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Attempting to create a uniform set of rules governing


penalties and procedures concerning drug abuse in sport is
f r a u g h t w i t h d i f fi c u l t i e s .
"The difficulty is that each sport has its own regulatory
bodies, swimming has FINA, IAAF governs track, there's the
Olympic committee and so on," said Lynda Filsinger,
executive director of the Sports Medicine Council of B.C.
a n d a c e r t i fi e d d o p i n g c o n t r o l o f fi c e r.
"In Canada we favour a four-year ban for positive testing,
the Olympics want two years because they feel it harsh that
an athlete miss a whole other Olympics under a four-year
ban."
According to Filsinger, Canada leads the world in fighting
drug abuse in sport, by its testing policy and penalties.
Other leading nations working with Canada to standardize
penalties and procedures are the UK, France, New Zealand,
Australia and Norway.
The United States led an international campaign for tougher
sanctions against China after seven of its swimmers tested
positive for anabolic steroids at the Asian Games in 1994.
But it was the U.S. on the receiving end of harsh criticism
this month, for its lenient treatment of 15-year-old Jessica
Foschi.
Last fall, U.S. swimming authorties banned Foschi for two
years after she tested positive for steroids at a meet in
August 1995.
Earlier this month, the two-year ban was rescinded amid
allegations from Foschi's family that the long distance
freestyler's ^atorade had been spiked.
Not surprisingly it was China leading the protests.
Foschi was allowed to try out for the U.S. Olympic team, at
trials in Indianapolis last week. She failed to make the
team.
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C o n s t a b l e P a t K o k e s c h i s c u r r e n t l y i n v o l v e d i n t h e fi g h t
a g a i n s t s t e r o i d t r a f fi c k i n g a s p a r t o f a fi v e - p e r s o n R C M P
drug squad in Chilliwack.
" O n e h a s t o r e m e m b e r , a d e a l e r ' s m o t i v a t i o n i s m o n e y, y o u r
well-being is of no concern to him," he said.
"The RCMP in Saskatchewan recently took down an organization
whieh used human urine in the product they sold as a
steroid. Individuals in this case wound up with lesions on
v a r i o u s p a r t s o f t h e i r b o d y.
" A g r o u p w e w o r k e d o n i n Va n c o u v e r w a s a c t u a l l y u s i n g
Armorol and selling it as a steroid product.
"Steroids do not get the same attention as other drugs. But
t h e d e a l e r s a r e e v e r y b i t a s r u t h l e s s a n d v i c i o u s a s a n y,
t h e p r o fi t s a s h i g h a n d t h e r i s k s t o t h e u s e r p o p u l a t i o n c a n
be as addictive and dangerous as other illicit drugs."
Crown Counsel David McLellan has prosecuted several steroid
t r a f fi c k e r s i n t h e l a s t fi v e y e a r s . H e h a s y e t t o s e e a
p r i s o n t e r m h a n d e d d o w n f o r s t e r o i d t r a f fi c k i n g .
I n h i s e x p e r i e n c e , p u n i s h m e n t f o r s t e r o i d t r a f fi c k e r s h a s
ranged from a minimum of a conditional discharge for one
seizure involving $10,000 worth of steroids to a maximum of
a $ 5 , 0 0 0 fi n e a n d t h r e e y e a r s ' p r o b a t i o n . I n t h a t p a r t i c u l a r
case, more than $35,000 worth of steroids was seized.
T h e m a x i m u m p e n a l t y a v a i l a b l e t o j u d g e s f o r a t r a f fi c k e r
convicted on indictment is 10 years imprisonment.
"Penalties seem to vary from province to province," said
McLellan.
"In Quebec I've heard of lengthy jail terms being imposed.
Here, it's not dealt with as seriously as cocaine or
heroine. It's treated a bit like marajuana.
"Probation can be effective though, because the offender is
not allowed to go anywhere near a gym or competitions, which
hurts them pretty hard."
1 Ca^a^^.\ c* ^

DRUGS AND DOPING METHODS ABUSED BY ATHLETES


* Ananbolic Steroids: Anavar, Deca-durabolin, Testosterone,
Winstrol-V ("roids, juice")
* Stimulants: Methamphetamine ("uppers, speed"), cocaine,
caffeine, ephedrine
* Narcotic Analgesics: 222s, T3s ("codeine"), Percodan
("perks, painkillers")
* Clenbuterol: "Clen"
* Diuretics: Hydrodiuril ("Diuril"), Lasix
* Peptide Hormones and Analogues: Human Growth Hormone
("hGH"). Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin ("hCG")
* Beta Blockers: Propranolol, Practolol
* Doping Practices and Manipulations: Blood doping ("blood
boosting"), Erythropoietin ("EPO") Soda Loading
"I'm not a chemist" - Silken Laumann to reporters on the
medication mix-up that led to her and three team members
being stripped of gold medals at the 1995 Pan American
Games.

Some ''vitamin'1, "natural'" or "herbal" preparations may


contain banned substances. For instance, ephedra (Ma-huang)
contains ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. Nux-vomica and the
seeds of Strychnos species contain Strychnine. Caffeine is
found in chocolate, coffee, cocoa, cola and tea.
Canadian weightlifter Jim Dan Corbett was stripped of three
bronze medals at the 1994 Commonwealth Games, after testing
positive for three stimulants - ephedrine, pseudoephedrine
and N-methylephedrine.
Corbett faced a four-year ban from competition and a
lifetime ban from federal funding, yet Corbett had moa^c^-tfearr
followed correct procedure prior to competition.
The 21-year-old had been taking a vitamin supplement called
Nature's Nutrition Formula 1. It was approved by team
o f fi c i a l s a f t e r r e v i e w i n g t h e l i s t o f i n g r e d i e n t s o n t h e
bottle.
Corbett took the added precaution of getting Formula 1
tested by the Canadian Centre for Drug Free Sport.
CCDS cleared the supplement for Corbett's use after
selective testing found the product to be ^clearf7^
Unfortunately for Corbett, the IOC accredited lab in
Montreal had failed to detect the three stimulants that
later showed up in his urine, in Victoria, stimulants that
Formula l's makers had neglected to list on the bottle.
Corbett lost his medals but was cleared of any bans in
November 1994.
Some useful numbers:

Sport Medicine Council of B.C. - 822-3049


RCMP Drug Awareness Program - 264-3029
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Citius, Altius, Fortius - Faster, Higher, Stronger. The Olympic Motto

A poll conducted just prior to the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics reveled that 55 per cent
of the 198 athletes questioned, would bo roady-to take a drug w&efc-would kill them
five years later, if it would guarantee them Gold.
Athletes taking supplements for a competitive edge can be traced to the Ancient
Greeks, but^ it's likejyjioj ajtatistjc Pierre de Coubertin could have imagined when he
introduced the modern Olympics a century ago.
In August, some participants at the 26th Olympiad in Atlanta will be competing for
much more than medals. The commercial rewards from winning have never been
greater. The pressure to succeed, never stronger. The incentives for athletes to push
themselves harder are unparalleled.
So is the urge to cheat.
Just as that urge pervades so many sports so does the race to combat methods of
cheating. Caught up in that race will be athletes who, unwittingly or naievely tresspass
the fine line between acceptable sports medicine and banned substances.
It's an ironic twist that a smiling picture of rower Silken Laumann holding a medal,
adorns one of the pages in the Canadian Centre for Drug-Free Sport's "Spirit of Sport
Guide". Less than a year after the booklet was published, at the Pan-American Games
in Argentina, Laumann tested positive for the banned substance ephedrine,
consumed, unwittingly, according to Laumann, when she was taking the decongestant
Benadryl for a cold. H: > ~^-
As the circumstances surrounding Laumann's "one mistake" varied wildly to Ben
Johnson's eight years of steroid taking, so did the aftermaths. Johnson's reputation
was all but destroyed. Laumann's remains largely intact. Common to both athletes
though, is that both were stripped of their medals.
That Johnson got away with steroid taking for so long is less shocking now, than how
Laumann managed to ingest a banned substance under the guidance of a doctor, one
of 20 medical staff that accompanied the Canadian team to Argentina.
If screwing up is that simple, might it happen again in Atlanta?

"If you want to win...then you must take anabolic steroids." Charlie Francis, (coach
to Ben Johnson) to the Dubin Commission.
V (C
Dr Doug Clement has one word to sum up the atmosphere in which athletes currently
must keep apace of the growing list of banned substances.
"Chaos. For the innocent user, it is absolute chaos," says Clement, co-director of the
Allan McGavin Sports Medicine Centre at UBC and a founding member of the
Richmond Kajaks.
"It can be hazardous and extremely embarrassing for an athlete to foul up. The Silken
Laumann affair was a foul up from day one and they chose to make an example of
her."
In its 35 years of existance, the Richmond Kajaks have never had one of its athletes
test positive for a banned substance.
"But the potential for someone to inadvertantly test positive is definately there," says
Clement.
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At 6ft plus and built like a defensive lineman, Constable Barry Hicks is not the sort of
man you'd refuse a jellybean from when he offered one.
"Go on take one," he says, waving a pack under my nose.
As someone who knows the Lower Mainland's black market steroid business better
than most, Hicks is fond of offering the odd Jellybean to media or anyone else
interested in his field.
"The point being that you've no reason to doubt that they are what I say they are
because they look and taste like jellybeans," says Hicks, reaching for a large
cardboard box.
One by one, Hicks takes out smaller containers of different sizes, inside each one
miniature bottles of Delatest Cypionate, Methandrostenolene, Dianabol, Winstrol V
and in snap-off caps, Deca-durabolin. There are pre-loaded needles too.
Each container, with its packaging, bares the name and quantity of the liquid inside,
complete with convincingly authentic pharmaceutical company logo.
What appears to be a steroid-users' dream-come-true is actually a toxic nightmare.
"Our lab has shown almost all of these to be toxic," says Hicks. "But unless you had
your own lab you could never know what's in these containers. They've done a perfect
job on the packaging, the bottles and the labels. Perfect. It shows just how much
money is behind them." > /
"They" are the traffickers, a breed of ^scum^Hicks knows well through the network of
agents and informers he built up over seven years in RCMPs drugs section. He has
provided expert testimony to the B.C. Supreme Court and his in-depth knowledge has
been used by the Canadian Centre for Drug-Free Sport in revamping legislation
concerning the possession/trafficking of anabolic steroids.
"Counterfeit steroids make up between 80 and 90 per cent of the steroid black market
supply," says Hicks.
"Part of the reason people are so directly motivated to sell anabolic steroids in the first
place is because there's so much money to be made without the risks attached to
selling cocaine or heroin.
"They realize they can further maximize their profits by not even selling the real thing."
The mark up on previous transactions involving anabolic steroids that Hicks had
investigated, indicated profits ranging from 100 to 500 per cent.
However, producers of fraudulent steroids, whose only outlay would be covering the
cost of labels, bottles and liquid, could expect profits of 1,000 per cent or more since, in
most cases, no actual drug would be involved.
The lure of huge profits from relatively low-risk trafficking attracted the attention of
disgraced former Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega in the 1980s.
A million dollars from Noriega helped start up the Milano Lab in Tijuana, Mexico,
renowned as the world's largest supplier of fraudulent steroids unit it was shut down in
1989.
Hicks is familiar with a whole range of steroid counterfeiting, some bizarre to the
layman, some stomach-churning. One group of operators would truck the steroid
Winstrol (Stanazol^the banned substance Ben Johnson tested positive for in 1988)
from Mexico to Canada. The product would be mixed with Armorol, otherwise used to
shine car tires, for counterfeit use on the black market.
Through a source, Hicks was told of a smaller-scale counterfeit operation where the
liquid for fraudulent steroids was being prepared in a bath tub. Those involved were
spitting and emptying their nasal passages into the liquid.
The black market for steroids is worldwide and unhindered by international borders.
Police investigations show there have also been thriving sources for anabolic steroids
well within Canada's borders, from physicians, pharmacists and veterinarians.
"Veterinarians were particularly prevalent in the black market," says Hicks. "That's not
to say all veterinarians were putting steroids out there but some were and it still goes
on."
Hicks plays a legally obtained wire tap of a telephone conversation between a doctor
and the trafficker he is helping to supply with steroids for the black market. The doctor
is woken by the trafficker and explains he is trying to catch up on sleep having just
delivered a baby. The pair go on to discuss supplies and packaging the product.
Why would a white-collar professional, commanding a good salary, be involved in the
underworld of black market steroids?
The doctor in question was earning approximately $500,000 a year from it. After being
arrested and charged by Hicks, the individual subsequently walked away scott free,
since steroids at that time fell under Schedule F of the Federal Food and Drugs Act.
Steroids have since been moved to Schedule G and are subject to more punitive
penalties. To Hicks it's a move in the right direction but he says has seen little
evidence of stiffer penalties.
Hicks was already working in the RCMP's drugs' section when he was approached in
the gym by an individual who eventually became an informant.
"I was lifting, myself. I was in their world. I got talking to a guy who said, look, I know
you're a cop - he opened up a world for us."
Through his connections in the gym, Hicks is well aware of the motivations of black
market steroid users.
"I have an agent, he's been a steroid user for 10 years. I ask him, do you ever get off
them (steroids) and he says, 'I just lessen the cycle'. To him getting steroids is not an
option.
"! hear comments like, Mf I'm not on steroids, why should I train? And get this one: 'He
who dies with the biggest coffin, wins.' That's a direct quote, that is what we are
dealing with."
Aside from the familiar reasons for steroid use, Hicks is aware of more concerning
motives.
"I read a testimonial of a teen from the U.S. who confessed the main reason for his
steroid use was to acquire Roid Rage and that a group of his friends were all in the
same mind set."
Roid Rage is a side effect of anabolic steroids, an uncontrollable rage triggered by the
slightest agitation in some users. That rage has been linked to subsequent fatalities in
the U.S. In the Lower Mainland, Hicks reels off the details of murders, untimely deaths
and suicides a!i related to seliing steroids, ingesting steroids and suffering steroids'
side effects.
"I also know steroid users have contracted AIDS from dirty needles."
After seven years immersed in the underworld of steroid trafficking, Hicks moved to the
RCMP's traffic division in North Vancouver where he is a collision analyst.
His expertise is still called upon, most recently at a Building Better Work Places
conference in Prince George last month, organized by the Northern B.C. Business
Council.
Though still in touch with his network of informants and agents Hicks has little desire to
return to drug enforcement.
"Trying to change the law. the attitudes of judges is too frustrating," he says. "I would
rather work in prevention, with kids. You need awareness with kids, you must have
some knowledge and credibility is vital. I'd like to show kids realistic short term goals,
show them the importance of diet, sleep and remind them of longevity and that they
can work out for decades.
"Rather than disappear after a couple of years."
f c

In 10 years of playing football J@p Murphy has never taken steroids.


^Ifoyhat doesn't mean he's ruling them out of his future plans.
At g^ the defensive lineman is at a crossroads in his competitive career. In his third
rj!K year at Morningside College, Iowa, the former Richmond Raider is likely to be playing
for the Hamilton Tiger Cats next season. He is contemplating a decision that has likely
troubled many gridiron pros - whether or not to take steroids.
"I've thought long and hard about doing it," says Murphy.
l must have known 100 guys who've taken steroids in the last decade, easily.
"For 10 years I haven't done it. People think I have but anyone who knows me, knows I
haven't. Why not?
"When I think about it, I'm in college and it's bad enough I'm four years older than
some of the seniors here. I don't need it.
"But who knows in the next year though. There's no doubt it can work. It really is a
tough issue, it's my career. I'm not going to say I'm going to hop on the wagon.
"If and when I decide I might do it, I would want to do it properly and be monitored by a
doctor.
"I know a lot of guys who take it and sell it. There's a iot of fake stuff out there too. I
don't know if you get anything real any more."
Murphy is well aware that the Canadian Football League does not test its players for
drugs of any sort. He is not convinced that the NFL's testing program is effective.
"If you make it to the NFL there are team doctors, trainers and they can help out getting
around it, masking it."
While six players recently tested positive for steroids at Morningside's rival school, the
University of South Dakota, Murphy believes cocaine and alcohol are far more
prevalent on campus and in the locker room.
"The big thing with guys here, to be honest, is not steroids but pot and coke. On every
team there's your drinkers and your pot-smokers."
. m Jim Mills graduated from Richmond High in 1979. After four years at the University of
n ^ \Hawaii he was drafted by the NFL's Baltimore Colts (which would later become the
K^ Indianapolis Colts), it was onlyOh his second year in the NFL, Mills remembers being
aware of steroid use on the team.
"Back in 1983 I was one of the biggest linemen in the league at 275lbs. By 1985 most
of them were 300lbs or more. Probably half the linemen back then were on it. I never
touched it. If I'd wanted it I could have got it from the guys on the team, they were pretty
open about it. They had connections in the gym and back then there was no testing.
"At the time, being that young, it just didn't seem like a good idea. There wasn't the
money there is nowadays and I wonder whether it would have been worth it. !'m 34
now and I'm glad I didn't."
Dave Chaytors grew up in Richmond and isfcHentty in his third year with the B.C.
Lions. He believes steroid use among football players is considerably lower than most
people think.
"Back in the '80s it was pretty widespread but now athletes are scared. I don't know
why anyone in the CFL would be seriously tempted because we're not talking big
bucks here - $50,000-to $60,000-a-year. I can see the temptation in the NFL when you
want to be 300lbs and make miiiions. But that's no justification. You've stiii got the rest
of your life to live when your career is over."
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Though more commonly known as anabolic steroids, the proper term should be
anabolic androgenic steroids. Anabolic refers to the effect the drug has on the muscle
tissue - it makes it grow. The drug also contains androger^which is responsible for the
secondary sexual characteristics in men - deeper voice, sex organ development, facial
hair, erection and aggression. The androgenic effect is not sought after by most users
as it leads to unwanted side effects. The "perfect" steroid would be one that is high in
anabolic effect but low in androgenic effect. Anabolic androgenic steroids are synthetic
derivatives of testosterone. Most are produced from the Mexican sarsaparilla root
which is chemically altered and synthesized to form anabolic steroid ingredients.
*******************
Steroids were originally developed in the 1930s to help maintain strength in aging
men and to help those men whose bodies did not produce adequate amounts of
natural testosterone. In 1960, Pennsylvania physiciandfrfoTnTBTZiegler began
experimenting with steroids in conjunction with weighyraining. He discovered steroids
would somehow increase the utilization of protein in the body and form additional
muscle in those who trained their bodies while being well nourished. His findings were
reported in a weight-training magazine. The craze for steroids had begun.
*******************
There are more than 70 side effects linked to steroid use, ranging from liver cancer to
acne. Current research does not show immediate life-threatening side effects from
intermittent use of low doses of steroids. However, potential health risks vary from user
to user and depend on whether the steroid selected is in an oral or injectable form, the
dosage taken, the length of time used, interactions with other drugs being used at the
same time (a process known as stacking) and the individual's own metabolism.
Dangerous situations include high dosages, particularly using oral compounds, the
use of steroids by adolescents, preadolescents and people with a history of liver or
heart disease. The liver, cardiovascular and reproductive systems are the hardest hit
by steroids. Effects also encompass psychological reactions, including depression and
aggressive behaviour.
*******************
In recent years, anabolic steroids have been moved to schedule G of the Food and
Drugs Act, classing them as controlled drugs along with major stimulants and
depressants, such as amphetamines and barbiturates. Trafficking and possession for
the purpose of trafficking are punishable offences. Both the B.C. Veterinarian Medical
Association and the B.C. College of Physicians and Surgeons bind its members by a
resolution prohibiting prescription, or sale of anabolic steroids to a healthy individual.
*******************
It's not uncommon for anabolic steroid users to enter multiple drug use to counter the
side effects from one drug. Steroids are taken to improve performance and/or
appearance, diuretics to control fluid retention, anti-estrogens (such as tamoxifen) to
combat gynecomastia (development of female breast tissue in males), Human
Chorionic Gonadotrophin to raise the body's natural steroid production,
amphetamines to counter depression and so on. Regular users can become addicted
to steroids. When steroid use is stopped, a^ost-anaboiic crash syndromejjcan occur
as the body has a difficult time returning ^normal hormonal functioning.
cheaters just as there will be in any walk of life. What we
need is effort to eliminate these people from competition,
to push them out. I think right now there's not enough
effort, more could be done. People talk about two and four
year bans, first and second offences. I tend to lean toward
the radical thinking that once is enough. I'm certainly in
favour of four-year bans and after that, life.
The one thing I observe of young people in sport is that
they are motivated by a goal and that will apply later in
life outside of sport, to achieve goals, to become a doctor,
or a plumber or a sportswriter. They are usually good
students. I got close to national level when I was running
in Poland. I probably didn't get as far as I could have and
there was a lot of fire left in me which I turned toward
coaching.
Charmaine Crooks 986 4184
Bruce Deacon 987 0194
Graham Fell 266 8879
Jeff Schiebler 524 5073
Jeff Lochbaum, Colts football coach
I'm not aware of high school players being on it. We've
never had a problem with it. We've never had kids tested so
it's difficult to prove. The High School Football
Association distributes material to do with steroid use and
the negatives associated with it. I have to say it would not
surprise me though, there's a lot of misinformation out
there and it's not just football players we're talking
about. There's kids working out in gyms where steroids can
be obtained, they're exposed to it. It's a short cut. If you
saw our locker room you would see a number of posters
hanging up about drug abuse. At high school I've never had
my suspicions aroused. We've had some great big kids but
they didn't possess the body types that lend themselves to
steroid abuse. At university level (Lochbaum coached at SFU
7 years ago) I was aware of it. At SFU, not necessarily the
football team, but we were aware of it going on. There is an
awful lot of pressure on athletes, particularly at
u n i v e r s i t y l e v e l . I ' m n o t s u r e w h a t o f fi c i a l p e n a l t i e s a r e
but any kid caught here would be suspended immediately.
There's no room for it in high school sport. I can see the
temptations, the peer pressure that would lend itself to
kids at an awkward age wanting to try it. Then there are
athletes that maybe want to garner a scholarship or a bigger
scholarship. Jim Mills left Richmond High in 1978, spent
four years at University of Hawaii, was drafted by the
Baltimore Colts, played three years, then a couple in
Indianapolis, then B.C. and Ottawa. SFU does an outstanding
job of steroid awareness. High school teams can get a whole
team of athletes down to talk to them about it.
Jim Mills 943 6963
Marilyn Payne - High School Sports, B.C.
There is no testing for drugs in high school sports. At
federal level there is a pool of athletes (usually from the
national team) identified for random testing, etc, at
provincial level a group of lower-level athletes are
i d e n t i fi e d a n d s u b j e c t t o t e s t i n g . P r o v i n c i a l s p o r t i n g
organizations identify them, usually from provincial teams,
Western Canada Games etc. School is considered below that
l e v e l . F o o t b a l l i s a l i t t l e d i ff e r e n t . T h e r e ' s n o n a t i o n a l
team or provincial team. The CIU and Football Canada oversee
universities, junior teams and senior level high school
football. Football B.C. identify kids in that pool. We did
research into testing now being done by Football B.C. It
would lie with the school system. We found we would have to
go through school trustees, administration, the minister of
education, we've no plans to do testing. We have formed a
drug education committee that will meet in the spring to
look at the resources available for providing education
material, adapting educational material. It's in the set-up
phase. Call Bob Bearpark, Director of Sport Services Branch
(Prov Govt) 356 1181
or Charles Parkinson 356 1184.
Fax Marilyn Payne 737 9844

Jim Mills, graduated Richmond High 1979, 4 years at U of


Hawaii, drafted by Baltimore Colts, one year before moving
to Indianapolis. Came to CFL in 1986, played for B.C. Lions
and Ottawa RRiders.
You've played at all levels of football - did you see much
use or abuse of steroids and if so which level was it most
prevalent.
Were you tempted to take steroids yourself - what stopped
you
Would steroids have been readily available to you if you'd
wanted them - from what source, doctor, gym where
Are you aware of players who are now suffering consequences
of steroid abuse.
Do you have any advice for a young athlete thinking about
getting into performance-enhancing drugs.
Do you think the dangers of side effects are exaggerated -
do you think the image of footballers being steroid abusers
is a little overblown
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QUI
Richmond, B.C.

MT. SAC RELAYS


Walnut, California

Competition date: April 19-21, 1996

The 1996 Track and Field season is approaching very fast. Mt. Sac Relays will test our
preparation for this very exiting Summer. Coaching staff is encouraging athletes to take
part in this prestigious competition. At Mt. Sac Relays you can expect great weather,
very competitive field events and running races. This competition is very well known all
over the world.

INFORMATION ABOUT THE MEET

WALNUT - city located on the east side of Los Angeles.

Accommodation- hotel - tba, Kajaks club will reserve some number of rooms. Athletes
will be responsible for room payments. Hotel will be located in walking distance from
track facilities, Shuttle service to/from Ontario airport / must be scheduled in advance/.

Ontario Airport - is recommended to fly in and out.

Travel - athletes are responsible for own booking and payments.

Club support - entry fee for all athletes, assistance in travel and accommodation
/apply Kajaks performance standards - International, Varsity, Senior/

Who is eligible for club support - athlete must be a member of the club. Middle distance
runners must be paid members of High Performance Center.

Deadlines - club entry deadline by the end of February. Please let Marek know about your
travel itinerary and the length of your stay by the end of March. Entries after these
deadlines will not be accepted.

Attached - competition schedule.

COMPETITION OPTION
April 13, 1996 UofCal Invitational /San Diego/
This group of athletes will stay and practice in San Diego and then move to Mt. Sac.
For more information talk to Marek - 822-6259
BT*H
AIH M00l*> a oxn
(AHX) BOOB OOt FT

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1*1 Government
of Canada
Gouvernement
du Canada MEMORANDUM NOTE DE SERVICE

h L
OIC RICHMOND DETACHMENT

J
Security Classification - Classification de securite

PROTECTED "A"
Our File - Notre reference

r "1 Your File - Votre reference

From OIC NORTH VANCOUVER DETACHMENT 92-15061


D e ( A t t n : C s t . B . W. H I C K S )
Date

L J 93JUL21

Subject Regina vs Kenneth Robert QUESNEL


Objet "

1. The following report is my opinion on the above noted file. I have commented
on the Steroid Black Market and how it functions.

2. I have also explained how anabolic Androgenic Steroids work and what side
effects are consistent with the use of it.

3. I have covered other drugs that go hand in hand with Anabolic Androgenic,

L Steroidfe, how they work and what side effects can be acquired.

(B.W. HicksJCst. 6- ^^4- L L

*L &, 1
-
f 6 <-l
c 1. WHAT IS THE STEROID BLACK MARKET?

In general the Steroid Black Market is the purchase and sale of anabolic steroids
and counterfeit product obtained in an illegal manner. This arket is world vide
and is unhindered by international borders. These items will travel from Europe,
South America, Central America, Asia and the U.S.A. and find their way into Canada.
Seizures by Police, informant information and literature support this claim.
Steroids travel into Canada via Parcel Post, smuggled in vehicles, trucks, body
packs, all methods that are consistent with the importation of cocaine and heroin.

Informant information from confirmed reliable sources states that the seizures made
by police and customs do not reflect the magnitude of the amount of product finding
its way into Canada. From police investigation it has been confirmed that there
have been sources of anabolic steroids from within our borders as well.

Some of these sources are physicians, veterinarians and pharmacists. This is not to
say that all physicians, pharmacists and veterinarians are supplying steroids but
that some have.

One would question why these types of people of the upper and upper middle class
would get involved in such an endeavour.

From my research the answer is quite clear. The financial rewards in selling
steroids and fraudulent steroids is staggering. One individual that I had

L investigated and charged was earning approximately $500,000.00 per annum in this
market. The ironic thing at that time was that a majority of his steroids were
fraudulent. Steroids at that time fell under Schedule MF" and subsequently there
was no "holding out to be" provision. This individual walked away scott free.

It has been estimated that the Steroid Black Market in the U.S.A. is over one
billion dollars for annum. It would be conservative to say that the Black Market
in Canada is a multi million dollar business.

The mark-up on previous transactions I have investigated have ranged on average


from 100% to 500% profit with respect to anabolic steroids. Larger profits were
obtained from the sale of fraudulent steroids. The initial cost outlay would only
have to cover labels, pills, bottles and liquid. There would be no drug involved
in most fraudulent steroids, keeping costs extremely low. The sale of fraudulent
steroids would fetch a profit of 1000% and lore.

The unfortunate reality with fraudulent steroids is that they are usually
manufactured in unsanitary conditions and on occasion the products used have been
found to be toxic. It is hypothesised that fraudulent steroids are more of a
health risk than actual steroids.

In one report I had read living spores had been placed in fraudulent injectable -Y-/ vaa^uAxCQ.
steroids in an attempt by the manufacturer to be humorous.

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bUT}oapUT mojj paTp peq axdoad xejaAas }eq} pue smo}dmXs asiTT nu 'sa}Ts uoT}oaTuT
}e suoT}oaiuT '6uTuosTod pooxq pajTnboe sjasn amos }eq} pa}Jodaj uaaq osie seq }i " \
- Z -
- 3 -

As the steroid user continues to use one type of steroid the receptor site becomes
tired and the muscle growth will slow or stop. This leads the user to think that
he is not taking enough of the drug so he takes more. Unfortunately for the user
this does not rectify the lack of results but will only enhance the side effects.

Due to this problem, steroid users get into a method of drug -injectlccn called
"Stacking". This means the user will use several types of steroids all at once or
staggered over the length of a "cycle" of use.

The desired effect is that more receptor sites are stimulated by the different
drugs and to avoid the sites from becoming fatigued.

To explain this in more depth one would compare the receptor sites as different
types of holes shaped as squares, circles and triangles and only the circle can fit
into the circle and so on. The different types of steroid molecules are the same,
shaped as triangles, squares and circles and are looking for the right hole to fit
in. This is a very simplistic explanation of how steroids work on the body and a
biochemist would be required for further explanation of the receptor steroid
complex and binding to the nuclear D.N.A. (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and subsequent
bonding with the RNA (Ribonucleic Acid). Attached are numerous types of cycles
used by steroid users. The term cycle refers to a period of time that a steroid
user is on the drug or drugs.

Anabolic steroids as I have explained is used in the acquisition of muscle or

c growth of muscle. This is not the only reason why someone uses steroids. There
are many spin offs to this muscle or body shape enhancement. They are the feelings
of self confidence, to be more appealing to the opposite sex, vanity, and in some
cases the enjoyment of "Roid Rage".

This is a very dangerous side effect of anabolic androgenic steroids. It is the


uncontrollable rage that is acquired by some users. The slightest agitation of the
user could set him off and in some cases has proven fatal.

I have read a testimonial of a teen from the U.S.A. that confessed the main reason
for the steroid use was to acquire "Roid Rage" and that a group of his friends were
all in the same mind set.

The other more familiar reasons for steroid use is to improve performance in sport.
The sports vary from track and field to weight lifting, hockey and football. The
most predominant sport for steroid use is body building.

There has never been a sport tested by the Canadian Centre for drug free sport that
has had more positive tests for anabolic steroids than body building.

Steroid use has spread from the adult to the youth. A recent study by the Canadian
Centre for drug free sport confirmed wide spread use by high school students. The
report stated that youths 11-18 consuming steroids in the last twelve months across
Canada numbered at 83,000. 53% for sport and 47% for body image. Steroids have

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leuoxssajojd aq} mojj 6uTqo}aj}s ' na* se }jods jo sxaAax lie ut punoj uaaq
- f -
Sc>J o U ^ f - 5 -

<L CLEHBUTEROL - This drug is used in the treatment of asthma. Approximately 5 to 6


years ago body builders in Europe began experimenting with this drug. It was found
to accelerate muscle growth yet at the same time burn fat. This drug is not a
steroid. The word spread fast within the black market and it is now felt that
Clenbuterol could be the drug of choice in the 90's.

The body produces a counter regulatory hormone called Cortisol. When protein is
synthesized there is usually the same amount of break down in the muscle produced
by Cortisol. It is hypothesized that the Cortisol is suppressed by Clenbuterol
resulting in it being considered as an anti-catabolic drug. Therefore, this would
mean that due to a lack of breaking down the muscle tissue, the muscle will
enlarge.

The basis for this hypothesis is with respect to a patient who had had a limb in a
cast. The patient was placed on Clenbuterol for the duration the cast was worn
Upon removing the cast 80 + % of the muscle still remained. This percentile of
muscle retention was by far more than would have been retained if the druq had not
been utilized.

The side effects of Clenbuterol are headaches, nervous tremors of the hands and
sleeplessness. The drug is injected in a two day on two day off regiment. It is
reported to have been taken over long periods of time in that fashion without any
lasting side effects to date. Further studies must be done though as some feel
anyone with high blood pressure, asthma, diabetic and heart irregularities may be
at risk of further complications.

The usual dosage is 60-120 megs per day. I have been advised by informants of abuse
to the point of 240 megs per day by some users.

One problem with this drug is that it as well is counterfeited like steroids. A
pill of Clenbuterol is made up of 20 megs of Clenbuterol and 100 ag of Niacin. The
fraudulent Clenbuterol would only be made up of Niacin therefore the user would
experience the "Niacin Flush" and would think he's injecting the real thing.

ESICLEME (FORMEBOLOIE) 2 CC Ampule 6 box LPB Labs "XiwA^hv^

This is an Italian water base steroid and has only one use in the body building
market. It is used as a muscle inflammatory at the injection site. This will
allow the muscle to appear larger but the effect is temporary. Esiclene is used on
smaller muscles such as biceps, calves and rear deltoids. This effect of muscle
enlargement lasts for approximately 20 to 30 hours. The drug is taken for
approximately 5 days prior to a body building contest. One injection is usually 1
to 2 cc.

CLOMID CLOMIPHEME - 50 mg tabs

CL0MID is not a steroid. It is a synthetic Estrogen used as a fertility drug. In


Ben it can work as both and anti - Estrogen drug and a Gonadotrophic stimulant.

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SH9IIHAS - >
- L -
- 8 -

i. The side effects of anabolic Androgenic steroids are as follows:

(1) Sodium Retention - which produce Edema (puffiness and swelling of tissues
due to excessive water retention). This water retention could lead to
severe high blood pressure. Excessive water retention is a sign of heart
disease.

(2) Acne - steroids will produce more oil in the body resulting in the
formation of Acne. Some users suffer from Acne to the extreme. Others
are not effected at all.

(3) Gynecomastia - This is caused by the body aromatizing Androgen to Estrogen


resulting in the growth of the mammary glands in men. This is the start
of the formation of breast tissue and is referred to as "Bitch Tits".
Secretion of milk occurs in some cases. Surgery is usually the best
solution.

(4) Aggression - steroids will cause men, women and teens to be susceptible to
this side effect. Most can control this aggression but some go all the
way suffering from "Roid Rage". In some cases this Roid Rage has resulted
in severe beatings to homicide.

(5) Hypertension - high blood pressure which is usually caused by excessive


water retention. This can lead to an aneurysm stroke and or accelerate

C heart disease.

(6) Cardiovascular disease - during the use of anabolic steroids, steroid


users will suffer from the two primary risk factors in the leading cause
of death in the Western World, high cholesterol and high blood pressure.
Over a period of time the cholesterol will cling to the walls of the
arteries and can form a hardened plaque. This eventually will cause
blockage which can lead to a heart attack.

(7) Enlarged heart - on occasion long term steroid use may develop into
cardiac hypertrophy. This condition can be very dangerous. Some symptoms
of the condition is laboured breathing, heart palpitations and high blood
pressure.

In some cases an enlarged heart can prove fatal. An example of this is


Benji Ramirez, a high school athletic from Ohio. In another incident the
condition reversed itself.

(8) Virilization - this is side effects obtained by women while using anabolic
steroids. This term refers to women acquiring male characteristics. The
following is a list of these side effects:
- deepening of the voice
- clitoral enlargement

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- Z\ -
- 13 -

L C0MPA1E CYCLES USE WITH DRUGS SEIZED

Refer to the attached cycles provided. These cycles are standard within the
Steroid Black Market. There are variances with users, some will use more than the
recommended dosages and some will utilize less.

If the heaviest cycle was cons_idefed this being the six week mini cycle, there was
364 tabs of oral steroids Mijefced, 13 cc's/lOOmg of DECA and 15cc's/50mg of
Equipoise, totalling 2,050Sirgis7 The cycle ran over 16 weeks with 8,000 units of
HCG injected in total, covering weeks 7,8, 15 & 16.

If we took this to the extreme and doubled the dosage the result would be 728
tabs, 4,100mgs of injectable and with 16,000 units of HCG.

With this cycle doubled in dosageaxid^ the user was to utilize two cycles per year
a total of 1,456 tabs would be irijeced and 8,200mgs injectable with 32,000 units
of HCG- Til&rffcJ
To reiterate this is taking the heaviest cycle and doubling the dosages to
accomodate excessive use.

With respect to the human chorionic Gonadotrohin. There was a total of 200,000
units seized. Therefore if the extreme dosage of 32,000 units per annum were
utilized, this supply would last 6.25 years.

C With respect to the oral steroids there was 8,975 tabs seized. If the doubled
dosage is utilized from the heaviest cycle provided this supply would last 6.16
years.

With respect to the injectable steroids. I again utilize the heaviest cycle
provided, this being 13cc of DECA lOOmg/cc equaling l,300mg and 15cc's of
equipoise 50mg/cc equaling 750 mg. Total mg of injectables utilized is 2,050 mg
per cycle. If this is doubled to accommodate excessive use, there would be a
total of 4,100 mg utilized per cycle. If two 16 week cycles were completed in a
year 8,200mg would be consumed per annum.

From referring to Wayne Jefferies' report a total of 524,787.5 mg of Anabolic


Steroids were seized. Therefore this would be a 63.9 year supply.

There was a total of 213,000 ugs seized of Clenbuterol. The normal dose of
Clenbuterol ranges from 60-120 micrograms daily. The standard cycle of
Clenbuterol is two days on and two days off. The reason why the two days on two
days off regiment is maintained is to avoid receptor down grade. As I have
previously stated in this report, I have received informant information stating a
maximum of Clenbuterol being injested is 240 micrograms daily. If the 240
micrograms is utilized being the extreme, a total of 43,800 micrograms per year
would be taken. Therefore there is a 4.8 year supply of Clenbuterol.
- 14 -

With respect to the Esiclene there was a total of 60cc seized. It would be taken
one amp or 2cc per bicept for 5 days prior to a body building contest. Therefore
one cycle would consume 20cc per cycle. Therefore there is enough product for 3
cycles.

With respect to quantity alone I would not say Esiclene is for the purposes of
trafficking. When the score sheets are added into the equation then they could
have been or sale.
COHCLUSIOBS

I have no hesitation in coming to the conclusion that the individual having the
steroids, syringes, human Chorionic Gonadotophn, Clomiphene/Taaoxifen, Clenbuterol
in his possession, had it so for the Purposes of Trafficking.

The quantities far exceed what would be in someone's possession for personal use.
The score sheets also confirm this, which I had stated earlier is a strong
indicator in showing steroids in someone's possession that are for sale. The
profit margins are also consistent in most instance compared to other steroid
t r a f fi c k e r s .

The following is the material from the QUESNEL file that I have reviewed:

(1) Wayne JEFFERIES Report


(2) Report to Crown Counsel
(3) Exhibits 11, 49, 30, 55 & 64.

(B.W. Hicks)Cst.
R.CM.Police
North Vancouver Detachment.
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ALTERNATING BUTZ CTOJL (#7)
MB0CAMCK1B(#9)

Week of Susunon Week of STEN PRIMOBOLAN SOSTENON


Anadroi HCG 120 mg/ 2 ml
Cycle DEPOT 2S0mg/ml
Cycle 250 mg/amp SO mg/tab 1,000 unita/cc 2 ml ampule SOmg/ml
1 1 amp/wk Hub/day ^ J-i 1 1 amp/wk lml/wk
2 1 amp/wk 1 Ub/day *^
3 1 amp/wk 1 ub/day -~? 2 2 amp/wk 2mt/wk
4 1 amp/wk
5 1 amp/wk 3 2 amp/wk 2ml/wk
6 2 amp/wk
7 1 amp/wk 4 3 amp/wk 3ml/wk
A tab/day 3 ^
8 1 amp/wk 1 ub/day-^7
9 5 3 amp/wk 3ml/wk
2 amp/wk 1 ub/day -~?
10 1 amp/wk 6 4ml/wk lml/wk
11 1 amp/wk
12 4 cc/wk 7 4ml/wk 1 ml/wk
13 4 cc/wk
8 4mt/wk 2ml/wk
1 f c w ^ IsTTp^ <e>ooo-^<^ 9 3 ml/wk 2 ml/wk

10 3ml/wk lml/wk
11 2m|/wk lml/wk
CVOJB(#8)
12 lml/wk
St. 8 wL
Week of Primobolan Deca Winstrol This cycle, #9, is an example of oneb"that
that incorporates
it the use of popular
Cycle S mg/iab 100 mg/cc 2mg/ub Mexican made anabolic steroids. Notice that this user started out with a
1 2 ub/day lLi >/ cc/wk combination of Stem, a very androgenic testosterone blend, and Primobolan
2 3 ub/day ^ 'A- cc/wk Depot, a Mexican made steroid which is primarily anabolic. About halfway
3 4 ub/day -xg 'A cc/wk through the cycle, this user discontinued Sten and began using Sostenon,
4 5 ub/day ^ ^ A cc/wk another highly androgenic testosterone blend from Mexico. He maintained
S
6 the use of Primobolan Depot throughout the entire 12 week program.
7
A cc/wk 2ub/day - <H TARS. Since this user could only obtain these three items, he figured that this
9 A cc/wk 3 ub/day - "3k \ would be the best combination possible. His logic was that it would not
10 'A cc/wk 4 ub/day X8 be prudent to use two highly androgenic steroids like Sten and Sostenon
11 3 ub/day _ _ N
12 in a stack but he still wanted the advantage of multiple cell receptor
2 ub/day _ ^
saturation that could be achieved by using more than one compound at a
time. He opted to use the Primobolan throughout the 12 week cycle to
W<Kl^ ij/L CO f o s * fi f \ ^ fulfill the anabolic component while he staggered Sten and Sostenon to
get the effects of an androgenic steroid. This user reported fantastic results
from this relatively simple cycle pattern.

74 75
r

r
Anabolic Steroids

Anabolic Steroids are synthetic forms of the male sex hormone


testosterone.
Testosterone has many jobs in the body including stimulating the
development
of bone, muscle, skin, hair growth, lowering of the voice, and emotional
responses. When too much testosterone is produced, the body reacts in
several ways such as shutting down skeletal growth mechanisms. This can
result in stunted growth, shriveled testicles, lowered sperm counts or
balding. Women naturally produce very little testosterone. Consequently,
when they take anabolic steroids they develop masculine characteristics
some
of which are irreversible.

Steroids were originally developed in the 1930s to help maintain strength


in
aging men and to help those men whose bodies did not produce adequate
amounts of natural testosterone. Athletes began using anabolic steroids
more
than 30 years ago after East Europeans and Russians dominated an
international sporting event. It was later discovered that these athletes
had used testosterone to strengthen themselves.

In 1960, Dr. John B. Ziegler, a Pennsylvania physician, became interested


in
weight training and began to experiment with steroids. He discovered that
the use of steroids would somehow increase the utilization of protein in
the
body and form additional muscle in those who trained their bodies and
were
well nourished. In time, he found that he had increased his muscular size
and strength at a greater rate than if he had only lifted weights and eaten
heartily. The craze for steroids began after he reported his findings in a
weight-training magazine.

Steroids are a controlled substance in the United States-meaning a


prescription is required to obtain this drug. Physicians soon became
inundated with requests for prescriptions from weight-lifters, football
players, shot putters and other athletes-all hoping to improve their
performance, shorten their training hours or accelerate their physical
development. At first, physicians were more than willing to prescribe
steroids. Dr. Robert Voy, chief medical officer for the U.S. Olympic
Committee, conducted a small study that indicated 30-40% of the steroids
used by body builders came from physicians. This figure has dropped since
reports of the serious side effects of the drug and also because there is
little evidence to show the benefits of using steroids.

In 1980, Dr. Alan J. Ryan, editor of Physician and Sportsmedicine,


reviewed
25 cases in which steroids were administered to increase strength. He
found
many inconsistencies among the studies and concluded that there was not
substantial evidence that the use of anabolic steroids in conjunction with
weight training would increase muscular size and strength. However,
there
was strong evidence that anabolic steroids did not contribute
significantly
to muscular growth and strength in healthy males, and the presumed
increase
of muscle tissue was due to the steroids causing the body to retain salt
and
water. This water retention causes the user to gain weight and exhibit
what
many bodybuilders have labeled "that puffy look." The users usually look
puffy around the face, neck, and lower body-athletes and experts know
that
normal muscle gain looks anything but puffy.

In a 1987 issue of Clinical Pharmacy, researchers Michael W. Kibble and


Mary
B. Ross reported that steroids increase muscle mass and strength "only in
persons who are already weight-trained and who continue intensive
training
while maintaining a high-protein, highcalorie diet.

Athletes who do use steroids and actually increase their muscle size and
strength do so as a result of two factors: a) they have probably been
training harder, and b) the belief that the drug will produce the desired
effect; thus the "placebo" effect takes place. A placebo contains no
medical
benefit and is used more for a psychological relief for the perceived
problem. The athlete believes that the drug is doing all the work but,
actually, they are training harder which is producing the desired effects.

It has also been noted that the use of steroids to gain muscle and strength
does not necessarily mean the strengthening of tendons and ligaments.
This
imbalance could result in a serious injury.

Side Effects and Adverse Reactions

There are over 70 side effects of steroid use ranging from liver cancer to
acne. The liver, cardiovascular and reproductive systems are the hardest
hit
by steroids. Effects also encompass psychological reactions. These
reactions
include depression and aggressive behavior often called "roid rage." Side
effects may not show up for years, such as heat attacks or strokes, and
some
may not be recognized, such as stunted growth. Other effects include:
* Acne
* Cancer
* Cholesterol increase
* Heart disease
* Water retention
* High blood pressure
* Jaundice
* Liver disease
* Male pattern baldness
* Shrunken testicles
* Prostrate enlargement
* Sterility
* Stunted growth
* Kidney damage

Women experience side effects (some of which are irreversible) such as a


lowered voice, growth of facial and chest hair, menstrual irregularities,
breast reduction, fetal damage and sterility.
Other Possible Reactions to Steroid Use

Listed below are additional side effects that users may experience.

* Anaphylactic shock or septic shock from using injections (blood


poisoning)
* Abdominal or stomach pains
* Black, tarry or light-colored stools
* Bone pain and muscle cramps
* Chills
* Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting (sometimes vomiting blood)
* Depression, fatigue, listlessness
* Dark colored urine (in mature males-a frequent urge to urinate)
* Feeling of abdominal or stomach fullness
* Fever
* Headache (continuing)
* Hives, rash
* Insomnia
* Sore tongue
* Unnatural hair growth

Signs of Steroid Use

Athletes using steroids can be identified by:

* Quick weight and muscle gains


* Purple or red-colored spots on the body
* Swelling of feet or lower legs
* Trembling
* Unexplained darkening of the skin
* Bad breath
* Increased aggressive behavior ("roid rage")

Conclusion

Today, efforts are being taken to deter the use of steroids. The Food and
Drug Administration, the U.S. Justice Department and the Customs Service
are
cracking down on the steroid black market. Athletes, body builders, and
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It's out there. I, myself have been around guys who've done it. Since 85 or 86, growing
up in the gym there would always be a handful of guys that did it. There were a couple
of guys that made it to the CFL I blew my knee in Sept. 92 and I remember at Langara,
the year before I came to the States I did a paper on athletes and steroids. I have
nothing against athletes using them to come back from an Injury. About 95% of the
guys taking it are doing it because they want to look good. It pisses me off. I've thought
long and hard about doing it. For 10 years I haven't done it. People think I have but
anyone who knows me, knows I haven't. It's only now I'm getting good size and
strength. Right now I'm not concentrating on running, I'm concentrating on weight. I got
tested after Ben Johnson when I was playing junior football.Casey Smith is head of
football at UBC. It used to be Frank (Smith). A guy called Andy Sidhu got nailed for
steroids. The team was told if anyone else gets nailed for this we shut down the
football program. I guess they couldn't afford the bad publicity. I got tested playing for
the Raiders and had to go to UBC to give my sample. Friend Jason Corday 2641610
(All Western Canadian). He's been tested three times at UBC. All across Canada, they
came down hard after Ben Johnson. The NCA tests here. They nailed 14 guys last
year and 10 more guys since then. They've been doing the rounds. I would say the %
of users is a little bigger at bigger programmes. The school up the road - University of
South Dakota, we hate those guys. They just tested there and 6 guys got nailed for
steroids. On every team there's your drinkers, your pot smokers and steroid users. I
guess, on average, playing with about 50 guys -150 in the last three years, I think
maybe three to five guys were using them. From talking to older guys it seems as
though it was more prevalent in the 1980s. I was a barman at Kits Pub, I knew a
bodybuilder there that took them. I know a lot of guys who take it and sell it. There's a
lot of fake stuff out there too, if you want it. I don't know if you get anything real any
more. A lot of stuff coming into Vancouver, would come from Nanaimo or Victoria,
before that Calgary. Dr Coleman downtown would monitor guys taking it. He was big
into monitoring guys taking it. I've heard so many people say I've done it or I'm doing it,
well I'm not. Why not? When I think about it, I'm in college and it's bad enough I'm four
years older than some of these seniors here. I don't need it. Who knows In the next
year though. It's my career. I'm not going to say I'm going to hop on the wagon. I've
read a lot about it. It really is a tough issue. It's my job. From talking to the guys at
Hamilton I hear some stories. They tell me about the guy I'm supposed to be replacing,
he's a 13 year vet. Duing the season he drops down to about 250 lbs then comes back
into training camp 290lbs, well I wonder what he's been taking. The big thing with guys
here, to be honest, is not steroids, but pot and coke. If you make it to the NFL, there are
team doctors, trainers and they can help out getting around it, masking it. If and when I
decide I might do it I would want it to be monitored by a doctor. I used to be a doorman
at the Fraser Arms when I was 18. There was a guy there who would take
unbelievable amounts of the stuff. He was so stupid. His eyes were yellow, he had
jaundice, it was awful. I would want to do it properly and get monitored by a doctor so it
wouldn't be life or death if I didn't take it again. I must have known a 100 guys who've
taken steroids in the last 10 years easily. There's no doubt it can work. It's in your first
cycle you get the best gains, you gain anything between 15-30, even 45 lbs gained. It
depends how much you take and over what period. Creatine Monohydride is the latest
thing. I just got a bottle of it for $130. It's awesome. I take 20 mg for five days of every
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CHARMAINE CROOKS
four TIME CANADIAN OLYMPIAN AND. QJJflMPlC SILVER JUEDALISI

MAJOR ftTF' p A^mFVFMENTS


Four Time Canadian Olympic Team Member 1980 '84 '88 '92
Olympic Silver Medalist L.A. *84 (4x400m)
Ranked #2 in the Commonwealth over 800m 1995
Commonwealth Games Silver Medalist Victoria1994 (800m)
World Indoor Championships - Bronze Medal '85 (400m)
Ranked 5th in the world over 800m & 6th over 400m in 1991 / 10th over 800m in 1992
Nine Time Canadian National Champion over 400m/800m (through1995)
Personal best performances: 400m (50:45) 4x400m & 800m (1:58:52) Canadian Record
First & Only Canadian woman to break 2-minute barrier over 800m (through 1995)

MAJOR INTERNATIONAL TEAMS


Olympic Games Team 1980 '84 '88 *92
World Championship Team 1983 '87 '91 '95
World Cup Team 1981 '85 '89 '92
Commonwealth Games Team 1982 '86 '94
Goodwill Games Team 1990
Pan American Games Team 1983
World Student Games Team 1987
International IAAF Mobil Grand Prix Circuit 1989 through 95
NCAA Team Member - University Texas El Paso 1981 through 84

PROFESSIONAL SUMMARY
TV Sports Commentator & Host
- Co-Host of CBC-TV News Magazine Program "CYCLE!" a nationwide series (1993 '94 '95)
Professional Speaker (Workshops, Seminars & Keynote Speaker)
Representative for various youth oriented programs (The Esteem Team/Special Olympics)
N.G.U. Consultants - President - Sports & Media Consulting
Creator & Producer of "No Laughing Matter" - A fund raiser for Breast Cancer Research

BOARD A ASSOCIATION MEMBERSHIPS


Spirit of H.O.P.E. - Humanitarian Olympians for PEace - Olympian Advisory Board
- Canadian Centre for Drug Free Sport - Member Board of Directors
- Canadian Athletes Association Board Member
Canada Youth Foundation - Honorary Board Member
Member SOCAN (Society of Composers, Authors & Music Publishers of Canada)
Member ACTRA (Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television & Radio Artists)

AWARDS OF DISTINCTION
- Governor General's Award, 1992 : awarded for community service
John F. Bassett Award, 1991 : for outstanding community work and sporting excellence
Olympic Champion Award, 1985
Men & Women of Mines for Academic & Athletic Achievement, at University of Texas, El Paso (UTEP)
B.C. Track & Field Athlete of the Year (1990 '91)

IY
B.A. Psychology. 1985 - University of Texas, El Paso (Athletic Scholarship)
Fluent in German

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BANNED SUBSTANCES FEATURE
Marek Jedrzejek Kajaks Head Coach 822 6259
meeting Feb. 28
Allan McGavin Sports Medicine Centre - UBC 822 3 614
Dr Donald McKenzie - agreeable to interview
Jack Taunton - agreeable to interview
Doug Clement - called back 822 6730
Sport Medicine Council of B.C. - 822 3049
Drew Mitchell
Malcolm Smillie
Lynda Filsinger-Executive Director
Dr Douglas Coleman - 525 5211
David Price - 274-3602
Dave Chaytors - went to Dixon E.S. and University of Utah,
now entering third year with B.C. Lions. Living in Ottawa
How common is use of steroids in CFL, in your experience.
What's your own opinion of anabolic steroids - do you think
they work.
Are players ever tested for banned substances like Anabolic
Steroids in the CFL.

I think usage is a lot lower than people think among


football players. Back in the 80s it was pretty widespread
but now athletes are scared. Among a team of 50 guys say,
maybe two or three are using steroids. It's hard to say. I
never really got the chance to get involved in steroids.
When I was playing junior ball in the U.S. I was being
tested two or three times a year. A lot of people now are
using a natural substance called creating (check). I use it
myself. I've seen good size and strength with it. The CFL
doesn't test players. I don't know why. I don't know why
anyone in the CFL would be seriously tempted because we're
not talking big bucks here - $50,000, $60,000 a year. From
the point of injuries alone it's not worth it. Your muscles
become stronger than your ligaments and you get that
increase in injuries. I can see the temptation in the NFL
when you want to be 3001bs and make millions. But that's no
j u s t i fi c a t i o n . Yo u ' v e s t i l l g o t t h e r e s t o f y o u r l i f e t o
live when you're career is over.
Marek Jedrzejek
It's a complicated thing. A group in Toronto decided to go
their own way but in general it is a clean sport. But there
are still cheaters out there. We don't know who is clean.
Ben Johnson was tested 19 times in 1988. Each time he was
struggle between supporters of a 2-year and a 4-year ban.
Last year there was a motion to change the ban from 4 to 2
years. It was defeated butnot without a struggle. There is a
liberal movement within sports, and frankly one which I
perceive to be a veiled position for "I don't care - let's
sell tickets - and get the money". I hear lots of stories in
track and field about athletes given special attention by
officials who turn a blind eye - worldwide and in Canada.
Since I don't use them I'm don't know the defence systems
(masking techniques) but there are many reasonably favored
routes around testing positive. - blood doping/EPO growth
hormones are hard to detect. Cross Country skiing's
governing body has adopted blood testing over urine testing
to combat blood doping. I'm active with the Canucks on a
daily basis. There's no testing in the NHL or a defined drug
policy on performance enhancing drugs. I think it's safe to
assume within the NFL it goes on. You don't need a road map
to see how some guys got the size they are. Inside hockey
I've no knowledge or heard no rumours about it being a
problem. The perception is that it's not a problem. The NHL
is on something of a collision course though, because in two
years time at the next Winter Olympics NHL players will be
participating and by so doing will be in the IOC's pool for
doping tests. It was put forward to the NHL in Boston at the
All Star Game, to look at this and develop policies ready to
utilize in preparation for the Olympics. I wouldn't be
surprised by anything. I'm not that naieve. But I know of no
person in the NHL, short of John Kordic - that's the only
case of a hockey player I know. 197 6 Montreal Olympics was
the first year the IOC prohibited anabolic steroids. Since
1988 and before then, interest and concern about steroids
being prescribed to athletes. The Licensing body of
Physicians and Surgeons in B.C. took a policy that any of
its members prescribing any pharmaceutical agent to a
healthy individual for performance enhancement, would be
under risk of losing their licence. In Mexico you can still
purchase steroids in a drug store or more commonly on the
black market, in gyms. I don't think we'll ever win the war.
It's inherent as rewards become higher, efforts to subvert
rules will there. We are probably detering people just as a
police force deters crime but it doesn't mean crime stops.
It's human nature to push and stretch the rules. And it's to
buy into. The East Germans, Soviets and other eastern bloc
nations used sport as a political tool, no holds barred, and
did it in the name of communism to defeat capitalism. They
would change the rules and subvert the rules. To discourage
detection the same people sitting on the doping commission
responsible for testing were the same people running the
labs to clean up their own athletes to avoid positive
testing. Compared to the world of the KGB and CIA it's
child's play. Canadian and U.S. athletes bought into the
fact that if my opposition includes four or five eastern
bloc athletes and I'm the only one clean then I'm the fool,
not them. I think that's how Charlie Francis justified it to
h i s a t h l e t e s - " e v e r y o n e e l s e i s d o i n g i t " m e n t a l i t y. I t ' s
still against the rules. It falsified and undermined Ben
Johnson's performances and other athletes performances. It's
frustrating for the Kajaks to know they're running against
athletes on drugs. Take the case of Lyn Williams who
finished fourth in the 1988 Olympic 1,500M final. The three
people ahead of her had a pattern of drug taking. She might
have been a gold medallist. It's just a decision you've got
to make. It's a crisis between drug users and non drug
users. Now I've had no problems not taking drugs, short of
winning. Winning doesn't last forever. Your reputation,
honesty and integrity are what will stay with you forever.
Donna Woo, 18, swam in the 1994 World Championships and 1992
Commonwealth Games. Aims to qualify for this year's Olympics
at trials in Montreal, Mar. 28-Apr. 4. Swims middle distance
200/400 freestyle. Trains 10 times a week, a lot of early
mornings but says she's on track to qualify. Swims with UBC
team and Vancouver Dolphins.
"I was called in once, completely at random, for testing
about 18 months ago. It wasn't such a shock because our
federation is pretty big on notices on that sort of thing
all the time. I get a handbook each year on banned
substances so everyone knows what they shouldn't be taking.
Usually, if I'm on medication, I can check the back of the
packet with the handbook or I can call the Canadian Centre
for Drug Free Sport. I think abuse is more common among the
Chinese swimmers but it's a difficult thing to prove. It's
frustrating though because it is cheating and it's unfair. I
tried creatine last year when I was pretty beat up but it
didn't work too well for me. I find hard work and diet are
the bottom line."
I never came across it in university and my first year in
the NFL I didn't see much of it. It wasn't until the second
year. Back in 1983 I was one of the biggest linemen in the
league at 275 lbs. By 1985 most of them were 300 lbs or
more. I knew a few guys on it. I never touched it. Probably
half the linemen back then were on it. If I'd wanted it I
could have got it from guys on the team. They were pretty
open about it and they had connections in the gym. There
were no tests back then. At the time, being that young, it
just didn't seem like a good idea. There wasn't the money
there is nowadays and I wonder whether it would have been
worth it. I'm 34 now and I'm glad I didn't. Talk to Bill
Henry 1 360 945 2863.
Did you see much evidence of steroid taking in your years in
the CFL - did you take it yourself.
What made you get into it - any regrets, isn't it cheating.

Doug Clement Co-director of the Allan McGavin Sports


Medicine Centre. Founding member of Richmond Kajaks and
active coach of middle distance runners.
A banned substance is defined by the International Olympic
Committee as being outside the rules and regulations they've
created for competition in the Olympics. Restricted
substances are without written permission by a personal
physician to acknowledge use for medical reasons. Oral
steroids are out in all cases. Trying to keep ahead of the
growing list of banned substances is absolute chaos. It's
absolute chaos for the innocent user. It can be hazardous
and extremely embarrassing for an athlete to inadvertantly
foul up. The Silken Laumann was a total foul-up from day
one. A positive test does not demand that the doping
commission must allot a penalty. They chose to make an
example of Silken Laumann. From the outset, doping rules
were to protect the athlete. In 1964, a Danish cyclist Knut
Jensen, died at the Rome Olympic after apparently using
adrenalin, from which he developed cardiovascular
irregularities and abnormal heart rhythm, and died. The idea
was let's stop athletes from doing this at the expense of
their lives. From a protective rule it developed into a fair
play rule. The health of the person became less clear, the
impetus being on penalties for breaching the banned list. As
far as I know, no Kajak has ever tested positive for a
banned substance. But the potential for someone to
inadvertantly test positive is there. Carded athletes are
usually well informed. Locally, they are less aware. The Ben
Johnson affair was certainly a wake-up call. It turned
attention away from competition testing to no notice
testing. Before, athletes could alter their drug-use pattern
to avoid discovery. There's still inconsistencies and a
clean. Jeff Schiebler has been tested three times in the
last three months. He might get a phone call tonight and
have to be at UBC tomorrow. Every trip we go on we have to
provide a list of the athletes going. After nationals
Donovan Bailey flew straight to Monte Carlo for a meet and
was told he'd have to provide a sample right after he'd got
off the plane. There is a lot of international co-operation
on testing and Canada is leading the world. There are still
loopholes though. You get a four-year suspension for a
positive test or for refusing a test - it's an implication
of guilt. Some banned substances can disappear from the body
quite quickly though. Human growth hormones don't stay in
the system long. Blood doping is a practice that's been used
by some middle distance runners. There are those with a
religious problem with blood tests so how do you get around
that. Of course, there are natural ways for runners to boost
the haemoglobin in their blood. If you go to Boulder,
Colardo, or Albequerque, NM you will find hundreds of
runners training at altitude. Athletes have to be educated
and have to think twice before taking any medication.
Athletes are not little kids. They are responsible. Athletes
ask me all the time when they have a cold what they can or
can't take and I tell them to double check or I refer them
to doctors. Not because I'm shifting my responsibility but
because it's got to be right. We are very fortunate to have
someone like Doug Clemente coaching middle distance runners
because he is an authority on the subject. It is becoming
d i f fi c u l t f o r a t h l e t e s , e s p e c i a l l y w i t h a l l e r g i e s a n d a s t h m a
- they need help with inhalers, they've got to breath. Some
inhalers have banned substances. No one has ever tested
positive for a banned substance in 35 years of the Richmond
Kajaks. I've never had an athlete who'd taken a banned
substance. I've never been suspicious of any of the athletes
I've coached. In the long run the Ben Johnson affair was a
positive thing, definately. The rules are much tighter and
the tests are more often and they're more precise. Anyone
can be tested and it's the next day. In South Africa, a 14-
year-old recently tested positive for steroids. There are
still cheaters in the system but it's hard to put a
percentage on it. I have to say I am very suspicious of the
records set by the Chinese at the World Championships in
Stuggart in 1993. All of the sudden they come from nowhere
and set all these new records and win 1,500, 3,000, 10,000.
And the records stand. In China last year, our athlete Lori
Durward ran and beat one of their medallists. We know
officially that for all those years in East Germany and
Russia, they were cheating. It's said those people who
helped athletes cheat there are now in China but nonone can
prove that. When I was in China I was very impressed with
their athletics centres, their athletes and coaches.
Sometimes it's discouraging but I know I'm clean and my
athletes are clean-. We don't think about it because it's out
of our hands. Public perception is that a lot of athletes
are not clean. The majority are clean. There are some
Charmaine Crooks

I think most athletes go by the handbook. Not everyone is aware that over the past few
years there's more information given to athletes to let them be aware. It changes
yearly. There are drugs being tested as we speak. There are a lot of things that need to
be looked at. Athletes have access to a drug free sport 1-800 hotline. They can give
you enough info if you're unsure. The onus is on the athlete to stick to the medication
that's acceptable.
It's important to give due cause, it's important to hear both sides of stories. We need to
be as strong enough as possible. It's important to have a very tough stance, to make
us more responsible and think twice about using the manual, it gives athletes all the
information they need. The circumstances should fit the amount of years demanded.
You have to weight each situation. During competition, Europeans last summer I was
tested three times in one month. On average I guess its 5 to 6 times a year. I don't have
a problem with it. I think it's great that they are. I vent my frustration at those athletes
that do cheat by being part of the system to clean up sport.. I am an athlete board
member of drug free sport which makes me even more diligent if an athlete comes to
me. I really believe in the process to clean up sport. In the long run the Ben Johnson
affair was a good thing. We have to get back to the intrinsic values in sport, that it's not
about winning at all costs. Sport has a lot of problems, violence, eating disorders,
there's a whole gamut of problem. We need to teach those intrinsic values of sport to
young people.

Bruce Deacon

While I think what happened to Silken Laumann was tragic, I was shocked someone of
her experience made that kind of a mistake. The onus is on you to do your homework.
You cannot take it lightly. You can't throw away all your hard work by being careless.
It's tragic for something like a cold medication to do that. These people are not being
punished for stimulants or masking but for having a cold. I was tested last in
December, downtown. The real tragedy of the whole thing is that drug testing is not
tight enough or researched enough. They went out to test the Kajaks at UBC after the
nationals, a Thursday night which is a reduced training night o a lot of people don't
turn up, especially after the nationals. They came to test four athletes who ended up
being young athletes who hadn't even gone to the Nationals, a bunch of high school
distance runners - what a waste of cash. I think it's great they do it but to do it unaware
that no one shows up after Nationals, find out when they're there, don't spend all that
money. They amount of warning they gave me was far too long. Sure, it's a great
inconvenience but they should say within two hours we're coming to test you. 36 hours
is a lot of time. I've heard of Europeans being hospitalized after taking diretics to get
themselves cleaned out. There was a British thrower before the Commonwealth
Games who got himself hospitalized in Victoria because he had taken so many
laxatives. The rules are not tight enough. In December I ran against a Polish guy who
had already been banned twice for drug use. I mean, come on, once may be a
mistake, but twice is for life. First he was nailed for steroids. He said his dentist had
given him some steroidal cream. Next time it was after he had drunk some herbal tea.
I'm afraid I have little sympthy. The trouble is, sports own international sporting
federations can overrule bans anway. There are too many holes. It's discouraging, if
you are an athlete who has decided that being able to look at yourself in the mirror at
the end of a competition is more important than the colour of the medal around your
neck. Two years is a slap on the wrist. If we are going to make a dent in this problem
then we have to be a lot stronger. Anyone caught using steroids should have any past
records scrubbed from the record books.
I was lifting, myself. I was in their world. I got to talking with a guy who said, look I know
you're a cop - he opened up a world for us. It's started by informants. I used to powerlift
until I tore a quad. The sport of lifting weights is not a bad thing, it's healthy - there's
just people who taint it - they know they'll be fine, as far as I know the American?
Powerlift Federation??? does not test and the International Powerlifting Federation
tests but you've got an idea who to suspect, you can flush prior to testing, it would be
out of their system.
I'm a real advocate of vitmin use, vitamin C, antioxidants, cleansing the system, vitamin
B for stress - there's nothing wrong with vitamin use, with a consistent diet it's as good
as you can do. You don't grow when you train, you grow when you sleep. I've always
been big into sport, started in the force back in Regina. Training is the best stress
reliever you can possibly have. Because I'm clean I know I can train till I die if I want,
that's the best part about being clean. I hear comments from my informers, like
"If I'm not on steroids, why should I train?
"He who dies with the biggest coffin, wins" - that's a direct quote, that's what we are
dealing with.
Operators are trucking it from Mexico to Canada, bringing it up in small allotments,
mixing Winstrol with Armorol (used for shining tires) for counterfeit use on the back
market. I know of a 22-year-old die of a heart attack from steroid use. He was dieting
so hard for a big bodybuilding contest, depleting his protein. The body starts
synthesizing protein very fast, seeking protein. What happens is the body starts
feeding off the organs which made his heart weak.
Hicks also knows of steroid users on North Shore, dieing of cancer and two suicides,
one drove off a road deliberately and the other shot himself. I also know steroid users
have contracted AIDS from dirty needles.
Hicks plays a legal wire tap recording of a conversation between a doctor/trafficker
and a trafficker. The doctor is woken by the trafficker, he's trying to catch up on sleep
having just delivered a baby. They discuss supplies and packaging them. Hicks also
has a big box of pre-loaded needles, counterfeit bottles, complete with authentic
labels, boxes, company logos - "unless you had you're own lab, you would never
know what's in these containers - most of them are toxic Delatest Cypionate,
Methandrostenolene, Dianabol, Winstrol V, Deca-durabolin in snap-off caps (fake).
Let's face it, if you'veNoriega behind you, the packaging equipment and the money to
do it, why not.
Testosterone?winstrol, growth hormone, methandrostone, sustinane, parabolin, all
these were around when I started 10 years ago, they're still around. Clomide (fertility
drug) Novodex, anti-estrogen, proviron.
I would rather work with kids than in enforcement, trying to change judge's attitudes is
too frustrating. Trying to change kids naturally, drug free training facilities, diet, sleep,
realistic goals, give them an idea of realistic short term goals and remind them of
longevity and that they can work out for decades rather than disappear after a couple
of years.
Jellybean test
Hicks is now a collision analyst in RCMP traffic.
Barry Hicks, 15 years in the force, a competitor in the World Police and Fire Fames

The Food and Drug Act is broken into different schedules. Each schedule covers
different things. Steroids used to fall under F which carried inadequate penalties,
before it was moved to schedule G.
It's part of the reason people are so directly motivated to sell AS, they're motivated to
sell because there's so much money to be made without the risk of cocaine. Vets were
very prevalent in the black market. Steroids for veteranarian use didn't come over to
schedule G ...or not contact B.C. Veteranarian Medical Association - Ms llona
Ruie or Dr Leung - 266 3441. The movement of F to G followed the Dubin inquiry.
Doctors under the College of Physicians and Surgeons - there has to be a medical
need to prescribe steroids, which entails prescriptions in triplicate. Darryl Beere 733
7758.
Other ret: Anabolic Reference Guide, 6th issue 1990 Nathanial Philips
Better Health Magazine 1992 "Muscle Drugs and Dough"
Sports Illustrated - Jul 91, Lyle Alzado "I'm Sick and I'm Scared"
In the mid 80s it was rampant in society - worse than ever before. It's ironic, after the
whole Ben Johnson affair, an information line was set up and a lot of the people
calling it wanted to know where they could get what BJ had been on, (Stanazol)
people who saw it as intriguing rather than illegal. It's like AIDS, it's not going to
happen to me kind of thing. I have an agent, he's been a setroid user for 10 years. I
ask him, do you ever get off them, he says I never get off them, I just lessen the cycle.
He c doesn't even consider it an option to get off them. Brian Clavier said, "If you
consider the mind and the brain as being one and the same, then physical and
psychological addiction is one and the same - therefore a psychological addiction is a
physical addiction.
I've seen deaths occur over steroid trafficking, deaths in the Lowe Mailand - Roger
Daggit, a hitman taking other turf. A guy was shot strongarming for bikers. Steroid
traffickers know they can expect considerably less punishment than cocaine traffickers.
I haven't seen much punishment at all. It's still happening, vets are still putting it out
there.
Hicks recently returned from Prince George where he spoke at a conference about
drug abuse in the work place, organized by businesses there worried about the
problem.
You need awareness with kids, you must have some knowledge and credibility is vital.
Show them how to acquire results naturally, what is realistic and how to achieve goals.
I look at Muscle and Fitness magazines...
When I was competing I would make sure I eat properly, work out two or three days a
week and the rest of the time I would rest. You get guys who work six days a week, two
or three hours a day - how the hell do you ever heal, there's no time. When you look at
mags like that the only recourse appears to be drug use. But they so don't use drugs
but here's the pictures - it's a contradiction in terms.
Undercover operations - introduced by agents through community policing or RCMP
agents
- an informant remains anonymous
- an agent eventually testifies and is relocated with his/her identity changed.
CLINICAL CURRICULUM

Ben Johnson and the Use of Steroids


in Sport: Sociological and
Ethical Considerations
Burt Konzak
Frangoise Boudreau
School of Physical and Health Education
Department of Sociology
Glendon College, York University University of Toronto

situation. Une demiire analyse de "la pratique authentiq#"M


Catalogue Data: la distinction entre "la pratique" en soi dont le but inttv^m
BOUDREAU, F., KONZAK, B. (1991). Ben Johnson and the Use est la recherche de I'excellence et les organisations qui supptm
of Steroids in Sport: Sociological and Ethical Considerations. Can. la pratique mais qui sont essentiellement et nicessaircmtntM
J. Spt. Sci. 16:2 88-98. sees a maximiser les benefices extrinsiques a la victoire-faM
monetaires, pouvoir, statut. Nos prioritis doivent itre ricmd
a la lumiire de certains principes ethiques fondamentaux
ABSTRACT Mots cles: steroides anaboliques; victoire dans les sporW.wA
dans les sports; la drogue et les sports; compilitionsofo
v This paper examines from a sociological and an ethical standpoint
the problem of steroids in sport and competition. After a sociologi
cal analysis of some key ideological, social, political, and economic- Introduction: The Popeye Syndrome
issues related to drugs in sport, we address the question of whether
ethically we wish these developments to continue along the same Popeye ate the spinach and his muscles acquired suf
path. A final analysis of the nature of the "authentic practice" strength, in an instant. The same thing hapj
makes the distinction between the practice itself with its intrinsic- Cheerios kid, who for years delivered his secret IpJ
search for excellence and the organizations that sustain the practice young television audience. What enticing magiclj
but are essentially and necessarily concerned with extrinsic re of their muscular strength, victory against evil
wards from winningmoney, power, status. Priorities have to be every time. They were heroes and nobody said tbey<
reexamined in light of certain fundamental ethical principles. And furthermore, the promise of a similar perfo
there for any neighborhood kid who wanted tt)t
Key words: anabolic steroids; winning in sport; cheating in sport;
drugs in sport; Olympic competitions. product and take the daily recommended dose. I
% nately, except in our imaginationsand in the
RESUME sales performancenothing spectacular ever I
Most of us have learned to live with this, but
Cet article examine sous les angles de la sociologie et de I'ethique not, as the search for the Popeye effect has shif
le probleme de V usage des steroides dans les sports et les competi
tions. Apris avoir present^ une analyse sociologique de certaines supermarket shelf to the pharmacological laboraWJ.]
in the gyms and locker rooms throughout the
halites ideologiques, sociales politiques, et economiques cles
relites a I'usage des drogues dans le sport, nousposons la question magic potion is ingested every day by thouupfj)
d savoir si ithiquement nous voulons voir se perpituer cette or without medical supervision, in doses thai

88
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90 Boudreau and Konzak

(Whitson and Macintosh, 1989). Over the years, a gigaflt ft means, tl


They are ready to pay the price, to make sacrifices, to accept
the pain and risk everything as part of the experience and bureaucratic and political sport edifice was built aniL oferadicat
even the responsibility of their position. Like soldiers, their fortune was dedicated largely to the pursuit of Canada JtK&t the s
medals. The budget of the Fitness and Amateur Sport B ise assoi
bodies are no longer totally their own. For the conviction
created in 1961, increased from $226,369 in the " in fortui
is, erroneously, that their power is their country's power, ideal s
fiscal year to nearly $50 million in 1984-85. According
that their medals are tangible evidence of the superiority of o want:
their country's ideological stance and political stature. Harvey and Proulx, "The majority of it was used by ei
five national organizations to pay the salaries of their 89), "r
Entire countries are "mobilized" behind their athletes, to will 1
istrative directors and national coaches, to fund partici
waiting for that proof which will bring international prestige :e ther
and play their national anthem before the whole world. No in national and international competitions and to
athletes in training" (1998, p. 102). In their bid for wi lesty m
one will deny that the Olympic arena is a political arena Writes, "S
Ottawa and the provinces provided direct financial ina
(Eitzen, 1989b; Lapchick, 1989; Nafziger, 1989) and that is] bett
tives in the form of Athlete Assistance Programs basd
Olympic games constitute, as they did in the ancient games lavior t
(Kidd, 1984), symbolic warfare. Athletes are heroes if they performance: It isc
win, failures if they don't. This is a very distressing outcome an A card entitles the holder to support for two yean;
expect
by itself, and of course a far cry from this dream of a great B, C, and D cards must be renewed annually. The base |
allowance at present is $650 per month for A cards. I ips
festival of sports which would promote fine physical and
$550 for B cards, $450 for C cards and $300 for D Ki s equen
moral qualities, create international respect and goodwill,
cards... The federal Athlete Assistance Program reward* *= wurces of
and help construct a better and more peaceful world.
about 750 athletes annually. (Kidd, 1988, p. 294) fore reai
In a fascinating discussion on the Seoul Olympic com uninte
petitions, entitled "Playing for Keeps," East Asian scholar To be and remain "carded," an athlete has to demand ft
Ian Buruma (1988) concludes, that he or she is and will continue being a winner aco produi
as one casts one's eyes on the list of the most successful to international standards. A full 90% of the 1984 Winter ;eshift
sporting nationsEast Germany, Bulgaria, Rumania, Summer Canadian Olympic teams were federally itrol aiu
the Soviet Uniongold medals are not necessarily the Combining the provincial and federal assistance lad aci
marks of great national progress (of any kind), let alone "about 5000 Canadian athletes are now assisted ann itive '
of civilized and open societies. (Buruma, 1988, p. 50) (Kidd, 1988, p. 296).
The federal government and its ministers and As the
cratic rationalizers badly needed winners to confirm sold i
How Badly Do We in Canada Want to Win?
tunate
It didn't take more than a few hours after the disqualification legitimate their gigantic financial investments in high busint
of Ben Johnson in Seoul for our Minister of Sport, Jean mance sport. Winners were to become the proof of e nized
ened policy and judicious state action.
Charest, to dramatically ban him for life from representing ^ Octob
Canada in official competitions. Yet people in sports were Yet, before the Ben Johnson affair, few worried i
what we now see as an internationally practiced hitill Stron
wondering where Mr. Charest and his predecessors had been
all these years while Charlie Francis' athletes have been agenda to turn out the badly wanted winners. It was fcM| &mand is
is so often the case, that all that was needed was lot! fecanbe
scoring so big and trainers were encouraged to "do much
more of what Charlie was doing" (Hynes and MacLeod, government money. In hindsight it now becomes clevfl extens
the incentive to cheat was built right into our Johns
1989, p. A16).
The Ministry wanted winners, so did Canadians, and assistance system with the balance tipped toward jpuses
so did the Canadian news and sports media. We wanted to athletes willing to do anything to winrisking their ige t
look big in the world of sports and in the world in general, and reputation and forfeiting their sense of honor.". drugs
and Ottawa has worked very hard at it for the past 20 years want to win,'' said Charlie Francis to the Dubin Co into, J
in a rather singleminded way. Macintosh, Bedecki, and "then you must take anabolic steroids" (the magic
Franks (1987) have provided an excellent documentation of In other words, if you want to match drug-enhanced
the federal government's involvement in sports since 1961 tional standards, you must cheat and you must d
in response to complaints about "the sorry performance of gies to avoid being caught. These seem to have
most Canadians in international competitions," as a means unwritten and broadly accepted rules of the game.
to promote Canadian unity, and aS^part of a more global To chastise Charlie Francis or Ben Johnson
investment of our expanding and increasingly controlling of the others makes for convenient scapegoats,
welfare state in health and fitness matters. cheaters, yes, but saying so doesn't get to the root
Since then, the direction of Canadian sport policy has problem and is far from solving it.
clearly favored high-performance competitive sport. This
was done, many complained, at the expense of mass partici Steroids and the Big Business Side of the Story
pation and community recreation (Harvey and Proulx, 1988; Drugs in sport, many profess, are here to stay. Thei
Kidd, 1988; Macintosh et al., 1987), bringing about the of production and distribution through the
marginalisation of those who would defend nonelite interests medical channels or underground are too firmly est
Ben Johnson and Steroids 91

wh0 can legally prescribe drugs. So, **


m say, too much money to surrender to strategies banned the drugs? Why, the **^*i
tional Olympic Committee banned them, the free loaa
S^noutafightorwithoutattemptrngto^he
Item. For too many Olymp.c athletes and herr ers who've been running these quadrennial muscte
Ses "steroid gold" means contracts, puberty. festivals since they were modernized^KenedCoub-
ortin in 1896... Charlie Francis said Ben Johnson has
WiSr the bodybuilder in the process of reahzmg ^en anabolic steroids for eight years He said.printer
B-taage and for me high school football player Aneella Taylor Issajenko % been on them for 10 years^
K hance to make it to the big leagues fronton.
He s ud he tried them himself when he was a runner m
Id "are a powerful and addictive love affair. "he arly 1970s and again five years ago to see what
tLfT,onPestowimdrawa,d,husconsc,ousy * Hard on the health? Ben loofc .*
selves weaker than competrtors? The, pnee of Schwarzenegger after eight years. Angella looks fitter
,may be deemed too high to pay. As Sandy Padwe "e Fonda after 10 (and had a healthy baby three
'Sply putting on a uniform does not make [ath- veTrs ago). And 40-year-old Charlie looks okay oo^
VtteTpeople or give them a greater standard of Instead o all this hand-wringing and finger-pointing
riorto uphold" (1989, p. 105). Se^atmg^^
off the banned list and let everybody worry about the.
j is quite realistic, some say (D. Pasquale, 1989a, b)
&that one of the inevitable consequences-and personal choices the way they do about booze and
Kte Dubin, Commission's most ,mmed ate cigarets. (Frayne, 1989, p. A16)
lnce_will be to considerably reduce prescr.pt on This is a convenient and mindlessly easy apologist ft
To anabolic steroids, as physicians will thmk tw.ee
argument for our loss of the gold medal in Seoul The
Waling for the prescription pad. Iromcally however fault according to this argument, simply rests with the
Sended consequence will likely be ,c, mcrease ,h nttatL 1 sports establishment for making their arbitrary
mi for smuggled commerc.al ste'ds and als0 ^^ ?3E in the first place. A 1988 pre-Seoul Toronto
&c,ion of counterfeit and bogus <ta^_often n
publication entitled Ben Johnson, The Fastest Man on Earth
Shift illegal basement laboratones that lack qual.ty (Christie, 1988), and which makes no mention whatsoever
ad allL dangers this entails. The Popeye syndrome of Ben's use of steroids to become this superman (p.
{aal across the world's neighborhood gyms .s a very 131), has the following quote from Charlie Francs: In my
Ictative "disease": own mind I am right and everyone else is wrong (p. 55)^
^e trainer, called with blind respect a "High Priest and
[As the saying goes, all is fair in business. And steroids
sold to gymnasts, bodybuilders, and other athletes, Heretic" (p. 55), no doubt had something special in mind
amateur and professional, throughout the US, are big which, we know now, did not quite fit the rules of the game.
;. business indeed; to the extent even of attracting orga
nized crime syndicates. (See The Wall Street Journal, The Rules of the Game-
October 4, 1988.) (Buruma, 1988, p. 48) Arbitrariness and Normative Cheating
Strong, convincing, and effective action to curtail the The fact is that sports are based on rules. It is hoped that
*mand is needed, for the picture is not very encouraging rules can be wise and enlightened in pursuing the best
| can begin immediately with adequate testing procedu e interests of the athletes and the fairness of the game. The
Sextensie educational programs. Ironically a repen*nt fact is also that sport rules all contain elements of arbitrari
Ben Johnson is already accepting invitations on^umversity ness which may mean for someone the difference between
Inuses and making public appearances, spreading the winning or losing. If the race were 120 metres instead o
100 Carl Lewis would probably win every time. His longer
take drugs to have successful performances (L Express de legs' give him an edge in the long run to catch up on the
Toronto, January 23-29, 1990, p. 1). explosive starts of Ben Johnson. By 100 metres, he s almo*
there. Yet there is no use complaining; the race is 100
Blaming the Ban-and Arbitrary Rules metres, not 105 or 110 or 150. Basketball courts have certain
.Some Canadian journalists, after the disqualification of specified arbitrary dimensions; so do the rules on dribbling.
/.Johnson, were voicing the- often heard re ram that we Boxing rules say that you cannot strike to the groin, or kick
shouldn't even bother with drug testing and simply end your opponent. _, .
ihe ban! Along these lines, the Globe and Mail writes, Why not? In a real fight... Yet boxing is not a real fight.
The obvious question arises: who banned these drugs? It's a sport, which is defined by explicit rules determining
Anabolic steroids are not narcotics. They are prescribed the way the game is played. Those who refuse to play by
drugs. There is no law that precludes a person from these rules are either quitters or cheaters. A boxer who
ingesting prescribed drugs. In some countries no one kicks his opponent must be disqualified-there is no use
can sell prescribed drugs without receiving a medical complaining about why he can't kick while he can destroy
prescription. In others, they are sold over the counter. his opponent's face with a punch-those are the rules!
Anyway, the person who tended to Charlie Francis Cheating at drugs is not different from cheating at anything
sprinters, Dr. Jamie Astaphan, is a registered physician
:

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.imgWSRav&mm

Ben Johnson and Steroids 93

on television," says Kerr, "a power meet was seen involving


to Choose, Freedom to Refuse?
some of the strongest men in the world. Two of the contes
wy, "Well, athletes are free to refuse to take tants were patients of mine, and they fared quite well" (p.
at not forced into it; if they get caught, it's their
14).
llyl" Enough has been said about the incredible His advice to recreational and professional athletes:
the athlete to stop blaming the victim on the "Find a physician in your area who is adept in using anabolic
...... is naively called the athlete's free choice.
drugs and willing to wor&with you. Use his knowledge for
Jy,tosay let's abandon the ban "and let everybody guidance and ignore the rumors and ill-derived information
Sout their personal choices the way they do about from other athletes, and I'm certain that you'll achieve your
fcjndcigarets" is just as insensitive. It is not just the own greatness" (1982, p. 92). His advice to physicians: "To
,of the freedom of one athlete to take steroids; it is
deny the prescription and then lecture the athlete on why he
Question of the freedom of his/her colleagues who should not take the drug is very unrealistic. We are all aware
.. consider drugs in order to compete on the same that people in general simply do not pay heed to what is
.exercising one's freedom by taking steroids, each shown to be harmful for them if they feel themselves that
jbbs the other athletes of the freedom to refuse,
there is some good to be derived from the use of that
loch a context there is no such thing as freedom.
% kind of freedom athletes need is not the kind of product" (p. 91). His message concerning Olympic officials
and rule makers: "Those officials who are speaking out for
Robert Kerr, M.D., and the like are ready to offer
the condemnation of anabolic steroidsI wonder how many
(r.In his book The Practical Use of Anabolic Steroids rs
Athletes (1982), Dr.'Kerr announces that out of 18 of them smoke and drink?" We must interrupt Dr. Ken-
;of private medical practice he has been treating athletes immediately here to say that those officials, and athletes
who smoke or drink, do not do so in order to win, nor do
tnabolic steroids for 16 of those yearswith "a few
...patients on various anabolic steroid regimens" in they do so in order to get an unfair advantage over colleagues
and competitors. Smoking and drinking have nothing to do
lijtar 1981. He explains his decision to ,4help athletes":
with steroids. Nevertheless, Dr. Kerr continues,
| So, can our trackmen and powerliftcrs abide by the code
pV of conventionality and refuse to take the strength and I sympathize with their efforts to keep athletics "clean",
I speed gaining drugs and allow the other countries to but in regard to the use of anabolics, I question the
I defeat usof course they can't. Until the time comes realism of their policies. Do they really believe that
that all athletes agree to refrain from taking anabolic the athletes will abide by the decisions to ban these
! drugs, then most athletes are going to continue to find
drugsof course not. (1982, p. 91)
the ways and means to excel, and this means taking
J anabolic steroids. Do we really want our international His solution is therefore to give anabolic steroid ther
: athletes to come in a far second, or third, or worse, apy the same legitimacy and recognition as antibiotics,
behind athletes from other countries who do not have antiasthmatics, and other medications used in daily life by
the willingness to refuse to take the drugs? I don't think
putting it under the strict control of physicians, with ade
In the long run that we do. We might say that we have
certain standards that we feel we must follow, but in quate, safe controls and necessary laboratory tests. Kerr does
not seem to realize that those recognized medications are
the end we really want to win at nearly any costand
used to treat illnesses and disease, in other words, to bring
you know that's true. (1982, p. 4)
back health. Anabolic steroids have been shown to do quite
Is this the kind of pressure, ethical reasoning, and the opposite. Such an approach, in his opinion, will eliminate
that myriad of side effects so often seen in the misguided
[judical counseling we want to provide young Canadians
'howish to pursue personal excellence through world-class who seek their medication from the nonphysicians. Since a
'jtfiletics? What about high school sports and competition myriad of health problems and iatrogenic illnesses today are
there "the steroid temptation" (Kaye, 1989, p. 157) is due to the side effects of drugs prescribed by physicians
lkady everpresent? (Illich, 1975; Lexchin, 1984), Kerr's assumption is shaky at
the very least.
It is impossible to say of course how many physicians
Hie Medicalisation of Athleticism- share Dr. Kerr's stance. In the June 13, 1989, issue of The
Athletes Becoming Patients
Medical Post, Dr. Mauro Di Pasquale, a general practitioner
drug therapy for the athlete (Kerr, 1982), the urge to in Warkworth, Ontario, examines for his medical colleagues
win, to be number one, or even to look great has become a what he calls the clinical facts related to the use of the drug
medical problem with a medical solution. People like Dr. and concludes that "as used by most athletes, the side
Robert Kerr, cited above, want it to become even more so. effects of anabolic steroids are minimal" (1989a, p. 27).
According to Kerr, "Until more physicians are willing to Yet minimal, to use his term, includes gynecomastia, fluid
come to the aid of these athletes, the illegal sources will
retention, acne, changes in libido, oligospermia, and in
continue to flourish" (p. 91). Dr. Kerr chooses to refer to
creased aggressiveness. In women, amenorrhea and other
anabolic steroids as exercise aids and as medication. Of
menstrual irregularities commonly occur; there is also a
[ course the athletes are now referred to as patients:* 'Recently
possibility of virilizing effects such as deepening of the
94 Boudreau and Konzak

adding yet another area of exclusive ownership to the alrci^ 1 '


voice, hirsutism, male-pattern baldness, and clitoral en vast domain under medical responsibility. Athletes, fc i;s
largement. writes, "do not generally come from the aftalpQtU<i| wifc
Other side effects, such as changes in serum cholesterol
the populationso high fees are not involved wiiht*| >
and hepatic dysfunction, with rare instances of hepatic work." Let us not forget here that the author is spe&a^ '
cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and peliosis hepatitis, from the American context, which does not have the benefit 1
"while posing a serious threat to the athlete," says Dr. Di of a national health plan. "Fees that can fit into the budj.1 .W
Pasquale, "have been misunderstood, misrepresented and of most of the athletes will not bring wealth as far as moK)| m
sensationalized" (1989a, p. 26). Dr. Di Pasquale matter of is concerned," continues Dr. Kerr, "but a wealth in help| *
factly informs his readers that "athletes in general are aware others to achieve their goals in life, safely, is easily obu*
of many of the side effects and often use other drugs or able" (p. 90).
supplements to counteract or lessen their severity" (p. 26). Although his discourse is superficially in keeping***
Presumably, we will be reassured to know that, the noble goals of the profession, Dr. Kerr does not spe4
For example, tamoxifen is used by male athletes to of the wealth in numbers. He himself says he was treatiaf
reduce the estrogenic effects of testosterone and some a few thousand patients in 1981; he also speaks of mandatory
of the anabolic steroids that aromatize. Tetracycline and sperm counts every 3 months! It is estimated that in the
other antibiotics (as well as acne creams, etc.) are used U.S. alone, one million individuals are now using anabolic
to counteract the acne. Women try to counteract the steroids "to improve their physical appearance alone,"
masculinizing effects by using the less androgenic com reports Claude Forand (1989, p. 5) in a publication of the ; '
pounds and by using birth control pills with high estro Quebec government. The market is there and the patient*
genic, and the progestational component has minimal
simply need to be channeled. Furthermore, as with every
androgenic properties. Evening Primrose and glutathi
one are used to decrease the hepatotoxic effects of the thing in the health field, an increase in the supply of docton a
oral 17a alkylated anabolic steroids. (1989a, p. 27) who offer these services will increase the demand, for not
all hesitations of potential users will be cast aside by the
Are we expected to say, "Well then it's OK"? On the promise of "medical excellence" and the benediction of
contrary one must seriously question this drug oriented one's own personal physician.
frame of mind, too typical of our contemporary mindscape, Neither politicians, civil servants, nor taxpayers cat
searching for chemical solutions to chemically induced veto the kind of fee-for-service practice, counseling,
problems. prescriptions and tests that physicians choose to give theif
The point is that the Popeye syndrome is not an illness
patients. The system is completely open-ended; it is al
and it does not look for a cure; it looks for suppliers. Do
doctors want to become suppliers? Pushers (Lexchin, 1984)? already overburdened and struggling with soaring costs and
Do they wish to take on the role of magicians who have huge deficits.
Preventive action against medical enterprising in ana
access to all these potions that will or will not counteract
the damages that the prescribing of anabolic steroids have bolic steroid therapy can and must immediately come fron
the profession itself. For instance, the Corporation of Quebec
produced? And this, to the great benefit of pharmaceutical
companies whose advertisements in medical journals would Physicians was quick to take a stand. Using as a guideline
now display a very muscular Ben Johnson taking his daily a section of the Province's Code of Ethics of Physician},
dose of steroids, with pictures of before and after? How which says physicians may prescribe drugs only for medical
many "minimal" damages, counteracted or not, does it take reasons, the Corporation notified physicians "that any pre*
to make a compound and a mixture of compounds in scription of anabolic steroids to athletes with the sole aim
the short and in the long run dangerous? The question is of improving their performance will be considered as an ad i
especially relevant given that physician education on drugs directly contravening the Code of Ethics and will be likdh/
has been shown to be generally "less than satisfactory" to entail the application of disciplinary measures against Uat
(Rich, 1989, p. 24) and that medical research in the field of offender" (Gainor, 1989, p. 61).
steroid uses and abuses is far from adequate.
Finally and most importantly we must ask, what about The Myth of the Sacred Body-
the Hippocratic Oath, another highly respected Greek contri Powerful Images, Constructed Bodies
bution to the world, which says TFirst do no harm"? "We try too much to protect the image of the athlete and
not the athlete himself," said weightlifter David BolduC'
Medical Enterprising and Patient Recruitment banned from participating in the Seoul competition becautf'$
What we are really talking about here is medical enterprising he tested positive. While the steroid-enhanced body of the!
and patient recruitment. Who will truly "benefit" from Dr. athlete often reaches Grecian perfection and perpetuates tat |
Kerr's logic; if physicians offer their help, as he calls it, Olympian image of a strong mind in a strong healthy body,
"then why would anyone want to obtain their drugs and the individual inside is very much trapped, disowned fron r
guidance from anyone but a physician?" (1982, p. 91). Dr. his own body. "The average athlete may hardly knowwfcav at
Kerr is quick to brush aside the monetary advantages of is doing what to him or why" says Buruma (1988, p.
Ben JfhnSOtl and Steroids 95

enhancing drugs for adults and children in our pursu t of


ef the most revealing moments of the Dubin efficiency, success, and productivity. They also live in a
a moment that made the commissioners roar
perhaps to delay creeping feelings of society in which people's health suffers because of the
overconsumption of these drugs (Lexchin, 1984, p. 28), with
when David Boluc confessed about a urine very little incitation to stop.
Kheme This involved the injection of someone Social and personal problems that affect one s perfor
Into his bladder to pass the test. Bolduc added mance are routinely transformed into medical problems and
| weightlifting head coach Andrzej Kulesza was
routinely treated with medication. Pharmaceut.ca advertise
of the scheme and "did not object" (Hall and ments have advised doctors to prescribe'' Vistanl (hydroxyz
1989, p. B5). . , ine pamoate) for a young child who is anxious about going
been said that in our democratic and civilized to school or to the dentist," or have encouraged Tofranil
s body is one's most sacred possession. In fact,
[imipramine hydrochloride] for parents who are deposed
w>ss of the body is a myth and not just for athletes. because their daughter has run away from home (Lennard
ftblimatcd, the human body, and especially the et al., 1970). The use of drugs in children, says Dr. Lexchin in
body (Michel, 1985), is an economic, social, and his critical analysis of the Canadian drug industry, "teaches
commodity (Brohm, 1972, 1975,1982, 1985; Dos- them that they cannot control their own behavior, that they
i;Foucault, 1978; Scott, 1982). In all cases it obeys
need a medication, an external influence, to make them
H logic that is at the service of culturally dictated
'good'. And if they are not good, it is because they forgot
plantations of what is ideal, beautiful, desirable, and their pills or their pills are not working" (1984, p. 28). These
ajtaable. The body buys, the body sells. It is constantly *
fitted to social judgment (Berthelot et al., 1985). children will never know whether they are "good" because
ft Studies have in fact shown that physical beauty does of the pills or because of their own personal strength, self-

|ftfl people's perception, bringing positive responses, suc- discipline, and victory. The same is true for Ben Johnson
:: a- Marchand, 1987, for an excellent synthesis). For and all those who have adopted the path of drugs to "their
we are constantly inventing our body (Descamps, 1986), own greatness"to use Dr. Kerr's questionable expression
Itatingly molding it to fit the current image of beauty (1982).
diets of all kinds, fasts, facelifts, liposuctions, cosmetic The real tragedy would be if sport became so closely
involved in the public consciousness with drugs that it would
jjfjjcry on the nose, augmentation mammoplasty, breast
paction surgery, hair transplants, tattoos, tanning sessions, cease to be considered a viable alternative to medication for
the attainment and maintenance of well-being. In light of
[ fells, car piercing, high heels, corsets, the application of
ajjrnetics and nail polish, the use of muscle-toning and body the above sociological considerations, we as a society clearly
mj laolding gadgetries, the removal of undesired body hair, and need to reconsider the fundamental values of the practice of
l*n sex change surgery. sport and of competition. For there is an alternative to the
We are ready to submit our bodies to what we hear existing situation.
ntselvescall real torture and self-denial in pursuit of beauty,
The Authentic Practice
tccess, and the promise of ultimate self-fulfillment. The The Values of Sport and Competition
flUng of anabolic steroids in gyms and bodybuilding studios
"Absolutely absurd!" This is what Andy Higgins, track and
Jj but another means of molding one's body toward the
: pursuit of these goals. It is but another means of becoming field coach at the University of Toronto, said of the Canadian

mique, separate from the ordinary, and superior to all approach to sport in his testimony at the Dubin Inquiry.
lofiafh/ctes, that is, ''those who don't really have what it The absurdity is not unique to Canadians. A poll
flies." This is not unique to the sport fraternity. While the conducted just prior to the Olympic Games of Los Angeles
pressure here is more palpable, it is part of a highly powerful, revealed that "55% of the 198 athletes questioned, would
socially ingrained, and socially acceptable ethic on how we be ready to take a drug which would kill them five years
relate to our bodies, our selves. One does not even need to later if it would guarantee them Gold" (Dugal, 1985, p. 18).
ipeak of narcissism, which, once again, attempts to shame No wonder Higgins called current thinking "inane and
(he individual. One needs simply to look at the global social obsessed with a very narrow goal" (Hynes and MacLeod,
context. 1989, p. A10) in his plea for a return to the fundamental
values of sport and competition:
Performance Improving Drugs: Valium for Adults,
Ritalin for Kids, Anabolic Steroids for Athletes Sport in itselfthe business of running around a track
or heaving a sphere of metalis a useless pursuit
Is Ben Johnson's use of steroids to enhance his performance rendered meaningful only by the personal growth of the
any different from the business executives' use of Valium to athlete. The only value, it seems to me, is what happens
enhance their own performance in their own world of to the individual in the process of trying to make that
competition? Ben Johnson and other Olympians, the recre metal go as far as it can go. (1989, p. A10)
ational athletes as well as the bodybuilders, live in a society
The intrinsic values of sport and competition, the values
that condones and even encourages the use of performance
of personal growth and self-discovery, the fundamental joy
96 Boudreau and Konzak

inadequacy of my own performance as judged by


of facing challenges, of developing to the maximum of one s is to subject my own attitudes, choices, preferences I
potential, and of attaining even a touch of excellence are tastes to the standards which currently and partially"
indeed unabashingly eclipsed by the flamboyancy and attrac the practice" (1984, p. 190). The internal goods re
tiveness of the extrinsic rewards to which the value of the through this authentic practice are goods for each indirjj
Gold" is attached. Of the intrinsic values of sport, Plato has and are shared by the whole community who partiar"
offered a very inspiring description, one in which steroid the practice. * >
use in our contemporary context has no place: Practices, however, must not be confused witn
It seems there are two arts which 1 would say some god lions. According to Maclntyre, "Chess, physics audi
gave to mankind, music and gymnastics, for the service cine are practices; chess clubs, laboratories, universal
of the high spirited principle and the love of knowledge hospitals are institutions" (1984, p. 190). The pracH
in themnot for the soul and body incidentally, but for any sport must not be confused with the clubs, wsfo
their harmonious adjustment. (Plato, Republic, Book and governing bodies that provide the facilities, proa
111, p. 142) finance it, organize competitions, and so forth. Pjjj
Maclntyre judiciously points out, institutions arech
Plato was not alone. On the other side of the world, to
tically and necessarily concerned with external gc
the Japanese, perfection in character emanated from the
goods that are characteristically objects of comp
precision of kata (form) movement in the martial arts (Kon- which there must be losers as well as winners. Instit
zak and Boudreau, 1984). Perfection itself was something
says Maclntyre, "are involved in acquiring money andi
never attained, nor was it something set up as a separate material goods; they are structured in terms of poc|
goal from the training. Beauty in life naturally flowed status, and they distribute money, power and stall'
from the beauty of the movement, which was not uniquely rewards" (p. 190). The key point is that they must*
physical but more of a spiritual-mental synthesis with a if they are to sustain not only themselves but *l
physical expression. This interaction between character and
practices of which they are the bearers. The key ]
training, between body and spirit, is entirely compatible however, is that while practices cannot survive for any!
with Plato's ideal and totally incompatible with what Donald
of time unsustained by institutions, their high standai*il
Macintosh and colleagues have called the "show biz atmo
search for excellence are thus susceptible to cor
sphere [that] has trivialized the traditional values of sport... the acquisitiveness and competitiveness of the k
values of self-expression, self-actualization, feelings of well-
The key question then becomes, how can this be av
being, and the joy and spontaneity of contest" (1987, p.
This is the challenge we have to face.
181).
There are, according to Maclntyre, some key
Greatly needed, then, is an appreciation of "the authen
tic practice," a concept central to Alasdair Maclntyre's such as truthfulness or honesty, justice, and courages
classic ethical study After Virtue (1984). His definition which the goods internal to practices are barred toutilj
deserves careful attention: virtues or fundamental principles are essential compr
prerequisites of any practice. They are acquired
By "practice" I am going to mean any coherent and qualities, the possession and exercise of which "*
^ complex form of socially established cooperative human enable us to achieve those goods which are into
activity through which goods internal to that form of
practices and the lack of which effectively prevents |
activity are realized in the course of trying to achieve
those standards of excellence which are appropriate to, achieving any such goods" (1984, p. 191). Without ft
and partially definitive of, that form of activity, with courage, and truthfulness, practices could not
the result that human powers to achieve excellence, and corrupting power of institutions:
human conceptions of the ends and goods involved, are
For not to accept these, to be willing to cheat....
systematically extended. Tic-tac-toe is not an example
of a practice in this sense, nor is throwing a football us from achieving the standards of excellence Of I
with skill, but the game of football is, and so is chess. goods internal to the practice that it renders the |
Bricklaying is not a practice; architecture is. Planting pointless except as a device for achieving
turnips is not a practice; farming is...Thus, the range of goods. (1984, p. 191)
practices is wide: arts, sciences, games, politics in the
Aristotelian sense, the making and sustitkiing of family With the help of our national sport instituli
life, all fall under the concept. (1984, p. 187) bureaucracies, under the guise of a rationalization
sport policies, the practice of sport in Canada has I
An authentic practicelet us think of any sport such a device. And this is precisely the problenH^j
"involves standards of excellence and obedience to rules" gerated concern shared by politicians and the
(1984, p. 187). There is no room for normative cheating or the Canadian sport communitywith external go
for any "everyone is doing it so the rule doesn't count"
winning at the expense of true excellence. We as a I
attitudes. To enter into an authentic practice, pursues Macln- have faithfully encouraged this process: we have!
tyre, "is to accept the authority of those standards and the and we have praised; we have cheered and rounlcii
-

Ben
mi Johnson and Steroids 97

. 'nnpr. The onus is on us as a society

. Ta WW.M(1980).
Bauer, a i h V t i crviainqu
ai mod ts.e U i n g a n d andlimita-
possibilities |-W

Spectrum of the Canadian populat.on, espec.ally rSplrt.PpMa.t^BevertyHins^.


Tcfc ^.MW* ~ c"rKn,
SCiM33f?972)
Brohm. La civi.isa.ion
J.-M. (.972). La CI du corps: sub.ima.ion
, cu|ture et rf-e.
d&ublimation repress.ve. Part.sans, spo ,
pression, pp. 6.-80. (FM/pe.,.e collection MaspSro).
IWrisy: as models of virtue and high character Brohm. J.-M. (.975). Corps et poH.iqne. Pans: lean-Pterre
ill w they are cheaters or who know that some of the Dclarge. .
Key compete with are cheaters, and nether know ,f Brohm, J.-M. (1982, mars). Corps et pouvoirs: Pempnse au corp #
ifey truly deserve to win. rrtf th Actions et rccherches sociales. Pans, Ed. Eres, pp. IIJ u*
wyeinesyndrome-<lare
legacy of Ben Johnson
we useand thethis
again pervasiveness of the
exprcssion-mus Brohm, J.-M. (1985, mars). Le corps: un paradigme de Iamodernite.
Actions et rccherches sociales. Ed. Eres, pp. I5-J&
Kovide an easy justification for the dramatic attrition of
Buruma, I. (1988. Nov. 10). Playing for keeps. The New York
Wees for athletes wishing to pursue excellence through Review, pp. 44-50.
petition. This would be the final tragedy! It must,
Christie, J.R. (1988). Ben Johnson, The Fastest Man on Earth.
lovever, give us the incentive to work toward an enhance Toronto: McClelland-Bantam.
ment of sport and athletics, along the lines of a true authentic
Wtice accessible to as many Canadians as possible. The Descamps, M.-A. (1986). LMnvention du corps. Paris: Presses
Universitaires de France.
establishment of a strong and independent national sport
; oamcil that would include a wide spectrum of stakeholders Di Pasquale. Dr. M (1989a. June 13). Steroid scandal: Dubin
TTCuir' is host to Iota of hyue. but net much clinical facts.
[hfte freid. wwfrr* r^r-ermri^ e^o setaofe md The Medical Post, -pp. 26-27.
hwrcrsities as well as from the real public, has already and
Di Pasquale, Dr. M. (1989b, Ju ne 20). Black market allows athletes,
t wisely been suggested (Whitson and Macintosh, 1989). Such
trainers to beat the system. The Medical Post, pp. 32, 35.
icouncil must be given the mandate to design and implement
Dostie, M. (1988). Les corps investis. Montreal: Editions Saint-
Ei balanced and equitable sport and recreation policy that Martin.
f, would promote and protect the spirit and values of the
^.authentic practice. Dugal, R. (1985, fe'vrier). Non aux vainqucurs dopds. L'actualite
pp. 18-19.
[Conclusion: A Path of Honesty, Justice, and Courage Ehrenberg, A. (1979). Des jardins de bravoure et des piscines
roboratrices; le sport parcours de pouvoirs. Les temps moder-
It is hoped that we as politicians, technocrats, and policy
nes 35: 676-719.
I makers, and we as coaches, athletes, sports managers, fans,
and participants, will come to see the Ben Johnson affair Eitzen, D.S. (1989a). Ethical dilemmas in sport. In: D.S. Eitzen
not as a cause of shame or as a proof of our individual and (ed.), Sport in Contemporary Society (3rd ed.), pp. 67-81.
New York: St. Martin's Press.
: collective impotence in front of an overchallenging problem,
but as a unique chance to take the lead in fostering authentic Eitzen, D.S. (1989b). The political-economic Olympics. In: D.S.
Eitzen (ed.), Sport in Contemporary Society (3rd ed.), pp.
ity and true excellence in the practice of sports, athletics, 262-267. New York: St. Martin's Press.
and competition. This will require, indeed, a respect for
Forand, C. (1989, e'te'). Les steroides, miroir de soci&e*? Sante,
honesty, a quest for justice, and a whole lot of courage.
While there are no easy solutions, wisdom requires that societe, culture 11(3): 3-5.
we seek such a path. We must remember, however, that Foucault, M. (1978). Pouvoir et corps. Quel corps? Paris: Maspdro,
'notoriously, the cultivation of truthfulness, justice and pp. 27-35.
courage will often, the world being what it contingently is, Frayne, T. (1989, March 3). Who banned these drugs, anyway?
bar us from being rich or famous or powerful" (Maclntyre, The Globe and Mail, p. A16.
1984, p. 196), or the holders of dozens of gold medals. Gainor, C. (1989, Jan. 10). Qudbec MDs warned: No steroids to
Giving up on the excessive, overanxious thirst for gold and help athletes. The Medical Post, p. 61.
fame, but not on an eager thirst for true excellence, will Hall, J. (1989, August 17). Top track official knew of drug use,
ultimately make our society and all those who participate Dubin told. The Toronto Star, p. Al.
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B.C. Newspaper Awards, May 28, 1 994 37

BEST PROJECT OR SERIES


UNDER 70,000 CIRC.

Juicing, picking & monkeymen


Coquitlam man's
use of steroids
costs him his vision
T J | ONY MUST HAVE BEEN BLIND not to see the dangerous phys-
-L ical implications of taking anabolic steroids - now he is
blind - literally. After cranking the controlled substance for nearly 10
years, Tony stared fate in the face and lost.
While working out in a gym with a couple of other monkey men in Northern
B.C. last year, the Coquitlam resident experienced first-hand the side-effects of
pumping juice. While attempting to lift 400 pounds of free-weight above his head
in a declined bench press position, Tony suffered excruciating pain in his head
forcing him to abandon the weights.
"I was with my buddies and we weren't spotting one another," said Tony, whose
first involvement with anabolic steroids came while training for a Mr. Huge
body building contest at Riverside Secondary in his hometown of Windsor,
Ont., back in 1983. "I guess we wanted to see who was the strongest 'roid mon
key. Then I got this incredible migraine headache, like when you swallow ice
SCOTT PATTISON cream too fast, and I lost control of the weights. I was lucky they missed me on
the way down."
SCTT PATTISON is the one-person aaaaaan ~ H f l ' Following his He noticed blood in his stool after finishing his first-ever cycle, various nose
sports department of the Maple B9 HE B^mmmImImIHmIBmHmmIH trip to the emer- bleeds, and cholesterol levels that remain unusually high - aU are labelled oy
Ridge/Pitt Meadows News, and he cov
ers tlie municipal politics beat as well. . gency room, To n y physicians as side-effects to steroid abuse.
But over a six-week periotl he oro- This series ran in the went home with For a while, Tony couldn't go anywhere without hisi white . . cane.
u Now,
Jkt
thanks
B.C. Newspaper Awards, May 28, 1994 39

VETERINARIANS HAVE GROWN ACCUSTOMED to receiving calls of Lougheed Highway office. "This time they walked right by a lot of
STEROID desperation from emotional animal lovers at all hours of the night.
Some vets are also taking inquiries of a different desperation these days
cash and they were obviously in search of something else. When you
think of getting broken into, the first tiling you think they went after
- solicitation for steroids. was cash - but not anymore."
DEMAND In the last three weeks two area veterinary offices have been bro
ken into. In both cases the perpetrators bypassed the cash register in
After receiving a call from his technician the next morning inform
ing him of the break-in, Kocheff made his way into the office. He was

LINKED search of something of far more value to them - anabolic steroids.


The victims, Dr. Roger Kocheff of Maple Ridge Veterinary Hospital
greeted by broken glass from doors and cabinets.
After close examination Kocheff's technician (who also takes care
of the hospital's inventory) noticed two bottles of drugs were missing.
and Dr. Larry Higgins who owns the Port Coquitlam Animal Hospital,
WITH were both hit within a one-week time period.
Steven Godard of Maple Ridge will appear in court Nov. 9 on
The culprit(s) got away with 100 tablets (two mg) of Windstrol and
100 tablets of tapazole.
Kocheff said the crook(s) made off with some steroids, but they
VET OFFICE charges of break and enter. The 23-year-old was arrested in connection
with the Port Coquitlam Animal Hospital break-in. Coquitlam RCMP
weren't saying whether he was after steroids.
also took something that could have entirely different side-effects if
used.

BREAK-INS B and Es (break and enter) unfortunately aren't entirely new for many
business proprietors, but for people in the animal-care business
there is a new motivation involved.
"Windstrol is definitely what they were looking for. It's the steroid
Ben Johnson was taking when he got caught. The second bottle of
pills was an anti-thyroid medication usually given to cats who have this
"I was broken into over 20 years ago, but they were after cash back geriatric disease. It controls the release of that hormone so the thy
then," said Kocheff, who treats animals of all shapes and sizes at his roid isn't as over-active."

Gym trip a glimpse into steroid culture One observation


deserving of
YOURflabbyOBJECTIVE is tojoin
muscles and lift the
a few weights,
ranks tone
of the phys attention was the
ically fit.
But a trip to your local gym or fitness club today concern shown
could mean sharing your space with the ugly under
world of steroid abuse. for muscular
Locally three gyms share the fitness spotlight; Apol
lo Gym, Tri-City Fitness and Fitness Unlimited. appearance by
Wiih the co-operation of Apollo Gym owner Brian
McEothron and Tri-City's co-owner Nick Brusatore,
many teenage
a pair of News reporters spent two weeks bulking with
the boys in an attempt to better understand the extent
weight lifters.
of the problem locally. The more
One gym, Apollo's, is a body builder's gym in its muscular people
purest form. Most of (he 150 members use the Maple
Ridge gym for its low profile, and its emphasis on free were, the fewer
weights.
You won't find aerobic machines. What von will find clothes they wore.
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FOR a the ******IS "
EXCELLENCE
WeyeAaeuser ^spaper ^atd
Congratulations
1994 B.C. -mess.
ftratulates*ev
Nominees and Winners
of the Sixth Annual
B.C. Newspaper Awards

SOUTHLAND CANADA. INC. A Weyerhaeuser Canada


Contact: Liz Mallender, National P.R. Manager 1100 Melville Street, Vancouver, B.C. V6E 4A6
Telephone (604) 299-0711
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38 B.C. Newspaper Awards, May 28, 1994

BEST PROJECT OR SERIES UNDER 70,000 CIRC.

An image booster shot for teens


Before steroids Mark struggled to bench press his 130-pound body
weight. Shortly thereafter he was benching more than 185 pounds.
Steroids were taking over his physical, and mental, body.
"...I looked at guys in the HIS SCHOOL a goodYEARBOOK
summer, Juicer/.
reads differently from most: 'Have His physical transformation was accompanied by a mental trans
His friends call him Juicer - and not for his love of citrus. formation to aggression.
mags and they look really It's been six months since he last cranked, but the bulky physical "My friends couldn't handle me after a while. I was ragging on every
tight, like there's nothing appearance still remains.
Mark, who has requested his true identity be kept confidential, fell
one. I never used to fight with my girlfriend, then all of a sudden we
were battling every day. I would tell her to get lost, treat her badly, then
wrong with them into the deadly trap gobbling up an alarming number of Canadian go over to her place and apologize almost every night. I lost my girl
friend because of steroids."
they look: really healthy... teenagers these days - steroid abuse.
With graduation day approaching, Mark and a couple of buddies Increased levels of testosterone, the steroid hormone responsible
4fr- decided to hit the gym. After all, a bit of sweat and pain could only help for his new-found aggression, had transformed this mild-mannered
teen into a monster. He remembers one temper tantrum in particu
Once you're on it their chances of scoring a date to the prom - if not in appearance at
least in self-image. lar following the death of his dog.
"When it happened I just freaked. I put my fist through a big mir
you feel really tough" Self-image - key words in understanding steroid abuse. So impor
tant to a young man that Mark decided to pump up his pride with ror, jumped in my car and went crazy. Without the steroids I would
steroid injections. have still been upset, but nothing like that."
"Someone asked one of my friends if they want Not only was he losing money ($200 a cycle -
ed some 'raids and one day we were in the gym and which lasts around six weeks) he was sacrific
my friend told me about it," said Mark, reflecting ing something much more important - friend
on his first encounter with the hulk-building drugs. ships.
"So we decided to go for it and give it a try. It was But it wasn't his concern for his relationships
good being on it. It was about the time Lyle Alza- at school and home that made him stop crank
do (former L.A. Raider football player who died ing'raids - it was a trip to his doctor.
from a brain tumor that he believed was the result Feeling somewhat uncomfortable about the
of steroid abuse) died, but I looked at guys in the possibility of side-effects from his steroid use,
mags and they look really tight, like there's nothing wrong with them Mark went to see his physician. He left the doctor's office feeling
they look really healthy. even more uncomfortable after fining out he had developed damage
"Once you're on it you feel really tough." to his kidneys and an irregular heartbeat.
Suddenly/Mark was staring at himself in the mirror several times "I was shocked. If I didn't go to that doctor I would probably still
a day searching for any clues to his body's transformation. be doing them. In fact, I've considered lots of times. In fact, I still get
Two weeks later his anxieties had been calmed -Mark's body had excited even talking about it. Luckily the damage was reversible if I
begun to evolve. stopped using steroids."
The signs of conversion were generally increased body mass in It's been a physical and emotional challenge for Mark to stay clean
the neck, biceps and triceps. The psychological addiction was the last six months. He's thinking responsibly again. He has been accept
quickly developing. ed to college to study criminology and is eligible for several bur
"I wanted to go to the gym every day after that," said the 18-year- saries.
really good about it. He told us if we were having problems picking our lessons he hopes other teenagers can learn from picking up this news
selves to come to him and he would inject it for us." paper, rather than picking themselves with needles and life-threat
Mark's addiction to his size was becoming frighteningly apparent. ening drugs like steroids.

Steroid demand spawns new breed of drug trafficker


THERE IS A NEW BREED of drug traffickers on the streets and charged with trafficking steroids, or even bogus steroids. Whether
they're not pushing crack or heroin - their business is anabolic
steroids.
Steroid demand the courts are willing to apply the law is a different question.
Three weeks ago, regulations forcing doctors to write out steroid
For the past seven years, RCMP Const. Barry Hicks has prescriptions in triplicate (one for their files, one for the phar
immersed himself in what has become one of North America's
new-age societal problems.
spawns new breed macy and one for the Bureau of Dangerous Narcotics in Ottawa)
were also dropped, burdening the cops with yet another sup
Hicks has been qualified as an expert in the black-market
steroid business by the B.C. Supreme Court. In 1992 he was
of drug trafficker plier they must now concern themselves with.
The sale of counterfeit juice on the black market has also
become widespread in the '90s. Information Hicks provided The
requested to share his in-depth knowledge with the Canadian
Centre for Drug-Free Sport, the government agency attempt I can't say there are more steroids now, but I can definitely say News indicates a supply and demand that is out of control.
ing to revamp legislation concerning the possession and/or pos awareness has grown incredibly." Approximately 80 per centof all 'raids purchased on the black
session for the purpose of trafficking anabolic steroids. Until recently steroid possession and trafficking fell under market are anything but steroids, he said. "People are getting
He began his apprenticeship in the steroid underworld exact Scheduled of the Federal Food and Drug Act. Possession of hurt by this stuff," said Hicks, dumping a box of bogus 'raids
steroids was not illegal, but possession for the purpose of traf on the desk before him.
ly one year before Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson was dis
ficking was. Steroids for veterinary use were also included. If con "A lab has shown me stuff that is toxic. I've even heard of a cou
qualified from die Seoul Summer Olympic Games, thrusting the
issue into the media spotlight. victed, a summary offence could earn a person a $500 fine and/or ple of people who sold spore (fungus) to buyers. They thought
Change in legislation to control die movement of the anabolic up to three months in prison, $1,000 for a second offence and/or it was a f hoot. The number-one concern of a trafficker is
drug has been minimal, but drug awareness has improved up to six months in the slammer. If indicted a person could be money. We nailed one guy running rampant in the community
markedly, said Hicks. "The legislation is actually okay if it were looking at a fine of $5,000 and/or up to three years behind selling fake stuff.
used," said Hicks. bars. "Even if we didn't take on the enforcement of this problem 100
"But I would have to say I have seen nothing in that area change Legislators recendy dusted off the 1954 Schedule F document, per cent, I would be happy to see our resources tackle the drug
reclassifying steroids under Schedule G. Now a person can be awareness program 100 per cent instead."
yet. There is more of a criminal element involved now for sure.

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