CSEC JANUARY 2011 PAPER 2

1. Table 1 below shows a sprinters velocity (v) at various times (t) up to the first 10s of a 100m
race.

Table 1

t/s 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

v/ ms
1
0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 10.0

1(a) Velocity is defined as the rate of change of displacement.

Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity.

1(b) To plot a graph of v against t (ANIMATE EACH POINT BELOW)

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Graph of V vs. t Scale for V-Axis: 1 cm = 0.5 ms-1
Scale for t-Axis: 1 cm = 1 s
10.5
10.0
9.5
9.0
8.5
8.0
7.5
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
V / ms-1 5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

t/s

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I. AXES

When told to plot a graph of v against t:

The first variable mentioned (v) goes on the Y axis.

The second variable mentioned (t) goes on the X axis.

II. LABELS

On the top of the graph page write: Graph of v against t.

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The Y axis must be drawn on the edge of the vertical grid and labelled v / ms .
The X axis must be drawn on the edge of the horizontal grid and labelled t / s.
Both axes must be numbered at least every 2cm.

III. SCALES

GRAPH STARTING AT (0,0):

Choose the scale for each axis so that it is easy to plot and read off the co-ordinates of
all the points.
The chosen scale should ensure that the plotted points spread over more than half of the
graph page on both X and Y axes
The best scales are 1cm = (any ONE of the numbers 1, 2, 25 or 5, with a decimal place
and zeroes before or zeroes after the number).
The Y axis is 21 cm long and a maximum value for v of 10.0 must be plotted on it. If 21
cm = 10.0, then 1cm = 0.476, which is rounded up to the best scale of 0.5.
Label the top right hand side of the graph page: Scale for v: 1cm = 0.5.
The X axis is 18 cm long and a maximum value for t of 10.0 must be plotted on it. If 18
cm = 10.0, then 1cm = 0.5, which is rounded up to the best scale of 1.
Label the top right hand side of the graph page: Scale for t: 1cm = 1.
Start the graph at (0,0)

IV. PLOTTING

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[Insert animation graph being plotted as outlined below ]

Plot all the pairs of values from the table.

The points used to plot the graph must be thin, small crosses or fine dots with a tiny circle

around them. The lengths of the crosses or diameters of the tiny circles around the plots

should not occupy more than the smallest block on the grid.
The points must be accurately plotted [to half of the 2mm block on the grid].

0.5
=
For the Y axis 1cm = 0.52mm = 5 0.1

1
=
For the X axis 1cm = 1 2mm = 5 0.2

V. BEST FIT LINE

The best fit line of v against t is one thin, straight line from (0, 0) to (8.0, 10.0) then one
thin, horizontal line from (8.0, 10.0) to (10.0, 10.0).
The best fit line is drawn so that the total perpendicular distance of the points above the
line balances the total below.

1(c) GRADIENT

[Insert animation co-ordinates for gradient being determined as outlined below.]

[Insert animation to use co-ordinates from graph to calculate gradient]

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 Graph of V vs. t Scale for V-Axis: 1 cm = 0.5 ms-1
Scale for t-Axis: 1 cm = 1 s
10.5
10.0
9.5
9.0
8.5
8.0
7.5
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
V / ms-1 5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

(x , y ) = (t , v ) = t/s
(0, 0)

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To calculate the SLOPE or gradient (s) of the graph.

Draw the largest possible right angled triangle, with the vertical and horizontal sides
represented by broken lines and the hypotenuse represented by at least half of the best fit
STRAIGHT line.
The co-ordinates should be points that are easily read off. (e.g. use points on intersections
of grid-lines).
Since the best fit line passes through the origin, let the horizontal side begin at the origin
and end at 6s.
Find the EXACT POINT where the vertical side of the triangle cuts the hypotenuse and
read off (to half of the 2mm block on the grid), the coordinates (x, y) = (t, v)
= (6, 7.5)
Find the EXACT POINT where the horizontal side of the triangle cuts the hypotenuse
and read off (to half of the 2mm block on the grid), the coordinates (x, y) = (t, v)
= (0, 0)
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The units for the gradient are found by dividing the units ( ms ) for the quantity on

the Y-axis by the unit ( s ) for the quantity on the X-axis.

Calculate the slope or gradient (s) from:

dy dv v 2v 1 ( 7.50 ) ms
1
2
s= = = = =1.25 ms
dx dt t 2t 1 ( 60 ) s

1(d) The slope of the graph (s) represents the change of velocity (dv) over the time taken (dt),
which is acceleration (a)

dy dv
=
[s = dx dt = a]

1(e) Calculate the resultant force (F) from the formula:

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F = ma where mass (m) = 60kg and acceleration (a) = slope (s) = 1.25 ms

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 F = 60kg 1.25 ms 2 = 75N

1(f) The distance travelled by the sprinter in 10s:

= area under the graph = area of the trapezium

1
= 2 (10 + 2) (10) = 60m

The distance between the sprinter and the finish line (which is 100m from the starting line)

= (100 60) = 40m

2(a) (i) The types of radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum with wave lengths:

(a) Longer than visible light are infrared, microwaves and radio waves.

(b) Shorter than visible light are ultraviolet, gamma and X-rays.

(ii) Table 2 below relates the type of radiation, its source and use.

Table 2

Type of Radiation Source of Radiation Use of Radiation

X-rays X-ray machine X-ray pictures

Gamma rays Radioactive Nucleus Sterilizing equipment,

eg. Co - 60 Radiotherapy
The Sun Tracers
Radio waves Radio transmitter Communications,
Microwave oven Cooking,
Microwave transmitters Cellular Communication

2(b) (i) [Insert rearrangement animation here]

To calculate the frequency (f) of gamma rays;

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rearrange the formula v = f to make (f) the subject.

v
f=

where (v) of all electromagnetic waves = 3.0 108 ms1

1012 m
and wavelength () of gamma rays = 3.0

3 10 8
20
f= 3 1012 = 1 10 Hz

(b) (ii)

[Insert rearrangement animation here]

a
To calculate the angle ( ) in air, rearrange the formula:

sin a
ng a
= sin g to make ( ) the subject

sin a ng
=( ) ( sin g )

ng
where refractive index of glass ( ) = 1.5, angle in air ( a ) = e, angle in glass ( g ) = 35

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 Sin e = (1.5) (Sin 35)

= (1.5) (0.574)

= 0.860

e= sin 1 0.860 = 59.4

3(a) Table 3 below relates circuit symbols to electrical components.

Table 3

R1 , R2 R3
3(b) Figure 2 below is a circuit diagram which includes resistors and

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(i) The formula which relates voltage (V), current (I) and resistance (R) is:

V = IR

R2
(ii) To calculate : [Insert rearrangement animation here]

R1 R2
When the switch is open, only and are in the circuit.

RT
To calculate the total resistance ( ) in the circuit, rearrange the formula:

VT IT R T RT
= to make ( ) the subject:

VT
RT VT IT
= IT where total voltage ( ) = 24V and total current ( ) = 2A

24 V
RT
= = 12
2A

R1 and R2 are in series total resistance in series RT = R1 + R2

R2
Rearrange the formula to make the subject:

R2
= RT R1
where
R1
= 4

R2
= 12 4 = 8

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(iii) The reading on the voltmeter can be calculated from:

V2
= IT R 2

= (2A) (8)

= 16V

(iv) To calculate the current when the switch is closed:

R2 R3 RP
If the switch is closed and will be in parallel. The total resistance in parallel (

1 1 1
=
) can be found from the formula R P R2 + R3

R2
where = 8 and R3 = 8

1 1 1 1
= + =
RP 8 8 4

RP
= 4

RP R1
The parallel resistors ( ) are in series with ( ),

RT RP + R1 R1
so the total resistance in the circuit ( )= where = 4

RT
= 4 + 4 = 8

[Insert rearrangement animation here]

IT
To calculate the total current ( ) in the circuit, rearrange the formula:

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 VT IT R T IT
= to make ( ) the subject

VT
IT VT
= RT where the total voltage ( ) = 24V

24 V
IT
= = 3A
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4. (a) (i) Animate Diagram

Figure 3 above shows the apparatus which can be used to determine how the temperature of
naphthalene varies during cooling.

The method to be used is as follows:

Set up as in Figure 3
Place the boiling tube in a water bath and stir until all the naphthalene is melted.
Remove the boiling tube from the water bath and clamp it in a retort stand.
Note the initial temperature and start the stop watch.
Stir continuously and note the temperature at 30 second intervals as it cools.
Stop timing when the naphthalene solidifies.
Plot a graph of temperature versus time.

4(b)

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(i) Mass of melted ice (mi) = (final mass of water plus melted ice) (initial mass of water)

= 110 g 100 g = 10 g.

mW cW W
(ii) Calculate the heat lost by hot water (EH) using the formula EH = ,

m
c
Where mass of hot water ) = 100 g, Specific heat capacity of water ( W = 4.2 Jg-1K-1

W
and Change of temperature of the water ( = (30 20) = 10 =10 K .

E = (100 g)( 4.2 Jg-1K-1)( 10 K = 4 200 J.

H

(iii) Calculate the heat (EH1) gained to melt ice at 0 using the formula EH1 = mi lf ,

where mi = (10g).

E = 10 l
H1 f

Calculate the heat (EH2) gained to raise the temperature of the melted ice (i.e. water) from 0 C to

cw
20 C using the formula EH2 = mi ,

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 cW = 20 0 = 20 C = 20 K.
where = 4.2 Jg-1K-1,

EH2 = (10g) (4.2 Jg-1K-1) (20 K) = 840 J.

Total heat gained by ice: EH = EH1 + EH2 = 10 lf + 840.

(iv) Total heat gained by ice = Heat lost by hot water

10 lf + 840 = 4 200
10 l =4 200 840 = 3 360
f

lf = 336 Jg-1

5. (a) Figures 5(a) and 5(b) demonstrate how the magnitude of the emf induced in a conductor
depends on the rate of change of magnetic flux in the conductor.

Animate Diagram

Figure 5(a)

Animate Diagram

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Figure 5(b)

Method:

Using a coil as the conductor, set up the circuit in Figure 5(a)

Move the North Pole of the bar magnet towards the coil and note the deflection of the
needle on the meter (see Figure 5(a)).
Move the North Pole towards the coil with a greater speed and note the new deflection of
the needle (see Figure 5(b)).

Observation:

As the magnet moves, the needle deflects, showing that an emf has been induced in the
coil.
As the speed of the magnet increases, the deflection of the needle increases, showing that
the induced emf has increased.

Conclusion:

The emf induced in the coil (as read from the meter) depends on the rate at which the magnetic
flux in the coil increases, caused by the speed with which the magnet moves towards the coil.

Explanation:

The magnetic flux from the magnet links itself with the coil. When the magnet moves towards
the coil, it increases the magnetic flux in the coil and an emf is induced in the coil to oppose this
increase in flux. When the magnet moves faster towards the coil, the magnetic flux increases at a
faster rate and a larger emf is induced.

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(b) (i) Electric cars are charged using a magnetic field below the road. In the charging lane cars
are required to keep moving for the following reasons:

The magnetic flux from the field below the road links itself with the conductor in the car.
When the car moves, it cuts the magnetic flux linked with the conductor in the car.
The magnetic flux changes, so an emf is induced in the conductor and a current flows to
the battery.
If the car does not move, the flux does not change and the induced emf is zero.

(ii) The effect of the cars speed on the charging of the battery:

If the speed of the car increases, the rate of change of flux increases, the emf increases
and the current flow to the battery increases.
If the speed of the car decreases, the rate of change of flux decreases, the emf decreases
and the current flow to the battery decreases.

(iii) To calculate the conversion efficiency:

The input power to charge 100 cars = 200 kW

200 kW
The input power ( P ) to charge one car = = 2kW
100

Multiply P by 1000 to convert from kW to W

P = 2000 W

POUT
The output power ) from one car = 600 W

POUT
Calculate the efficiency ( ) from the formula = P x 100

600
= x 100 = 30 %.
2 000

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6 (a) (i) J.J. Thompson proposed the Plum Pudding model of the atom, which stated that atoms
were solid balls of positive charge in which an equal number of negative electrons were
uniformly distributed.

Rutherford proposed the Planetary or Nuclear model of the atom, which stated that positive
protons were in a small nucleus at the centre of the atom and the atom itself was mainly space
with an equal number of negative electrons in it.

(b) The nuclide notation is given for each of the following elements:
40 235 40 238 39
19 P; 92 Q ; 18R ; 92 X ; 19Y

Where the numbers at the top are the nucleon or mass numbers and the numbers below are the
proton or atomic numbers.

(i) The nuclides with identical mass numbers are P and R.

(ii) The heaviest nuclide is X with a nucleon number of 238 and a proton number of 92.

The nucleon number is the number of protons and neutrons, therefore the number of neutrons

= nucleon number proton number = 238 92 = 146.

(iii) Isotopes have the same proton or atomic number but different nucleon or mass numbers.

Therefore Q and X are isotopes with proton number 92 and P and Y are isotopes with proton
number 19.

(c) The table below shows the count rate and time elapsed for a radioactive material.

Count Rate / Minute-1 Time/ seconds

4 000 0.0
1 000 55.0
500 80.0

(i) The half life is the time it takes for the count rate to go to half of its value.

The original count rate is 4 000 counts per minute.

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 In the first half life, the count rate will go from 4 000 to 2 000 counts per minute. In the

second half life, the count rate will go from 2 000 to 1 000 counts per minute. This occurs in a
time interval of 55.0 0.0 = 55.0 s

55
T wo half live intervals = 55.0 s so one half life interval =
=
27.5 s
2

In one half life the count rate will go from 1 000 to 500 counts per minute . This occurs in a
time interval of 80.0 55.0 = 25.0 s. So one half life interval = 25.0 s

27.5+ 25.0 52.5

(ii) Average half life = 2 = 2 = 26.3 s.

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