and the treads radiate around a center pole.
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Formula
To arrive at the optimum rise, which takes the least energy, the following formula can be
Applied;
2R + T = 23 (for Sri Lankans)
Head room should be 7 (minimum) from the top of the riser.
1. There shall be no obstruction in any staircase between the top most landing and the exit
door on the ground floor.
2. Every staircase, staircase landing, balcony or verandah shall be protected on any side
overlooking a courtyard, void or external air space, by either a handrail balustrade or
parapet which shall have a height of not less than 0.9 meters and shall be of a suitable
design and type of construction to prevent any person from falling over the side of such
staircase, staircase landing balcony or verandah.
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VEHICULAR CIRCULATION
By Damien Fernando and Romien Kavisha
Family Saloons
SUV
Bicycle
57
Buses
Jeeps
58
PARKING GARAGES (MINIMUM REQUIREMENT)
for one vehicle :
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REASONS FOR NEEDING THE STANDARD SIZES OF A VEHICLE?
When designing a house, a garage will be a permanent & a necessary part of the design. The
standard size of a vehicle will be needed when designing a garage for a house, apartment, hotel,
commercial buildings etc. (As shown above)
When the vehicle is parked inside the garage, there should be a clearance between the door of
the vehicle and the wall. The doors should be able to open freely without any obstructions.
THIS SHOULD
NOT HAPPEN
A person should be able to walk around the vehicle freely without any obstructions.
60
Another reason to know the standard size of the vehicle is when an architect/ civil engineer is
designing a road or a highway the standard size of a vehicle is needed when calculating the
dimensions of the road
61
The standard dimensions of a vehicle are needed when designing a road as shown below.
The dimensions should give an Architect/ Civil Engineer an idea when designing the width of the lanes.
Vehicles should be able to pass each other without any obstructions so therefore the clearance between
two vehicles should be calculated carefully.
Flats/ Dwelling Units/Terrace houses(less than 75 sq.m. in gross floor 1 for 2 units -
area)
Flats/Dwelling Units with gloss floor area 75-200 sq.m. 1 for 1 unit -
Flats/Dwelling Units with gloss floor area more than 200sq.m. 3 for 2 units -
62
Institutional Standard Vehicle Commercial
Vehicle
Nursing homes/PVT hospitals 1 for 2 beds 1 for 500 sq.m.
Consulting Rooms(min. 8 sq.m.) 6 for 1 room 1 for 500 sq.m.
Authority
63
PARKING LOTS
Underground Parking
64
90 degree parking
parallel parking
65
TURNING CIRCLES AND RAMPS
MINIMUM TURNING CIRCLES
Minimum turning circle is the smallest possible circle in which a vehicle can turn.
RAMPS
BASEMENT PARKING
66
DESIGNING A TOILET
By Shamin Gunawardena and Thameesha Eliyapura
Private Toilet
Mirror
Wash Basin
Grip/grab bar:
33 above finished
floor.
67
Bathroom shower
Floor:
Skid-proof
68
Plan of toilet
Section of toilet
Public Toilets
69
150 381mm
0m
m 850mm
600mm
300mm
Urinals:
Floors: water-proof, non-slip material, durable. Height: 0.45m from finished
floor level
Minimum of 1 urinal should be
provided
70
Design principles
Ventilation
Good ventilation:
Gable level windows:
To prevent bad odor proper circulation of fresh
Let in natural light air.
Fresh air
Prevent humidity and dampness
71
Positioning
Use of material
Floors: Walls:
Rough Water-proof (Ceramic tiles)
Skid-proof Durable
Water-proof E.g.: ceramic tiles
E.g.: rough marble, ceramic tiles etc.
72
THE DESIGN OF KITCHENS
By Peshan Jayakody and Ishani Gamage
NATURAL LIGHT
An opening from a side of the kitchen can help
bring in natural light into the kitchen. It makes the
kitchen not only a visual pleasure, but helps to
keep the surfaces dry and fresh.
VENTILATION
The Kitchen should be well ventilated by having
open spaces to bring fresh air in and to avoid
unpleasant odors.
73
Cross Ventilation- Air should be channeled through a small opening such as a doorway to a larger
Opening such as pergolas. This movement of air through a smaller space to a larger space is called
Cross Ventilation.
Stack Effect- Stack Effect means the procedure of air rising up, resulting from air buoyancy. Putting up
windows from lower a level and chimneys, fanlights from a higher level can help bring fresh air into
kitchen from this way.
WORK TOPS
74
DISABLED ACCESS
By Abigail Fernando and Sachintha Fernando
THE GAZETTE OF THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS
OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES ACT, NO.28 OF 1996
(Access measurements and reach dimensions must be considered when designing and constructing
accessible environments for people with disability / Of the persons using technical aids (crutches, canes,
wheelchairs, etc.), )
Dimensions of wheelchairs
75
Pavements , Public roads and Pedestrian crossings ( kerbs and ramps )
Kerbs should be lowered at crossings and driveways not more than 25mm above driveway.
Slopes of indoor kerb ramps shall be gently less than 1 : 12 and outdoor ramps less than 1:15.
Access can be ramped or level approach, min width 1200, max slope 1:12.
A slope of 1:12 means that for every inch of total rise, there needs to be 12 inches of ramp
length
Parking Space
A minimum of one accessible space must be allocated for every 25 parking spaces .
For 500 and more please reffer the gazette.
76
Bathrooms
Guiding Blocks
77
LIBRARIES , REFERENCES AND PLAGIARISM
By Meshari Fahim and Nishadya Fernando
LIBRARIES
78
1) The Public Library
of Sri Lanka
Sundays :
CLOSED
3)Sri Lanka
Institute of
Architects
Address:
120/7, Open Hours :
VidyaMawatha,
Colombo 07 Tuesday to Saturday
8.00 am 5.00pm
Phone:
011 2 697109
79
4) The Postgraduate
Institute of
Archaeological
Research
Address:
407, Bauddhaloka
Mawatha, Colombo 07
Phone:
011 2 685217
Sunday Closed
(Basement)
80
BOOK STORES
Main bookstores in Colombo and close suburbs
Vijitha Yapa Bookstore Unity Plaza Building, No 2, Galle Rd, Col. 04 0112596960
81
82
83
REFERENCES
Why do you cite your references?
It is important to cite references in order to:
- support your arguments and give your work a factual basis
- protect yourself against charges of plagiarism
- demonstrate to assessors or critics that you have carried out the necessary research
- allow the reader to locate the material you consulted.
Referencing books
Author Surname, Author First Initial. published year. Book Title. Place of Publish: Publisher.
Referencing websites
Contributor Surname, Contributor First Initial. Year. Resource Title [Online]. Place of Publish: Publisher.
Available at: website address of document [Accessed: Day Month Year]
84
example for Harvard style referencing :
Most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities.
Referencing books
Author Surname, Author First Name. Book Title. Place of Publish: Publishing House, Year. Print.
Referencing websites
Contributors Names. Article name. Web Site Name, Last Edited Date. Website. Date of Access.
85
American Psychological Association ( APA )
Most commonly used to write write ups and more subjective topics
Referencing Websites
Author, A. (date). Title of document [Format description]. Retrieved from http://xxxxxxxx
PLAGIARISM
What is Plagiarism?
86
PLAGIARISM CHECK APPLICATIONS
Anti-Plagiarism
A software designed to accurately detect plagiarism. It is an adaptable tool to deal with World Wide
Web copy-pasting information from the assignment of authorship. The main aim of this program is to
help reduce the impact of plagiarism on educational institutions. At present, it distributes free software
to detect plagiarism. Checking documents in a format *.rtf, *.doc, *.docx, *.pdf
DupliChecker
It is 100% free, extremely easy to use, it has the options of copy-pasting the text, entering the URL of the
content destination required to be checked, or uploading a text file.
CopyLeaks
It offers entire website plagiarism scan. It also supports of multiple file formats in any language.
PaperRater
It offers Grammar checking, plagiarism detection & writing suggestions. It is a free resource that is
developed and maintained by linguistics professionals and graduate students.
Plagiarisma
It is a free software which supports Windows. It has the ability to search website contents by copy
pasting the URLs &and files in HTML, DOC, DOCX, RTF, TXT, ODT and PDF formats.
Plagiarism checker
It is 100% free & easy which does not require a download or installation. It includes detailed
instructions. It is ideal for educators to check whether a students work has been copied from the
internet.
Plagium
It is a plagiarism detection tool which is free & very easy to use. It has the ability to scan up to 5,000
words at a time. It is ideal for a quick search on the web or social media
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