THE

SEX RATIO (FEMALES PER 1000

MALES) AT BIRTH IN RELATION WITH
THE INFANT MORTALITY RATE AND
UNDER AGE 5 DEATHS IN INDIA
B.SC(Hons) Management and Information Technology

Chetna
October'15

Introduction
Sex Ratio ( females per 1000 males)

"Registration of births and deaths is an important source for demographic data for socio-economic
development and population control in developing countries". The primary composition for the
population projections consists of population growth , fertility and mortality.

The need for the dependable demographic data was apperceived soon after five year planning was
initiated. The Civil Registration activities , the Registration of Births and Deaths Act , 1969 was enacted
for the registration of births and deaths on deliberate as there was no consistency in the statistical
returns.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

"Infant mortality is the death of a child less than one year of age or it can be measured as the number
of deaths of children under one year of age per 1000 live births".

The factors that contribute to the infant mortality are as follows:

mother's level of education

environmental competitions
political and medical infrastructure.

Child Mortality Rate (CMR)

"Child mortality, also known as under-5 mortality or child death, refers to the death of infants and
children under the age of five or between the age of one month to four years depending on the
definition". The United Nation's Millennium Development Goals have pledged for the reduction of
child mortality. There has been a rapid progress in the Millennium Development Goals which has
resulted in a significant decline in child deaths since 1990, with the child mortality rate declining by
nearly half over the time period.
 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
To analyze the sex ratio, infant mortality rate and death rate under 5 years of age in different states of
India .

The project explains about the dependency of sex ratio (females per 1000 males) with the infant
mortality and death rate under 5 years of age (child mortality) of India.

In the given report, I have tried to present the data and to draw an analysis of the sex ratio (females
per 1000 males) with :

i ) the infant mortality rate of India

ii) the mortality rate of India

Data Description
The main aim of this investigation is to establish if there is a possible relationship between the sex
ratio (females per 1000 males ) , infant mortality rate and death rates of children under age 5.

And by conducting this investigation I would like to show what type of relation exists between the sex
ratio (females per 1000 males ) , infant mortality rate and death rates of children under age 5 and will
also compare them with each other. Also , it is a cross sectional type of data.

For the meaningful presentation of the report, the data used are as follows:

1. Sex Ratio (females per 1000 males), 2000-2002

2. Infant Mortality Rate,2005
3. Mortality Rate,2002

Method

I collected the secondary data for the sex ratio(females per 1000 male) for 2000-2002 in 16
different states in India.
I collected the secondary data for infant mortality rate by sex (rural) for 16 different states in
India.
Graphs and conclusions were then drawn about the possible relationship, which exists, ,
between the sex ratio(females per 1000 males) and infant mortality rate , sex ratio (females
per 1000 males) and the death rate of children under the age of 5 in the population.

Data Analysis I
Secondary Data 1:

Table 1 : Sex Ratio (females per 1000 males) at Birth, 2000-2002

India/States Rural Urban Total
(1) (2) (3) (4)
INDIA 898 868 892
Punjab 781 757 775
Haryana 817 745 804
Himachal Pradesh 826 826 826
Uttar Pradesh 862 875 864
Gujarat 866 788 844
Rajasthan 886 917 890
Bihar 870 863 870
Maharashtra 904 891 899
Kerala 913 904 911
Madhya Pradesh 933 849 920
Andhra Pradesh 939 967 945
Tamil Nadu 946 883 926
Assam 947 913 945
Orissa 950 889 944
Karnataka 950 957 952
West Bengal 957 915 949

Source: Registrar General, India, Sample Registration System, Statistical Report, 2002
 Below is the graphical representation of the above data:

GRAPH FOR THE SEX RATIO(FEMALES PER 1000 MALES) IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF
DIFFERENT STATES IN INDIA.

Sex Ra9o
1200
Females per 1000 males

1000

800

600

400
Rural
200
Urban
0

States



PIE CHART FOR THE TOTAL SEX RATIO(FEMALES PER 1000 MALES) IN DIFFERENT STATES
IN INDIA.

total of sex ra9o

India
Punjab
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
U[ar Pradesh
Gujarat
Rajasthan
Bihar
Maharashtra
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Tamil Nadu
Assam
Orissa
Karnataka
West Bengal

Statistical calculations of the above data:

mean for rural area=896.76

mean for urban area=871
total mean=891.529
median for rural area=904
median for urban area=883
total median=899
standard deviation for rural area=53.2782
standard deviation for urban area=62.62188
total standard deviation=54.13076
variance for rural area=2838.566
variance for urban area=3921.5
total variance=293.14
co variance for the rural area=5.94
co variance of the urban area=7.18
total co variance=6.01
co efficient variation of rural area=6.03
co efficient variation of urban area=7.18
quartile for rural area=904
quartile for urban area=883
total quartile=899
range for rural area=176
range for urban area=222
total range=177

Analysis:

Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh , Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat ,Rajasthan and Bihar are the states
of India whose mean value for sex ratio(females per 1000 males) is below the mean of rural
areas.
Maharashtra ,Andhra Pradesh , Tamil Nadu, Assam, Orissa, Karnataka and West Bengal are the
states of India which have the mean value for sex ratio (females per 1000 males) is above the
mean value of urban areas.
Through this analysis it is evident that the sex ratio (females per 1000 males) in rural area of
Punjab and Haryana is below the total mean value of the sex ratio and it also shows that the
West Bengal has the most number of females per ratio of 1000 males.
 The standard Deviation for the urban area is 62.62 which is much higher than that of the rural
area which is 53.27.
From the above statistical calculation, it is visible that the rural area and urban area share a
strongly positive relation between each other when their co variance is calculated.
The rural areas of Punjab , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Uttar Pradesh , Gujarat , Rajasthan ,
Bihar and Maharashtra have lower quartile value as the calculated one while the rural areas of
Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Assam, Orissa, Karnataka and West
Bengal have higher quartile value than the calculated one which is 904 .
The urban areas of Punjab, Haryana ,Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat , Bihar and Madhya Pradesh
have lower quartile value than the calculated one while the urban areas of Uttar Pradesh,
Rajasthan , Maharashtra , Kerala , Andhra Pradesh , Assam , Orissa , Karnataka and West
Bengal have higher quartile value than the calculated one which is 883.

DATA ANALYSIS II
Secondary Data 2:

Table 2 : Infant Mortality Rate by Sex (Rural), 2005

India/States Male Female F-M (Gap)

(1) (2) (3) (4)
INDIA 62 66 4
Haryana 55 76 21
Jharkhand 45 62 17
Jammu & Kashmir 49 58 9
Rajasthan 71 79 8
Madhya Pradesh 77 84 7
Punjab 46 51 5
Uttar Pradesh 75 79 4
Assam 69 72 3
Gujarat 61 64 3
Orissa 77 79 2
Bihar 61 63 2
Andhra Pradesh 62 64 2
Maharashtra 40 42 2
Tamil Nadu 38 40 2
Kerala 15 16 1
West Bengal 40 40 0

Source: Registrar General, India, SRS Bulletin, October, 2006, New Delhi
Below is the graphical representation of the above data :

Graph on the infant mortality rate of male and female in 16 different states of India.

Infant Mortality
90
80
70
Infant Mortality

60
50
40
30
Male
20
10 Female

States

Graph on the gap between male and female in 16 different states of India

F-M (Gap)
25

20
Infant Mortality

15

10

5 F-M (Gap)

States

Statistical calculations of the above data:

mean of infant mortality rate of male=55.4706

mean of infant mortality rate in female=60.8824
mean of (F-M) gap=5.41176
median of infant mortality rate of male=61
median of infant mortality rate of female=64
median of (F-M) gap= 3
standard deviation of infant rate of male =16.849207
standard deviation of infant rate of female =18.15173
standard deviation of (F-M) gap=5.712473
variance of infant mortality rate of male =283.88971
variance of infant mortality rate of female =329.4853
variance of infant mortality rate of (F-M) gap=32.63235
co efficient variance of infant mortality of male=30.35
co efficient of infant mortality of female=29.81
percentile of infant mortality rate of male=58
percentile of infant mortality rate of female=63.5
percentile of infant mortality rate of (F-M)gap= 3
range of infant mortality rate of male=62
range of infant mortality rate of female=68
range of infant mortality rate of (F,M)gap=21

Analysis:

As the above graph clearly represents that the infant mortality rate (IMR, male) in states like
Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Assam , Orissa and Andhra Pradesh is above the
mean value while the infant mortality rate for states like Haryana , Jharkhand ,Jammu &
Kashmir , Punjab , Gujarat , Bihar , Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu is below the mean value of
the male infant mortality rate.

As the above graph represents that the infant mortality rate(female) in states like Haryana ,
Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh , Uttar Pradesh , Assam and Orissa is above the mean value while
the infant mortality rate for states like Jharkhand , Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab , Gujarat , Bihar ,
Maharashtra , Tamil Nadu , Kerala and West Bengal.
 Variance is defined as the deviation about the mean and from the above statistical calculation
it is observed that the variance of male infant mortality rate is less than that of female infant
mortality rate.
The range for the female infant mortality rate is 68 while of male mortality rate is 62 while the
range of infant mortality rate off (F,M)gap is 21.

Also , the IMR of the females is reasonably higher that the IMR of the males in 16 different
states of India which somehow relates that IMR is a factor on which the sex ratio (females per
1000 males) is dependent.

DATA ANALYSIS III

Secondary Data 3:

Area Rural Urban

States Male Female Male Female
India 18.8 20.7 10.3 10.2
Madhya Pradesh 25.7 30.3 16.7 13.5
Uttar Pradesh 23.8 28 18.2 15.7
Gujarat 19.4 25 9.9 9.8
Assam 22.7 24.9 9 10.9
Rajasthan 22.9 23.9 13.3 18.4
Orissa 27.8 23.2 12.1 18
Haryana 16 22.2 10.2 14.4
Punjab 11.9 21.5 8 13.4
Bihar 15.6 19.7 14.1 12.9
Andhra Pradesh 17.1 18.5 10 5.9
Karnataka 18.3 17.4 6.9 6.6
Himachal Pradesh 16.6 13 5.1 7.1
West Bengal 13.7 12.9 10.2 6
Maharashtra 11.9 11.3 8.5 7.9
Tamil Nadu 12.8 11.3 7.9 6.8
Kerala 1.8 2.8 2.5 1.4
Source: Registrar General, India, Sample Registration System, Statistical Report
2002, New Delhi 2004, p. 80.
 Graph on child mortality rate of male and female in 16 different states of Rural India.

Child Mortality in Rural India

35

30

25

20
CMR

15

10 Male
5 Female
0

States


Graph on child mortality for male and female in 16 different states of Urban India.

Child Mortality in Urban India

20
18
16
14
12
CMR

10
8
6 Male
4
2 Female
0

States

 Statistical calculations of the above data:

percentile of males in rural area=16.85
percentile of females in rural area=20.6
percentile of males in urban area=9.95
percentile of female in urban area=10.35
inter quartile of males in rural area=9.28
inter quartile of females in rural area=10.68
inter quartile of males in urban area=11.18
inter quartile of females in urban area=6.97
range of males in rural area=23.9
range of females in rural area=27.5
range of males in urban area=15.7
range of females in urban area=17

Analysis:

From the above graph(rural), it is clearly visible that the male child mortality rate in the rural
sides of Orissa, Karnataka , Himachal Pradesh ,West Bengal , Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu is
higher than the female mortality rate while the female mortality rate is higher in the rural sides
Madhya Pradesh , Uttar Pradesh , Gujarat , Assam , Rajasthan Haryana , Punjab , Bihar and
Andhra Pradesh as compared to the male mortality rate.
From the above graph(urban), it is clearly visible that the male child mortality rate in the urban
sides of Madhya Pradesh , Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka , West Bengal ,
Maharashtra , Tamil Nadu and Kerala is higher than the female mortality rate while the female
mortality rate in Rajasthan , Orissa , Haryana and Punjab is higher than that of the male
mortality rate.
" Interquartile is defined as the measure of variability that overcomes the dependency on
extreme values". The interquartile range for males in rural area is 10.68 which is lower than the
interquartile range for men in urban area which is 11.18.
The interquartile range for the females in rural areas is 10.68 which is higher than the
interquartile range for female in urban area which is 6.97.
The males living in the rural area have a higher value of range than the males living in urban
area by the difference of 8.2.
The females living in the rural area have a higher value of range than the females living in the
rural area by the difference of 10.5.

Data Analysis IV
Secondary Data 4:
STATES SEX RATIO (Xi) CHILD MORTALITY(Yi)
Madhya Pradesh 920 56
Uttar Pradesh 864 51.8
Gujarat 844 44.4
Assam 945 47.6
Rajasthan 890 46.8
Orissa 944 51
Haryana 804 38.2
Punjab 775 33.4
Bihar 870 35.3
Andhra Pradesh 945 35.6
Karnataka 952 35.7
Himachal Pradesh 826 29.6
West Bengal 949 26.6
Maharashtra 899 23.2
Tamil Nadu 926 24.1
Kerala 911 4.6
Data Table on the Sex Ratio (females per 1000 males) and Child Mortality for 16 different states of India.

Below is a scattered graph depicting the dependency of the sex ratio (females
per 1000 males) on the Child Mortality Rate(CMR):

Regression between Sex Ra9o and CMR

1000
west bengal, 949
900
800
700
600
Sex Ra9o

500
sex raeo(Yi)
400
child mortality(Xi)
300
200
100
0 west bengal, 26.6
0 5 10 15 20
CMR

Linear Regression:

The Linear Regression Model is used to find the relationship between the Sex Ratio
(Females per 1000 males) and the Child Mortality Rate(IMR).Thus , " the purpose of
regression analysis is to come up with an equation off a line that fits through that cluster
of points with the minimal amount of deviations from the line".(Dss. Princeton , 2014).
Here, the independent value is child mortality is an independent variable (Yi) while the
dependent variable is the Sex Ratio (females per 1000 males).
Thus, the Sex Ratio (females per 1000 males) is dependent on the Infant Mortality.
The value of Regression ( R2 )=0.67

Estimated Regression Equation:

Regression Equation : Y=b0+b1X
Child Mortality: Y= -2.21+1019.53(x)

Interpretation of the slope quotient:
If the Child Mortality Rate increases by 1 unit then the Sex Ratio will also increase by
101..53 units.

Conclusion
The above report tries to explain the relationship that exists between the sex ratio
(females per 1000 males), infant mortality and child mortality by comparing them with
each other.
The Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 males) is a Dependent variable as it depends upon the
Infant Mortality and Child Mortality Rate which are the Independent variable in the
secondary data mentioned above.
In Secondary Data I , it is clearly evident that the rural and urban area share a strong
positive relationship when their co variance is calculated.
To find out how large the standard deviation is relative to the mean we calculate the co
efficient of variation which is higher for the urban areas as compared to the rural areas.
In Secondary Data II, the male infant mortality rate is lower than the female infant
mortality rate which shows that the female infant mortality rate shows more deviation
about the mean as compared to the male infant mortality rate.
The simplest measure of the variability is done by calculating the range which, for the
males in rural area is 23.9 while for the males in urban area is 15.7. Range of the females
also differ by 10.5 as the range for the females in rural area is 27.5 while for the females in
the urban area is 17.
In Secondary Data III, data which is spread over the interval from the smallest value to
the largest one is called percentile which higher for the males in rural area as compared to
males in urban area and on the other hand, the percentile of the female urban area is lower
than that of the female rural area.
"The estimate of variability that overcomes the dependency on extreme values "is called
the Inter-Quartile Range (IQR)which is higher for the males living in urban area as
compared to the males living in rural area. Meanwhile, the IQR is higher for the females
living in the urban area as compared to those living in the rural area.












Recommendation
The government should ensure strict control so that the fetus/foetus detection test i.e.,
amniocentesis is not practiced in the clinics and the guilty should be given unpardonable
exemplary punishments.
By making people aware through the means of putting posters in the public areas,
Television,NGOs etc.
By taking measures for the Empowerment of Women and to deal with other discriminatory
practices like dowry , abuses etc.
Good care should be taken of Pregnant women by helping them to maintain a healthy diet and
regular visit to their doctors.
To reduce the Child Mortality Rate (CMR), proper and appropriate home care should be given
to the new born and to the mother.
Also, the Government should promote breast feeding as it is important for the newborn for its
immunity against various diseases.

Referencing
Iyer, Dr.Vasudev.,2014.Female Foeticide and Infanticide in India, [online]
Available at: http://www.episteme.net.in/phocadownloadpap/userupload/March2014/14-
female%20foeticide%20and%20infanticide%20in%20india.pdf [Accessed 4 September 2015]
Majumadar, Maya.,2011.,Alarming Sex Ratio and the Problem of Female Foeticide and
Infanticide in India, [online]
Available at : http://lawquestinternational.com/alarming-sex-ratio-and-problem-female-
foeticide-and-infanticide-india [Accessed 12 October2015]
World Health Organization , 2015 . Annual Report 2012-2013[Online]
Available at : http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/Children_in_India_2012.pdf
[Accessed 20 September 2015]