Introducci

on a la Mec
anica de la Fractura

Federico C. Buroni1,

Departamento de Ingeniera Mecanica y Fabricacion, Universidad de Sevilla

1
fburoni@us.es

Mster de Ingeniera Industrial | Universidad de Sevilla

2016/2017
 Discrepancia entre los experimentos en acero y las predicciones de la
teora de Grith

Correcci
on por plasticidad
Se ha utilizado MFEL para realizar anlisis de Fractura teniendo en cuenta una
Proceso de pequea
fracturaplasticidad

q Se dis'nguen, ,picamente, tres zonas.

1. La regin de proceso de fractura
Si el proceso de falla involucra una zona disipativa (y altamente inelstica)
2. Zona pls'ca y de dao (no lineal inels'co).
3. Zona els'ca.
puedo analizar el problema con MFEL?
q Las zonas 1 y 2 son disipa'vas.

Plasticidad en peque
na escala
\ Correccion por plasticidad
q Plas%cidad en pequea escala (small-scale yielding)

Para slice (SiO2) la zona inels%ca es de dimensiones atmicas, por lo tanto

una grieta de unos pocos nanmetros sa%sface la condicin de plas%cidad a
pequea escala (SSY).

Para el acero, la zona pls%ca es del tamao del milmetro, por lo tanto una
grieta de unos pocos cen1metros sa%sface SSY.

Para un acero dc3l, la zona pls%ca puede tener varios cm por lo tanto para
sa%sfacer la condicin de SSY la grieta debe tener el tamao de un
archivador.

q Si se sa%sface SSY estamos dentro de MFEL.

3
LosFig.
modelos
5 Typicalque vimos
engineering de correccin
stress-strain curves. Source:por
Ref 2 plasticidad son elsticos lineales.
No tienen en cuenta el trabajo de endurecimiento por deformacin

4
\ Contenidos II

Enfoque local
Solucin asint1ca
Factor de intensidad de tensiones
Criterio de propagacin

5
\ Modos de fractura
Un componente puede estar sujeto a una combinacin de tres modos de carga
independientes.

I II III
\ Modos de fractura
Un componente puede estar sujeto a una combinacin de tres modos de carga
independientes.

24 Continuum aspects I: linear crack-tip field

y x

I II III
7 III
\ Modos de fractura
Modo I. La grieta )ende a abrirse. Simetra en los planos xy y xz.
Un componente puede estar sujeto a una combinacin de tres modos de carga
independientes.
Modo II. Las supercies de la fractura )enden a moverse en el plano de la
grieta y perpendicularmente la borde de la misma. Simetra en el plano xy y
an)simetra en el plano xz.

Modo III. Las supercies de la grieta )enden a moverse en la direccin del
frente de la grieta. An)simetra en los planos xy y xz.
24 Continuum aspects I: linear crack-tip field
y x

I II III
8 III
\ Modos de fractura
Un componente puede estar sujeto a una combinacin de tres modos de carga
Modo I. Es el ms importante en propagacin de materiales frgiles:
independientes.
Hay una tendencia de la grieta en buscar una direccin que minimice las
cargas de corte.
La grieta crece por progresivo es3ramiento y ruptura de bandas cohesivas a
travs del plano de la grieta.

24 Continuum aspects I: linear crack-tip field

y x

I II III
9 III
\ Modos de fractura
Modo II y III. Ocurren, por ejemplo, en:
Un componente puede estar sujeto a una combinacin de tres modos de carga
independientes.
propagacin de grietas restringidas a interfaces dbiles (planos de
clivaje en cristales monol<cos, granos o bordes de grano en
policristales),
fractura de metales dc<les y polmeros donde se favorece modo III,
fractura de rocas cuando grandes presiones geolgicas suprimen modo I

24 Continuum aspects I: linear crack-tip field

y x

I II III
10 III
 Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics
Soluci
on el
astica en el v
ertice de la grieta

El problema es plano!

FIGURE 2.13 D
ahead of a crack
the page.

solucin local o singular o asint1ca

For the higher-order terms, Am is the amplitude and gij( m ) is a di
the mth term. The higher-order terms depend on geometry, but the s
K uration
( ) + . . . to 1 r .As r m0
( ) contains0a leading
( ) 1 (is proportional
)
ij (r, ) =p fij ( ) + r ij ( ) + r 2 ijterm that
2rinfinity, but the other terms remain finite or approach zero. Thus, st
with 1 rr , regardless of the configuration of the cracked body. It can
ment K thercrack
near g tip( varies
) + . with r . Equation (2.36) describes a
()
u (r, ) = ..
is asymptotic
G to r  0. The basis of this relationship is explored in m
2
There are three types of loading that a crack can experience, as
K : Factor de intensidad de tensiones
I loading, where the principal load is applied normal to the crack p
Mode II corresponds to in-plane shear loading and tends to slide o
= I, II, III
the other. Mode III refers to out-of-plane shear. A cracked body can
 Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics 43
Soluci
on el
astica en el v
ertice de la grieta

K :
Factor de intensidad de tensiones

FIGURE 2.13 = I, II,ofIII

Definition the coordinate axis
ahead of a crack tip. The z direction is normal to
the page.

Los campos locales de tensin y desplazamientos quedan completamente determinados

For the higher-order terms, Am is the amplitude and gij( m ) is a dimensionless function of Q for
por el valor de K:
the mth term. The higher-order terms depend on geometry, but the solution for any given config-
uration contains a leading term that is proportional to 1 r .As r m0, the leading term approaches
infinity, but the other terms remainK finite
or() approach zero. Thus, stress near the crack tip varies
with 1 r , regardlessij (r,
of the =p
)configuration fofijthe() + . .body.
cracked . It can also be shown that displace-
ment near the crack tip varies with 2r r . Equation (2.36) describes a stress singularity, since stress
is asymptotic to r  0. The basis of this relationship is explored in more detail in Appendix 2.3.
There are three types of loading that a crack can experience, as Figure 2.14 illustrates. Mode
I loading, where the principal load
rapplied normal to the crack plane, tends to open the crack.
is
K r ()
Mode II corresponds to
u (r, ) = in-plane shear loading
g and( )tends
+ . to. .slide one crack face with respect to
G
the other. Mode III refers to out-of-plane 2shear. A cracked body can be loaded in any one of these
modes, or a combination of two or three modes.
 \ Modos I
Placa innita
solucin local o singular o asint.ca:

p
a 3
11 (r, ) = p cos 1 sin sin
2r 2 2 2
p
a 3
22 (r, ) = p cos 1 + sin sin
2r 2 2 2
p
a 3
12 (r, ) = p sin cos cos
2r 2 2 2
TP:
33 = 13 = 23 =0 KI = lim 22 | =0 2 r= a
r!0

DP: Las soluciones para TP y DP son idn4cas en el plano

13= =0
23
33 = ( 11 + 22 )
13
 \ M
Crack-tipfieldand stress-intensity factor,IIIK
odos
Crack-tip fieldIand stress-intensity
Fig. 2.3. The three modes of fracture: I, opening mode; II, sliding
field' solutions factor, K see Irwin 1958, Paris &27Sih 1965)
(for reviews
mode; III, tearing mode.
important to re-emphasise a key assumption here, that the crack
behind the tip remain free of tractions at2 all stages of loading.
S ; Sxz
Mode I Mode
The Irwin I xy solutions
crack-tip are given below for each of the three
in relation to the coordinate system of fig. 2.4. The AT terms are the
l - 1
intensity factors, E\s Young's modulus, v is Poisson's ratio, and

K = (3 v)/(l + v), V = 0, v"

0 = v, (plane stress)
fxy KJrO= ^**"~
(3 4v), V = v, v" = 0, (plane strain).

stress-intensity factor, K Mode I: 27 -1

2 Fig. 2.4. Stress field at Irwin

cos (0/2) slit-crack
Crack-tip
[1 - sin tip and
field C, showing
(0/2) sin rectangular
stress-intensity
(30/2)] j and
factor,
polar-coordinateMode II
components.
Mode I

-Vv V "
cos (0/2)
field' [1 +(for
solutions sin (0/2)
reviewssinsee(30/2)]
Irwin [1958, Pari
2.3.2 Linear elastic crack-tip
.important
sin (0/2) tocos field
_ re-emphasise
1 cos (30/2)
(0/2) a key assumptionj here
1
behind the tip remain 2 free of tractions at all stages
cos
Let us now examine analyticalThe
(0/2)
Irwin
[1+sin
solutions for
crack-tip
(0/2)]]
the stressareand
solutions displacement
given below for e
3
fields around the tip in cos
of a (0/2)to the coordinate system of fig.Hookean
slit-like
relation plane crack in an ideal 2.4. The
0 continuum solid. The classic approach2 to any linear elasticity problem of
intensity
sin (0/2) factors,
cos E\s Young's modulus, v is Poisso
(0/2)
JrO ^**"~ this sort involves the search for a suitable ' stress function' that satisfies the
so-called biharmonic equation K(fourth-order
= (3 v)/(l +differential
v), V = 0,TP equation
v" = v, em-
(pla
- 1 bodying the condition for equilibrium, - -
K = (3 4v),
1
strain compatibility,
V = v, DP and Hooke's
v" = 0, (plan
law), in accordance with appropriate boundary conditions. The com-
 . sin (0/2) cos (0/2) cos (30/2) j
0 [1+sin2 (0/2)]] III
cos (0/2)
\ Modos II
fxy JrO ^**"~
cos3 modes
Fig. 2.3. The three (0/2) of fracture: I, opening mode; II, sliding
mode; III, tearing mode.
- 1 cos2 (0/2)
sin (0/2)
nd stress-intensity factor, K 27
SMode
xy ; AIIxz

Mode I
2
-Vv V "V
2E{2n]
_ 1
1(1+ v) [(2K + 1) sin (0/2) - sin (30/2)] J
1
U, _ XJ H1/2|(1+V)[(2K:-1)COS(0/2)-COS(30/2)] 1
~2Eyhi) 1(1 + v) [-(2/c+l) sin (0/2) + sin (30/2)] J
0 u, = +- yy
- 1) = ~ (v"z/E) (orr + aw).
JrO ^**"~

-1
Mode II: -2
Fig. 2.4. Stress field at Irwin slit-crack
Crack-tip tip and
field C, showing rectangular
stress-intensity an
facto
Mode II
Mode III
- sin
polar-coordinate (0/2) [2 + cos (6/2) cos (id/2)} j
components.
Mode III
-Vv V " _ 1
, sinfield'
1/2 (6/2)
2.3.2 Linear elastic
cos
cos (6/2)
solutions (forcos
crack-tip field
important
(6/2) [1to- re-emphasise
(36/2)
reviews
sin (6/2) sina key
behind the tip remain 2
i
see Irwin 1958,
assumption
(36/2)] ] he
free of tractions at all stag
P

Let us now examine sin (0/2)

analytical
The Irwin[1-3 sin (0/2)]'
solutions for
crack-tip the stressareand
solutions displaceme
given below fo
fields around the tip-3sin(6>/2)cos
of a slit-like plane
2
coordinate system of fig.Hookea
in relation to the (6>/2) crack in an ideal 2.4. Th
continuum solid. The classic
intensityapproach
factors,to any
E\s linear elasticity problem
2 Young's modulus, v is Poi
cos (6/2) [1-3 sin
this sort involves the search for a suitable ' stress(0/2)] J
function' that satisfies th
- -1
-1 so-called biharmonic equation K(fourth-order
= (3 v)/(l +differential equation
v), V = 0,TP v" = v, em
(
bodying the condition for equilibrium, strain compatibility,
K = (3 4v), and
v" =Hooke
V = v, DP 0, (p
-2
Fig. 2.5. Angular distribution of law), in accordance
crack-tip stresses withthe
1/2 for appropriate boundary conditions. The com
three modes.
 JrO ^**"~
- -1 III

\ Modos III
-1 Fig. 2.3. The three modes of fracture: I, opening mode; II, sliding
mode; III, tearing mode.
-2
Mode II

-Vv V " Mode III _ 1 26 Axy ;Mode

Axz IIIaspects I: linear crack-tip fiel
Continuum

ur] =KRi _r\112 f(l + v)[-(2*:-l)sin(0

uj ~ 2E[2nj t(l + v)[-(2/t+l)cos(
- -1 uz=- iy'zlE) (GXX + ayy) = - (v"z/E) (a
-1
-2 Mode III:
Fig. 2.5. Angular distribution of crack-tip stresses
Fig. 2.4. Stress field atfor
Irwinthe threetipmodes.
slit-crack C, showing rectangular and
III Rectangular components
Mode III (left) and polar components
polar-coordinate components.(right). Note
comparable magnitudes of normal and shear components in modes I
2.3.2 Linear elastic crack-tip field
and II, absence of normal components in mode III.
GXZ\ Km f-sin(g/2))
Let us now examine analytical solutions for the stress and displacemen
n the near-field equations if the stresses andaj
fields around the tip of(2nryi*\cos(6/2)
displacementsa slit-like are
plane to inJan ideal Hookea
match
crack
continuum solid. The classic approach to any linear elasticity problem o
he outer boundary conditions. Hence we must be careful
Grzthe\ search
this sort involves Kform
not' stress
to function'
fsin(g/2)]
a suitable
apply that satisfies th
2.14) at very small or very large distances r from the 1 tip. / (fourth-order
2
so-called biharmonic equation
J l J
differential equation em
bodying the condition for equilibrium, strain compatibility, and Hooke
u = uwith= appropriate
u = u =boundary 0
law), in accordance conditions. The com
4.2.3 Three-dimensional crack-tip field
\ P roblemas 3D
In various cases the three-dimensional character of a crack problem must be taken
into account. This is generally the case if the crack front is curved. Examples of
Modos acoplados
such problems are the penny-shaped internal crack or a half-elliptical surface crack
(Fig. 4.7a). But also the problem of a crack with the straight crack front in a flat
plate of finite thickness is, strictly speaking, a three-dimensional problem. Here, the
stress state varies near the crack front along the thickness of the plate.

Frente de grieta y
crack front
s r
x
A P z

a) b)
Fig. 4.7 Three-dimensional crack field
No vlido en estos puntos
It can be shown that the crack-tip field in a three-dimensional case locally is of
Problema 1

Gracar mediante un programa (MATLAB, Mathema9ca, Maple, Excel, etc.) la

solucin singular en tensiones en el entorno del vr9ce de la grieta para todas las
componentes (tanto en polares como en cartesianas) par9cularizadas para theta=0
y en los tres modos. Tensin plana y K=1.

Representar tambin la solucin en desplazamientos en el entorno del vr9ce de la

grieta para todas las componentes (tanto en polares como en cartesianas)
par9cularizadas para theta=Pi y theta=-Pi y en los tres modos. K=1

Ver el efecto de aumentar K

 Campos en el v
ertice de la grieta en materiales reales
Observaciones experimentales

Microscopia de rayos X posibilita obtener informacin (en 3D) cualita:va y cuan:ta:va

de diversos micromecanismos relacionados con el fenmeno de fractura.

Difraccin Tomogra.a computada

Withers PJ. (2015) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 373: 20130157

19
Campos en el v
ertice de la grieta en materiales reales
Observaciones experimentales
En este ejemplo el campo de tensiones es esencialmente gobernado por MFEL, pues la
zona pls:ca es muy pequea.

yy
Withers PJ. (2015) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 373: 20130157
20
Campos en el v
ertice de la grieta en materiales reales
Otro ejemplo.

(a) y (c): deformacin en x

(b) y (d): deformacin en y

(c) y (d): valores teados

Steuwer et al (2010) Acta Materialia 58: 4039

\ Anillo K y condicion SSY
Carcter universal de la solucin singular
q Para un determinado modo de fractura, la forma de la solucin en la vecindad del
vr/ce de grieta es nica independientemente de la carga y geometra del slido.

Zona dominancia K

; rp << D

Zona inesls/ca
simplicada
22
 K es el nico mensajero entre las
condiciones de contorno externas y la
zona de proceso de fractura

23
\ Criterio de fractura
q Para un determinado modo de fractura, la forma de la solucin en la vecindad del
vr3ce de grieta es idn2ca para cada grieta (MFEL).

q Luego, esta solucin se caracteriza completamente por un nico parmetro, el Factor

de Intensidad de Tensiones.
q En MFEL, el proceso de fractura es controlado por lo que sucede en la vecindad del
vr3ce de grieta (zona de inuencia de K).

q Criterio de crecimiento de grieta:

K K C = I, II, III

KC , K C : Depende del material y del espesor de la probeta (TP o DP)

K : Depende de la carga y la geometra

qEl Factor de Intensidad de Tensiones (FIT) depende solo de las
condiciones de contorno exteriores, es decir, de la carga aplicada y la
geometra del slido.

25
26
TABLE 2.4
KI Solutions for Common Test Specimensa

a *
f
GEOMETRY W
Single Edge Notched Tension (SENT)
Pa
2 tan
2W a
Pa 0.752  2.02 W
cos
2W

Pa
3
 0.371 sin
2W

Single Edge Notched Bend (SE(B))

S a
3
W W 1.99 a
a a
3/ 2 W
2 1  2 1
W W

1 a 2.15 3.93 a  2.7 a

2

W W W

Center Cracked Tension (CCT)

Pa
2
Pa a
sec 1 0.025
4W 2W W

a
4
 0.06
W

Double Edge Notched Tension (DENT)

Pa
2W
2
a a
1.122 0.561 0.205
a W W
1
W

a
3 4
a
 0.471  0.190
W W

Compact Specimen a
2 2
W 0.886  4.64 a 13.32 a
3/ 2
a W W
1
W

a
3 4
a
 14.72 5.60
W W

P a
*K I  f where B is the specimen thickness.
B W W
 Single Edge Notched Tension (SENT)
Pa
2 tan
2W a
Pa 0.752  2.02 W
cos
2W

Pa
3
 0.371 sin
2W

Single Edge Notched Bend (SE(B))

S a
3
W W 1.99 a
a a
3/ 2 W
2 1  2 1
W W

1 a 2.15 3.93 a  2.7 a

2

W W W

Center Cracked Tension (CCT)

Pa
2
Pa a
sec 1 0.025
4W
2W W

a
4
 0.06
W

Double Edge Notched Tension (DENT)

Pa
2W a a
2

1.122 0.561 0.205

a W W
1
W

a
3 4
a
 0.471  0.190
W W

FIGURE 2.23 Plot of stress intensity

Compact solutions
Specimen from Table 2.4. a
2 2
W a a
3/ 2 0.886  4.64 W 13.32 W
a
1
W
Although stress intensity solutions are given in a variety of forms, K can always be related to
a
3 4
a
 14.72
the through crack (Figure 2.4) through the appropriate correction 5.60
W factor: W

K I , II , III  YS P a (2.47)
Although stress intensity solutions are given in a variety of forms, K
hrough crack (Figure 2.4) through the appropriate correction factor

Otras veces lo encontramos tabulado as: K I , II , III  YS P a

re
 characteristic stress Y : Parametro dimensional
que depende de la geometra y de la carga.
 characteristic crack dimension
La llamamos funci on de calibraci on.
 dimensionless constant that depends on the geometry and the m
: Tensi on nominal
Es la tension en el lugar de la grieta
en el componente sin grieta. Es proporcional a la carga.
En general, la tension podra variar a lo largo de la grieta.
En ese caso Y tendra en cuenta este hecho siendo una funcion
MPLE 2.4 de la variacion de la tension nominal y del largo de la grieta.

a: Longitud de la grieta.
(o proporcional).
how that the KI solution for the single edge notched tensile panel reduces to Eq

olution: All of the KI expressions in Table 2.4 are of the form:

ugh crack (Figure 2.4) through the appropriate correction factor:

K I , II , III  YS P a

haracteristic stress
haracteristic crack dimension
imensionless constant that depends on the geometry and the mode of loading

PLE 2.4

that the KI solution for the single edge notched tensile panel reduces to Equation (2.42) when a 

on: All of the KI expressions in Table 2.4 are of the form:

P a
KI  f
B W w
\ Resumen-Como trabajo con MF?

p
K=Y a = KIC

1. y a ) MF predice fractotenacidad KIC

1 KIC 2
2. y KIC ) MF predice el tama
no de grieta crtico ! ac = Y

KpIC
3. a y KIC ) MF predice la tension de fallo ! f = Y a

31