TEL312 Electronic Communication Fundamentals

HOMEWORK 4
Due Date: Monday, March 17, 2008 at 5 pm

Question/Problem Points Notes

Q4 5
Q10 5
Q12 5
Q13 5
Q16 5
P1 10
P8 10
Part a
P11 10
corrected
Part d
P12 10
corrected
P13 10
P24 10
Part e
P28 10
corrected
Parts b,
P30 10 c, d, e
corrected
total points 105

Chapter 4 questions
Question 4, page 156: How many inputs are there to an AM modulator? What are they?
Ans: There are two inputs to an AM modulator: the unmodulated carrier signal and the
modulating (message) signal. There are three inputs if one considers the DC offset as an
input.

Question 10, page 156: What is the highest modulation coefficient and percent modulation possible
with a conventional AM system without causing excessive distortion?
Ans: Refer to figure 4-5 on page 124. The maximum amount of modulation occurs when Vmin
= 0 volts. Since Vmin = Ec Em, by setting Vmin = 0 volts, we get Ec = Em. Substituting Ec =
E E E
Em into m = c , we get a modulation efficiency of m = c = m = 1 , and a modulation
Em Em Em
index of M = m 100 % = 1 100 % = 100 % .

Question 12, page 156. Describe the meaning of the following expression:
mE c mE c
v am (t ) = E c sin (2 f c t ) cos(2 ( f c + f m )t ) + cos(2 ( f c f m )t )
2 2
Ans: vam (t ) is an AM signal generated by an AM modulator in which the modulating
signal is a sinusoid with frequency fm. fc is the frequency of the unmodulated carrier
sugnal, in Hz, Ec is the amplitude of the unmodulated carrier signal, in volts, and Em is
 the peak change in the amplitude of the AM envelope, in volts, and m is the modulation
E
coefficient, m = m
Ec

Question 13, page 156. Describe the meaning of each term in the following expression:
v am (t ) = 10 sin (2 500kt ) 5 cos(2 515kt ) + 5 cos(2 485kt )
Ans: vam (t ) is an AM signal generated by an AM modulator in which the modulating signal is
a sinusoid with a frequency of 15 kHz. The expression 10 sin (2 500kt ) is the unmodulated
carrier signal having an amplitude of 10 volts and a frequency of 500 kHz. The expression
5 cos(2 515kt ) is the upper side band signal having an amplitude of 5 volts and a frequency
of 515 kHz. The expression 5 cos(2 485kt ) is the lower side band signal having an amplitude
of 5 volts and a frequency of 485 kHz.

Question 16, page 157

What does AM DSBFC stand for? Ans: AM Double side band full carrier.

Chapter 4 problems
Problem 1, page 157. AM DSBFC with fc = 100 kHz, fm(max) = 5 kHz.
(a) Freq limits = fc +/- fm(max) = 100 +/- 5 = 95 kHz, 105 kHz
(b) Bandwidth= 105 kHz 95 kHz = 10 kHz
(c) When fm = 3 kHz, the upper side frequency = fc + fm = 103 kHz, and the lower side
frequency = fc - fm = 97 kHz.
(d) Sketch the output frequency spectrum.

Problem 8, page 157. AM DSBFC with Vmax = 40 volts and Vmin = 10 volts
(a) Unmodulated carrier amplitude =
Ec = ( Vmax + Vmin )/2 = (40 + 10)/2= 50/2 = 25 volts
(b) Peak change in the amplitude of the modulated signal =
Em = ( Vmax - Vmin )/2 = (40 - 10)/2= 30/2 = 15 volts
(c) Coefficient of modulation = m = Em / Ec = 15 / 25 = 0.6
Percent modulation = M = m 100% = 0.6 100% = 60%
Problem 11, page 158

For the diagram above,

(a) Peak amplitude of the upper and lower side frequencies = Em/2
Em = ( Vmax - Vmin )/2 = (20 - 4)/2= 16/2 = 8 volts
Peak amplitude of the upper and lower side frequencies = Em/2 = 8 volts/2 = 4 volts

(b) Peak amplitude of the carrier =

Ec = ( Vmax + Vmin )/2 = (20 + 4)/2= 24/2 = 12 volts
(c) Peak change in the amplitude of the envelope = Em = 8 volts
(d) Modulation coefficient = m = Em / Ec = 8 / 12 = 0.6667
(e) Percent modulation = M = m 100% = 0.66667 100% = 66.7%

Problem 12, page 158.

AM DSBFC with fc = 800 kHz, Ec = 40 Volts, fm = 25 kHz, Em = 10 Volts.
(a) upper side frequency = fc + fm = 800 + 25 = 825 kHz
lower side frequency = fc - fm = 800 - 25 = 775 kHz
(b) Modulation coefficient = m = Em / Ec = 10 / 40 = 0.25
Percent modulation = M = m 100% = 0.25 100% = 25%
(c) Maximum peak amplitude of the envelope = Vmax = Ec + Em = 40 + 10 = 50 volts
Minimum peak amplitude of the envelope = Vmin = Ec - Em = 40 - 10 = 30 volts
 (d) Sketch the output frequency spectrum.
An expression for the AM signal is:
E E
v am (t ) = E c sin (2 f c t ) m cos(2 ( f c + f m )t ) + m cos(2 ( f c f m )t )
2 2
So the carrier has an amplitude of E c = 40 volts and each of the side bands have
E 10
amplitudes of m = = 5 volts
2 2

(e) Draw the envelope (label all pertinent voltages).

Period of envelope = 1/fm = 1/25000 = 40 10-6 seconds = 40 s
Envelope of the AM signal
50

40

30

20
Amplitude in volts

10

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time in microseconds
Problem 13, page 158. Modulation coefficient = 0.2, power of the unmodulated carrier = 1000 watts
(a) Total sideband power = Upper side band power + Lower sideband power
= PUSB + PLSB = 10 watts + 10 watts = 20 watts

(b) Upper side band power =lower side band power =

PUSB = PLSB =
m 2 Pc
=
( =
)
0.2 2 (1000) (0.04)(1000) 40
= = 10 watts
4 4 4 4
(c) Modulated carrier power = PAM = Pc + PUSB + PLSB = 1000 + 10 + 10 = 1020 Watts
Note: The answer in the back of the book is 1000 watts, which is incorrect.

(d) Total transmitted power = PAM = Pc + PUSB + PLSB = 1000 + 10 + 10 = 1020 Watts

Problem 24, page 159. Write the expression for AM DSBFC with
Unmodulated carrier = 20 volts Ec = 20 volts.
Modulation coefficient = 0.4
Modulation signal frequency = 5 kHz fm = 5 kHz

Carrier frequency = 200 kHz, fc = 200 kHz

E
Modulation coefficient: m = m Solve for Em to get:
Ec
Em = mEc = (0.4)(20 volts) = 8 volts

The expression for the AM DSBFC signal is:

E E
v am (t ) = E c sin (2 f c t ) m cos(2 ( f c + f m )t ) + m cos(2 ( f c f m )t )
2 2
8 8
= 20 sin (2 200kt ) cos(2 (200 + 5)kt ) + cos(2 (200 5)kt )
2 2
= 20 sin (2 200kt ) 4 cos(2 (205)kt ) + 4 cos(2 (195)kt )
which simplifies to:
v am (t ) = 20 sin (2 200kt ) 4 cos(2 205kt ) + 4 cos(2 195kt )

Problem 28, page 160. AM DSBFC with fc = 500 kHz, Ec = 32 volts, fm = 12 kHz, Em = 14 volts,
(a) upper side frequency = fc + fm = 500 + 12 = 512 kHz
lower side frequency = fc - fm = 500 - 12 = 488 kHz
(b) Modulation coefficient = m = Em / Ec = 14 / 32 = 0.4375
Percent modulation = M = m 100% = 0.4375 100% = 43.75%
(c) Maximum amplitude of the envelope = Vmax = Ec + Em = 32 + 14 = 46 volts
Minimum amplitude of the envelope = Vmin = Ec - Em = 32 - 14 = 18 volts
(d) Sketch the output envelope.
Period of envelope = 1/fm = 1/12000 = 83 10-6 seconds = 83 s
Envelope of the AM signal
50

40

30

20
Amplitude in volts

10

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Time in microseconds

(e) Draw the output frequency spectrum.

An expression for the AM signal is:
E E
v am (t ) = E c sin (2 f c t ) m cos(2 ( f c + f m )t ) + m cos(2 ( f c f m )t )
2 2
So the carrier has an amplitude of E c = 32 volts and each of the side bands has an
E 14
amplitude of m = = 7 volts.
2 2
Problem 30, page 160. DSBFC with Ec = 18 volts, R = 72 , and the modulation coefficient = 0.8.
2
Ec 182 324
(a) Unmodulated carrier power = Pc = = = = 2.25 Watts
2 R (2)(72) 144
(b) Modulated carrier power =
PAM = Pc + PUSB + PLSB = 2.25 + 0.36 + 0.36 = 2.97 Watts

(c) Total sideband power = Upper side band power + Lower sideband power =
PUSB + PLSB = 360 mW + 360 mW = 720 mW

(d) Upper side band power =lower side band power

E
Modulation coefficient: m = m Solve for Em to get:
Ec
Em = mEc = (0.8)(18 volts) = 14.4 volts

PUSB = PLSB =
( Em )
2
=
(14.4 )
2
=
207.36
= 0.36 Watts = 360 mW
8R (8)(72) 576
(e) Total transmitted power =
PAM = Pc + PUSB + PLSB = 2.25 + 0.360 + 0.360 = 2.97 Watts