c01.

qxd 1/27/09 1:00 PM Page 1

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

1
c01.qxd 1/27/09 1:00 PM Page 2

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

2
c01.qxd 1/27/09 1:00 PM Page 3

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3
c01.qxd 1/27/09 1:00 PM Page 4

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

4
c01.qxd 1/27/09 1:00 PM Page 5

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

5
c01.qxd 1/27/09 1:00 PM Page 6

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

6
c01.qxd 1/27/09 1:00 PM Page 7

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

7
c01.qxd 1/27/09 1:00 PM Page 8

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

8
c01.qxd 1/27/09 1:00 PM Page 9

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

9
c01.qxd 1/27/09 1:00 PM Page 10

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

10
c01.qxd 1/27/09 1:00 PM Page 11

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

11
c01.qxd 1/27/09 1:00 PM Page 12

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

12
c01.qxd 1/27/09 1:01 PM Page 13

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

13
c01.qxd 1/27/09 1:01 PM Page 14

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

14
c01.qxd 1/27/09 1:01 PM Page 15

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

15
c01.qxd 1/27/09 1:01 PM Page 16

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

16
c01.qxd 1/27/09 1:01 PM Page 17

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

17
c01.qxd 1/27/09 1:01 PM Page 18

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

18
c01.qxd 1/27/09 1:01 PM Page 19

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

19
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 1

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

1
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 2

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

2
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 3

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 4

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

4
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 5

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

5
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 6

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

6
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 7

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

7
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 8

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

8
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 9

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

9
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 10

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

10
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 11

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

11
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 12

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

12
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 13

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

13
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 14

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

14
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 15

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

15
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 16

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

16
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 17

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

17
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 18

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

18
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 19

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

19
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 20

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

20
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 21

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

21
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 22

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

22
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 23

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

23
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 24

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

24
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 25

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

25
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 26

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

26
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 27

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

27
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 28

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

28
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 29

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

29
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 30

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

30
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 31

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

31
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:11 AM Page 32

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

32
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:12 AM Page 33

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

33
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:12 AM Page 34

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

34
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:12 AM Page 35

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

35
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:12 AM Page 36

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

36
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:12 AM Page 37

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

37
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:12 AM Page 38

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

38
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:12 AM Page 39

2014 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

39
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:12 AM Page 40

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

40
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:12 AM Page 41

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

41
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:12 AM Page 42

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

42
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:12 AM Page 43

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

43
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:12 AM Page 44

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

44
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:12 AM Page 45

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

45
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:12 AM Page 46

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

46
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:12 AM Page 47

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

47
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:12 AM Page 48

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

48
c02.qxd 1/30/09 11:12 AM Page 49

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

49
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:10 PM Page 1

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

1
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:10 PM Page 2

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

2
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:10 PM Page 3

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:10 PM Page 4

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

4
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:10 PM Page 5

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

5
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:10 PM Page 6

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

6
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:10 PM Page 7

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

7
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:10 PM Page 8

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

8
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:10 PM Page 9

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

9
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:10 PM Page 10

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

10
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:18 PM Page 11

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

11
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:18 PM Page 12

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

12
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:18 PM Page 13

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

13
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:18 PM Page 14

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

14
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:18 PM Page 15

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

15
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:18 PM Page 16

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

16
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:18 PM Page 17

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

17
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:18 PM Page 18

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

18
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:18 PM Page 19

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

19
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:18 PM Page 20

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

20
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:18 PM Page 21

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

21
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:18 PM Page 22

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

22
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:18 PM Page 23

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

23
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:18 PM Page 24

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

24
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:18 PM Page 25

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

25
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:18 PM Page 26

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

26
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:18 PM Page 27

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

27
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:18 PM Page 28

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

28
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:18 PM Page 29

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

29
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:18 PM Page 30

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

30
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:26 PM Page 31

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

31
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:26 PM Page 32

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

32
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:26 PM Page 33

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

33
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:26 PM Page 34

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

34
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:26 PM Page 35

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

35
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:26 PM Page 36

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

36
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:24 PM Page 37

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

37
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:24 PM Page 38

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

38
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:24 PM Page 39

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

39
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:24 PM Page 40

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

40
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:24 PM Page 41

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

41
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:22 PM Page 42

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

42
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:22 PM Page 43

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

43
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:22 PM Page 44

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

44
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:22 PM Page 45

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

45
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:22 PM Page 46

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

46
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:22 PM Page 47

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

47
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:22 PM Page 48

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

48
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:22 PM Page 49

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

49
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:22 PM Page 50

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

50
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:22 PM Page 51

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

51
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:22 PM Page 52

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

52
c03.qxd 1/27/09 1:22 PM Page 53

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

53
c04.qxd 1/30/09 11:19 AM Page 1

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

1
c04.qxd 1/30/09 11:19 AM Page 2

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

2
c04.qxd 1/30/09 11:19 AM Page 3

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3
c04.qxd 1/30/09 11:19 AM Page 4

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

4
c04.qxd 1/30/09 11:19 AM Page 5

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

5
c04.qxd 1/30/09 11:19 AM Page 6

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

6
c04.qxd 1/30/09 11:19 AM Page 7

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

7
c04.qxd 1/30/09 11:19 AM Page 8

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

8
c04.qxd 1/30/09 11:21 AM Page 9

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

9
c04.qxd 1/30/09 11:21 AM Page 10

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

10
c04.qxd 1/30/09 11:21 AM Page 11

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

11
c04.qxd 1/30/09 11:21 AM Page 12

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

12
c04.qxd 1/30/09 11:21 AM Page 13

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

13
c04.qxd 1/30/09 11:21 AM Page 14

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

14
c04.qxd 1/30/09 11:21 AM Page 15

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

15
c04.qxd 1/30/09 11:21 AM Page 16

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

16
c04.qxd 1/30/09 11:21 AM Page 17

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

17
c04.qxd 1/30/09 11:21 AM Page 18

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

18
c04.qxd 1/30/09 11:21 AM Page 19

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

19
c04.qxd 1/30/09 11:21 AM Page 20

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

20
c04.qxd 1/30/09 11:21 AM Page 21

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

21
c04.qxd 1/30/09 11:21 AM Page 22

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

22
c04.qxd 1/30/09 11:21 AM Page 23

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

23
c04.qxd 1/30/09 11:21 AM Page 24

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

24
c04.qxd 1/30/09 11:21 AM Page 25

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

25
c04.qxd 1/30/09 11:21 AM Page 26

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

26
c05.qxd 1/27/09 2:32 PM Page 1

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

1
c05.qxd 1/27/09 2:32 PM Page 2

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

2
c05.qxd 1/27/09 2:32 PM Page 3

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3
c05.qxd 1/27/09 2:32 PM Page 4

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

4
c05.qxd 1/27/09 2:32 PM Page 5

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

5
c05.qxd 1/27/09 2:33 PM Page 6

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

6
c05.qxd 1/27/09 2:33 PM Page 7

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

7
c05.qxd 1/27/09 2:33 PM Page 8

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

8
c05.qxd 1/27/09 2:33 PM Page 9

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

9
c05.qxd 1/27/09 2:33 PM Page 10

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

10
c05.qxd 1/27/09 2:33 PM Page 11

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

11
c05.qxd 1/27/09 2:33 PM Page 12

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

12
c05.qxd 1/27/09 2:33 PM Page 13

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

13
c05.qxd 1/27/09 2:33 PM Page 14

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

14
c05.qxd 1/27/09 2:33 PM Page 15

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

15
c05.qxd 1/27/09 2:33 PM Page 16

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

16
c05.qxd 1/27/09 2:33 PM Page 17

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

17
c05.qxd 1/27/09 2:33 PM Page 18

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

18
c05.qxd 1/27/09 2:33 PM Page 19

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

19
c05.qxd 1/27/09 2:33 PM Page 20

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

20
c06.qxd 11/25/08 7:21 PM Page 1

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

1
c06.qxd 11/25/08 7:21 PM Page 2

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

2
c06.qxd 11/25/08 7:21 PM Page 3

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3
c06.qxd 11/25/08 7:21 PM Page 4

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

4
c06.qxd 11/25/08 7:21 PM Page 5

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

5
c06.qxd 11/25/08 7:21 PM Page 6

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

6
c06.qxd 11/25/08 7:21 PM Page 7

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

7
c06.qxd 11/25/08 7:21 PM Page 8

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

8
c06.qxd 11/25/08 7:21 PM Page 9

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

9
c06.qxd 11/25/08 7:21 PM Page 10

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

10
c06.qxd 11/25/08 7:21 PM Page 11

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

11
c06.qxd 11/25/08 7:21 PM Page 12

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

12
c06.qxd 11/25/08 7:21 PM Page 13

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

13
c06.qxd 11/25/08 7:21 PM Page 14

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

14
c07.qxd 1/30/09 11:27 AM Page 1

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

1
c07.qxd 1/30/09 11:27 AM Page 2

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

2
c07.qxd 1/30/09 11:27 AM Page 3

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3
c07.qxd 1/30/09 11:27 AM Page 4

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

4
c07.qxd 1/30/09 11:27 AM Page 5

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

5
c07.qxd 1/30/09 11:27 AM Page 6

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

6
c07.qxd 1/30/09 11:27 AM Page 7

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

7
c07.qxd 1/30/09 11:27 AM Page 8

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

8
c07.qxd 1/30/09 11:27 AM Page 9

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

9
c07.qxd 1/30/09 11:27 AM Page 10

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

10
c07.qxd 1/30/09 11:27 AM Page 11

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

11
c07.qxd 1/30/09 11:28 AM Page 12

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

12
c07.qxd 1/30/09 11:28 AM Page 13

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

13
c07.qxd 1/30/09 11:28 AM Page 14

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

14
c07.qxd 1/30/09 11:28 AM Page 15

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

15
c07.qxd 1/30/09 11:28 AM Page 16

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

16
c07.qxd 1/30/09 11:28 AM Page 17

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

17
c07.qxd 1/30/09 11:28 AM Page 18

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

18
c07.qxd 1/30/09 11:28 AM Page 19

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

19
c07.qxd 1/30/09 11:28 AM Page 20

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

20
c07.qxd 1/30/09 11:28 AM Page 21

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

21
c07.qxd 1/30/09 11:28 AM Page 22

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

22
c08.qxd 1/27/09 2:52 PM Page 1

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

1
c08.qxd 1/27/09 2:52 PM Page 2

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

2
c08.qxd 1/27/09 2:52 PM Page 3

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3
c08.qxd 1/27/09 2:52 PM Page 4

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

4
c08.qxd 1/27/09 2:52 PM Page 5

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

5
c08.qxd 1/27/09 2:52 PM Page 6

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

6
c08.qxd 1/27/09 2:52 PM Page 7

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

7
c08.qxd 1/27/09 2:52 PM Page 8

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

8
c08.qxd 1/27/09 2:52 PM Page 9

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

9
c08.qxd 1/27/09 2:52 PM Page 10

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

10
c08.qxd 1/27/09 2:52 PM Page 11

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

11
c08.qxd 1/27/09 2:52 PM Page 12

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

12
c08.qxd 1/27/09 2:56 PM Page 13

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

13
c08.qxd 1/27/09 2:56 PM Page 14

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

14
c08.qxd 1/27/09 2:56 PM Page 15

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

15
c08.qxd 1/27/09 2:57 PM Page 16

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

16
c08.qxd 1/27/09 2:57 PM Page 17

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

17
c08.qxd 1/27/09 2:57 PM Page 18

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

18
c08.qxd 1/27/09 2:57 PM Page 19

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

19
c08.qxd 1/27/09 2:57 PM Page 20

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

20
c08.qxd 1/27/09 2:46 PM Page 21

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

21
c08.qxd 1/27/09 2:46 PM Page 22

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

22
c08.qxd 1/27/09 2:46 PM Page 23

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

23
c08.qxd 1/27/09 2:46 PM Page 24

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

24
c08.qxd 1/27/09 2:46 PM Page 25

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

25
c08.qxd 1/27/09 2:46 PM Page 26

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

26
c08.qxd 1/27/09 2:46 PM Page 27

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

27
c08.qxd 1/27/09 2:46 PM Page 28

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

28
 20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

29
 20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

30
 20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

31
 20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

32
 20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

33
 20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

34
 20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Problem 8.23 Solution

Given: A blast wave traveling at U s = 1000 m/s at standard sea-level conditions.

As shown in Fig. P8.23 (and reproduced below), the moving blast wave can be transformed into
an equivalent steady flow with U1 = 1000 m/s.

For standard sea-level conditions from Table 1.2A:

pSL = p1 = 1.01325 ! 105 N/m2

TSL = T1 = 288.150 K

aSL = a1 = 340.29 m/s

The Mach number of the flow is:

U1 1000
M1 = = = 2.939
a1 340.29

For flow through a normal shock wave at this Mach number:

M 2 = 0.47886

( )
p2 = (9.911)1.01325 ! 105 = 1.00423 ! 106 N/m2

T2 = (2.608)(288.150 ) = 751.50 K

a2 = !RT2 = (1.4)(287.05)(751.50) = 549.55 m/s

U 2 = M 2 a2 = (0.47886 )(549.55) = 263.16 m/s

35
 20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

However, this is the velocity of the shock in the shock-wave-fixed coordinate system. The actual
velocity of the air behind the shock the shock wave is determined by returning to the ground-
based coordinate system:

uds = 1000 ! U 2 = 1000 ! 263.16 = 736.84 m/s

and the Mach number of the shock-induced motion is:

uds 736.84
M ds = = = 1.341
a2 549.55

36
c09.qxd 1/30/09 11:31 AM Page 1

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

1
c09.qxd 1/30/09 11:31 AM Page 2

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

2
c09.qxd 1/30/09 11:31 AM Page 3

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3
c10.qxd 1/27/09 1:50 PM Page 1

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

1
c10.qxd 1/27/09 1:50 PM Page 2

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

2
c10.qxd 1/27/09 1:50 PM Page 3

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3
c10.qxd 1/27/09 1:50 PM Page 4

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

4
c10.qxd 1/27/09 1:50 PM Page 5

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

5
c10.qxd 1/27/09 1:51 PM Page 6

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

6
c10.qxd 1/27/09 1:51 PM Page 7

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

7
c10.qxd 1/27/09 1:51 PM Page 8

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

8
c10.qxd 1/27/09 1:51 PM Page 9

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

9
c10.qxd 1/27/09 1:51 PM Page 10

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

10
c10.qxd 1/27/09 1:48 PM Page 11

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

11
c10.qxd 1/27/09 1:48 PM Page 12

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

12
c10.qxd 1/27/09 1:48 PM Page 13

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

13
c10.qxd 1/27/09 1:48 PM Page 14

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

14
c10.qxd 1/27/09 1:44 PM Page 15

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

15
c10.qxd 1/27/09 1:44 PM Page 16

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

16
c10.qxd 1/27/09 1:44 PM Page 17

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

17
c10.qxd 1/27/09 1:44 PM Page 18

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

18
c10.qxd 1/27/09 1:44 PM Page 19

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

19
c10.qxd 1/27/09 1:44 PM Page 20

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

20
c10.qxd 1/27/09 1:44 PM Page 21

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

21
c10.qxd 1/27/09 1:44 PM Page 22

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

22
c10.qxd 1/27/09 1:44 PM Page 23

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

23
c10.qxd 1/30/09 10:33 AM Page 24

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

24
c10.qxd 1/30/09 10:33 AM Page 25

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

25
c10.qxd 1/27/09 1:45 PM Page 26

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

26
c10.qxd 1/27/09 1:45 PM Page 27

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

27
c10.qxd 1/27/09 1:45 PM Page 28

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

28
c11.qxd 1/27/09 1:57 PM Page 1

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

1
c11.qxd 1/27/09 1:57 PM Page 2

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

2
c11.qxd 1/27/09 1:57 PM Page 3

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3
c11.qxd 1/27/09 1:57 PM Page 4

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

4
c11.qxd 1/27/09 1:57 PM Page 5

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

5
c11.qxd 1/27/09 2:00 PM Page 6

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

6
c11.qxd 1/27/09 2:00 PM Page 7

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

7
c11.qxd 1/27/09 2:00 PM Page 8

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

8
c11.qxd 1/27/09 2:00 PM Page 9

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

9
c11.qxd 1/27/09 2:00 PM Page 10

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

10
c11.qxd 1/27/09 1:55 PM Page 11

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

11
c11.qxd 1/27/09 1:55 PM Page 12

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

12
c11.qxd 1/27/09 1:55 PM Page 13

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

13
c11.qxd 1/27/09 1:55 PM Page 14

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

14
c11.qxd 1/27/09 3:10 PM Page 15

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

15
c11.qxd 1/27/09 1:55 PM Page 16

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

16
c11.qxd 1/27/09 1:55 PM Page 17

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

17
c11.qxd 1/27/09 1:55 PM Page 18

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

18
c11.qxd 1/27/09 1:55 PM Page 19

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

19
c11.qxd 1/27/09 1:55 PM Page 20

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

20
c11.qxd 1/27/09 1:55 PM Page 21

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

21
c11.qxd 1/27/09 1:55 PM Page 22

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

22
c11.qxd 1/27/09 1:55 PM Page 23

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

23
c11.qxd 1/27/09 1:55 PM Page 24

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

24
c12.qxd 1/30/09 11:39 AM Page 1

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

1
c12.qxd 1/30/09 11:39 AM Page 2

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

2
c12.qxd 1/30/09 11:39 AM Page 3

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3
c12.qxd 1/30/09 11:39 AM Page 4

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

4
c12.qxd 1/30/09 11:39 AM Page 5

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

5
c12.qxd 1/30/09 11:39 AM Page 6

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

6
c12.qxd 1/30/09 11:39 AM Page 7

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

7
c12.qxd 1/30/09 11:39 AM Page 8

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

8
c12.qxd 1/30/09 11:39 AM Page 9

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

9
c12.qxd 1/30/09 11:39 AM Page 10

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

10
c12.qxd 1/30/09 11:36 AM Page 11

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

11
c12.qxd 1/30/09 11:37 AM Page 12

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

12
c12.qxd 1/30/09 11:37 AM Page 13

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

13
c12.qxd 1/30/09 11:37 AM Page 14

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

14
c12.qxd 1/30/09 11:37 AM Page 15

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

15
c12.qxd 1/30/09 11:37 AM Page 16

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

16
c12.qxd 1/30/09 11:40 AM Page 17

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

17
c12.qxd 1/30/09 11:40 AM Page 18

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

18
c12.qxd 1/30/09 11:40 AM Page 19

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

19
c12.qxd 1/30/09 11:40 AM Page 20

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

20
c12.qxd 1/30/09 11:40 AM Page 21

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

21
c12.qxd 1/30/09 11:40 AM Page 22

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

22
c12.qxd 1/30/09 11:40 AM Page 23

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

23
c12.qxd 1/30/09 11:40 AM Page 24

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

24
c12.qxd 1/30/09 11:40 AM Page 25

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

25
c12.qxd 1/30/09 11:40 AM Page 26

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

26
c12.qxd 1/30/09 11:41 AM Page 27

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

27
c12.qxd 1/30/09 11:41 AM Page 28

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

28
c12.qxd 1/30/09 11:41 AM Page 29

20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

29
c13.qxd 1/27/09 2:02 PM Page 1

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

1
c13.qxd 1/27/09 2:02 PM Page 2

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

2
c13.qxd 1/27/09 2:02 PM Page 3

20 by John J. Bertin and Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

3
 20 by John J. Bertin, Russ Cummings. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this
material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Problem 13.4 Solution

Winglets would be desirable for a transport aircraft that operates for long periods of time in
cruise flight, since the reduction of induced drag would be an important consideration.

The maneuvers of a stunt airplane would be at large angles of attack. In addition, a stunt airplane
typically only flies for fairly short periods of time, making induced drag reduction only
marginally important for performance and fuel efficiency.

4
5
6

6
 7
9 7