Terrorism in Europe

On
land, in aviation, and in nautical transport the bombings
of the Madrid train system in 2004 (l.; makeshift
shrine), the bombing of Air India Flight 182 in 1985 (c.;
memorial), and the City of Poros ship attack in 1988 (r.; The seat of the European Police Oce (Europol) in The Hague.
City of Poros in 1988) constitute the deadliest attacks
carried out in Europe, killing 192, 329, and 11 people,
recent years has been through Europol. They have cat-
respectively.
egorised acts of terrorism that have either failed, been
foiled or been successfully executed within the European
There is a long history of terrorism in Europe. This has Union (EU) as either pertaining to religious issues, right
often been linked to nationalist and separatist movements, wing, left wing or separatist movements. The eld is sub-
while other acts have been related to political extremism ject to considerable cooperation among national authori-
(including anarchism, far-right and far-left extremism) or ties.
religious extremism.

1.3 Individual countries

1 Prevention
In July 2014 the Government of France introduced leg-
islation to combat terrorism by toughening surveillance,
1.1 Pre-World War II making it lawful to detain individuals linked to radical
Islamist groups, and to block Internet sites that incite
European states were at the fore of plans for an inter- anti-Semitism, terrorism and hatred. The countrys In-
national criminal court under the League of Nations in terior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve revealed 600 French
the 1930s, working through the Committee for the Re- nationals were in Syria at the time or planned to go there.
pression of Terrorism (CRT). The CRT sought to dene The bill includes a ban on foreign travel for up to six
terrorism and get nations domestic policies to support months for those believed to hold terrorist sympathies,
anti-terrorism activities. Opposition by Britain and ten- provides for the conscation and invalidation of pass-
sions over fascism in Germany and Italy limited the nal ports, and prohibits airlines from allowing such individu-
proposals.[1] als to y.[2]
From 2005, the United Kingdom government introduced
the CONTEST strategy, which seeks to improve co-
1.2 Europol operation between security services, and other public
and private organisations.[3] This includes four strands,
Main articles: Europol and Interpol namely Pursue, (seeking to apprehend potential terror-
European cooperation in the eld of counter-terrorism ists), Prevent, (seeking to reduce risks of 'radicalisation',
include the European Police Oce (Europol), an EU deter potential terrorists and share information), Protect,
agency, and Interpol. TREVI was an early example of (seeking to ensure the security of potential targets and
EU cooperation in this eld. organisations is optimised), and Prepare, (seeking to en-
The main transnational activity to combat terrorism in sure an eective response in the immediate aftermath of

1
2 2 HISTORY

any attack). Similar strategies have been adopted by other Askatasuna within Spain. Other perpetrators have been
countries across the European Union, and there have been linked to far-right and far-left extremism, environmental
increases in co-operation between nations and security extremism and anarchism. Since 2001, there has been
forces. an increase in attacks linked to extremist Islamist groups,
particularly in France. Many of the terrorist activities
classied under separatists or extremism also have a reli-
2 History gious angle, for e.g. the Chechens in Russia. The inter-
nationally co-ordinated element has seen increasing at-
tempts by governments to seek to weaken extremist ide-
2.1 Denitions ology, particularly Islamist extremism.

There is an overlap between terrorism and various other It remains the case that the majority of deaths from ter-
forms of conict and violent action, including civil wars[4] rorism do not occur in the West. When the Al Qaeda at-
or non-international armed conicts. This is the case with tacks against the United States in 2001 are excluded, only
several signicant non-international conicts in Europe, 0.5% of all deaths from terrorism have occurred in West-
where there thus can be dispute as to what counts as ter- ern countries European nations, United States, Canada
rorism: examples include the Irish War of Independence and Australia in the past fteen years.[8] However, there
(191921), the breakup of Yugoslavia and subsequent have been recent increases in the number of high-fatality
conicts,[5] the First (1994-6) and Second Chechen Wars attacks. There had been a decrease in the number of
(1999-2009), and the War of Dagestan (1999). overall fatalities from terrorist attacks between 1990 and
2015, compared to those between 1970 and 1990.[9] Prior
to 1990, on average 150 people died each year from ter-
2.2 Trend rorist attacks; this gure would be even higher if the large
number of people who died in 1988 from the Pan Am
Statistics from 2006 to 2013 by aliation 2013 bombing were included. From 1990, an average
of a little under 50 people died each year. However,
this gure has begun to increase again from 2011, with
the attacks by far-right extremist Anders Breivik in Nor-
way, and Islamist extremist attacks in France in 2015 and
2016.
Europol has published an annual trend report on terrorist
attacks (including failed, foiled, and completed attacks)
and terrorist related arrests in the EU since 2006.[10] The
reports identify that perpetrators known or suspected af-
liations have been disparate in nature. Europol break
these down into ve categories: jihadist terrorism (pre-
Attacks
viously termed religiously-inspired terrorism); ethno-
nationalist and separatist terrorism; left-wing and anar-
chist terrorism; right-wing terrorism; and single-issue ter-
rorism. Europols reports do not provide a breakdown
of the proportion of attacks that have been completed or
the type of damage inicted. According to these data the
vast majority of terrorist attacks in the EU between 2006
and 2013 are aliated with ethno-national or separatist
motives, followed by left-wing attacks and those that are
registered as 'unspecied'. A signicant number of ter-
ror attacks are motivated religiously or associated with
right-wing groups. However, among those arrested on
terror-related crimes most are religiously motivated and
form the largest group, followed by separatist related ter-
Arrests
ror suspects.
In 2015, a total of 211 completed, failed, or foiled ter-
Terrorism in Europe around the beginning of the twenti- rorist attacks were reported by EU states, resulting in
eth century was often associated with anarchism.[6][7] 151 fatalities (of which 148 were in France, with 130
Terrorism within the European Communities since 1951 of them occurring during the November 2015 Paris at-
has often been linked to separatist movements, notably tacks.) and over 360 people injured. As in previous
the Chechens in Russia, the Bosnians, the Irish Republi- years, separatist attacks accounted for the largest propor-
can Army within the United Kingdom, and Euskadi Ta tion (65), followed by jihadist attacks (17). The latter,
 3

however, caused the largest number of fatalities (150) 4 References

and injuries (250). The United Kingdom reported the
largest number of attacks (103), but did not provide statis-
tics on suspected aliation.[11] Tackling jihadist terror-
ism threats has become an over-riding priority for secu-
rity services, although many commentators express con-
cerns that the risk of far-right terrorism is currently being
underestimated.[12]
2.3 Lists of incidents
[1] http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.
1093/acprof:oso/9780199660285.001.0001/
acprof-9780199660285-chapter-6
[2] Legislation to crack down on jihadists planned by
France. France News.Net. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
[3] The United Kingdoms Strategy for Countering Terror-
ism: Annual Report 2015 (PDF). Her Majestys Station-
ary Oce. Retrieved 13 August 2016.

2.3.1 Deadliest incidents
The following is a list of terrorist incidents in Europe
which resulted in at least ten deaths. It lists attacks on
civilians by non-state actors that are widely referred to as
terrorism. It excludes transcontinental countries such as
Turkey and Russia, which have most of their landmass in
another continent. For incidents in Russia, see Terrorism
in Russia and for incidents in Istanbul, see Terror attacks
in Istanbul.
Key: motivation
[4] Dening Civil War by Examining Post-Soviet Conicts
by Pavel K. Baev, Terrorism and Political Violence, 19(2),
247-268. doi:10.1080/09546550701246965
[5] Approaches to political violence and terrorism in former
Yugoslavia 1 by Florian Bieber, Journal of Southern Eu-
rope and the Balkans 2003, 5(1): 39-51
[6] The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda by
Grard Chaliand & Arnaud Blin
[7] Richard Jensen, Daggers, ries and dynamite: Anarchist
terrorism in nineteenth century Europe. Terrorism and
Political Violence 2004, 16(1):116-53

Nationalist/Separatist Islamist Right-wing Left-wing [8] Global Terrorism Index: Measuring and Understanding
Other the Impact of Terrorism (PDF). Institute for Economics
and Peace. Retrieved 13 August 2016.

[9] Is Terrorism in Europe at a Historical High?". World

2.3.2 Incidents by country and region
Economic Forum. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
Terrorist incidents in Denmark [10] Europol statistics, europol.europa.eu, retrieved 15 January
Terrorist incidents in France 2015

Terrorist incidents in Germany
Terrorist incidents in Greece
Terrorist incidents in Norway
Terrorist incidents in Russia
Terrorist incidents in Serbia
Terrorist incidents in the United Kingdom
List of terrorist incidents in Great Britain; in
London
Timeline of the Northern Ireland conict
Terrorist incidents in Yugoslavia
Years of Lead (Italy)
[11] European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report
2016, europol.europa.eu, retrieved 13 August 2016
[12] Focus on Islamist terror plots overlooks threat from far
right report, The Guardian, retrieved 13 August 2016
[13] The Making of Ireland: A History, James Lydon, p.308
[14] Richard Jensen, Daggers, ries and dynamite: Anarchist
terrorism in nineteenth century Europe. Terrorism and
Political Violence 2004, 16(1):116-53
[15] Terrorism in Barcelona and Its Impact on Spanish Politics
1904-1909, by J. Romero Maura, Past & Present 1968,
41:130-183
[16] Terrorism in Barcelona and Its Impact on Spanish Politics
1904-1909, by J. Romero Maura, Past & Present 1968,
41:130-183

[17] Megas G. The Boatmen of Thesalloniki. The Bulgarian

3 See also
Islamic terrorism in Europe
Islamic terrorism in Europe (2014present)
List of non-state terrorist incidents
Terrorism in the United States
anarchist group and the bomb attacks of 1903, Troxalia,
1994 ISBN 960-7022-47-5
[18] PALACE BOMBED, 100 KILLED; Bessarabian Con-
spirators Accused of Outrage at Bolgard. The New York
Times. 14 December 1921. Retrieved 2011-10-15.
[19] Soa Church Terror Attack Vie for Bulgaria Top Event.
The Free Library. 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
4 4
[20] (Italian) Una strage con troppi misteri, La Sicilia, May 1,
2011
[21] Pech, Marie-Estelle (7 January 2015). L'attentat le plus
meurtrier depuis Vitry-Le-Franois en 1961 [The deadli-
est attack since Vitry-Le-Franois in 1961]. Le Figaro (in
French). Archived from the original on 14 January 2017.
Retrieved 14 January 2017. ()
[22] Flight International, 5 September 1968, p.361
[23] Clutterbuck, Richard (1990). Terrorism, Drugs & Crime
in Europe After 1992. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-415-61620-1.
Retrieved 14 January 2017.
[24] Criminal Occurrence description. Aviation Safety Net-
work. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
[25] Taylor, Peter (1999). Loyalists. Bloomsbury Publishing.
p. 88. ISBN 0-7475-4519-7.
[26] Criminal Occurrence description. Aviation Safety Net-
work. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
[27] Cosgrove, Ben; Bhowmick, Nilanjana. Terror at the
Olympics: Munich, 1972. Time. Retrieved 14 January
2017.
[28] RAND Corporation (3 April 2001). TKB Incident Page:
Other Group attacked Airports & Airlines target (Dec.
17, 1973, Italy)". MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base. Ok-
lahoma City, Oklahoma: Memorial Institute for the Pre-
vention of Terrorism. Archived from the original on 14
January 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
[29] Sutton, Malcolm. CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths.
[30] 1974 Car bombs explode in Dublin and Monaghan,
killing 34 people. Stair na hireann History of Ireland.
Retrieved 14 January 2017.
[31] Bocca, Giorgio. Gli anni del terrorismo (in Italian). pp.
291293.
[32] AAR 75-07 Boeing 707 Ionian Sea Crash (PDF).
Airdisaster.com. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
[33] Ediciones El Pas. Atentado de la calle del Correo: un
caso similar todava no aclarado, El Pais, 27 May 1979.
EL PAS. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
[34] The Birmingham Framework -Six Innocent Men Framed
for the Birmingham Bombings; Fr. Denis Faul and Fr.
Raymond Murray (1976)
[35] BBC ON THIS DAY - 5 - 1976: Ten dead in Northern
Ireland ambush.
[36] BBC ON THIS DAY - 18 - 1978: Belfast bomb suspects
rounded up.
[37] Civil Guard website listing the Civil Guard retired high
rank member died in the re as an ETA victim
[38] BBC ON THIS DAY - 2 - 1980: Bologna blast leaves
dozens dead.
[39] Gerber, Larry (29 September 1980). Neo-Nazi Group
Suspected in Munich Oktoberfest Bombing. The Lewis-
ton Daily Sun. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
REFERENCES
[40] 1982: IRA bombs cause carnage in London. BBC: On
This Day. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
[41] INLA almost called o attack. Irish News. 8 December
2007. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
[42] (Italian) Rapido 904: Un intreccio tra maa, camorra e
politica, Il Fatto Quotidiano, January 13, 2017.
[43] Al-Qaeda suspect linked to 1985 Madrid bombing. Re-
trieved 14 January 2017.
[44] The Bombing of Air India Flight 182. CBC News On-
line. 25 September 2006. Archived from the original on
14 January 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
[45] "EgyptAir Flight 648. Aviation Safety Network. Re-
trieved on January 14, 2017.
[46] Abu Nidal Organization (ANO) attacked Airports & Air-
lines target (Dec. 27, 1985, Austria)". Archived from
the original on 14 January 2017. Retrieved 27 December
2005.
[47] 25 aos del atentado de la plaza de la Repblica Domini-
cana, El Diario Montanes, 14 January 2017
[48] Bomb explodes in Barcelona. Los Angeles Times. 19
June 1987. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
[49] Enniskillen bomb victim dies after 13-year coma. The
Guardian. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
[50] El Pas: Zaragoza: cinco atades blancos 2 August 2009
accessed 14 January 2017
[51] Attacked By Terrorists 11 Dead, - Terror Attack.
Cruiseshipdeaths.com. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
[52] Clipper Maid of the Seas: Remembering those on ight
103. panamair.org. 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
[53] Malcolm Suttons Index of Deaths from the Conict in Ire-
land: 23 October 1993. Conict Archive on the Internet
(CAIN).
[54] Man cleared over Omagh bombing. CNN.com. 20 De-
cember 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
[55] Serbs killed in Kosovo pilgrimage. BBC. Retrieved 25
January 2017.
[56] elmundo.es. Documento: Auto del 11-M.
[57] ZoomNews (in spanish). The 192nd victim (Laura Vega)
died in 2014, after a decade in coma in a hospital of
Madrid. She was the last hospitalized injured person.
[58] Indepth London Attacks. BBC News. Retrieved 14 Jan-
uary 2017.
[59] " ". po-
drobnosti.ua. 25 April 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
[60] Seierstad, Asne (2016). One of Us: The Story of Anders
Breivik and the Massacre in Norway. p. 5. Retrieved 14
January 2017.
[61] French security forces kill gunmen, end terror rampage.
9 January 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
 5

[62] Macedonia charges 30 with terrorism after Kumanovo

clashes. BBC. 11 May 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2017.}

[63] Paris attacks death toll rises to 130. RTE News. 20

November 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2017.

[64] Brussels Attacks Death Toll Lowered To 32. The Hu-

ington Post. Retrieved 14 January 2017.

[65] Nice killer visited Italys 'Little Calais as he was radi-

calised over a year before July 14 massacre. The Tele-
graph. 14 October 2016.

[66] Eddy, Melissa (21 December 2016). Germany Seeks

Tunisian Tied to Berlin Christmas Market Attack. The
New York Times. Retrieved 14 January 2017.

[67] Metro.co.uk, Nicole Morley for (23 May 2017). Twelve

children under 16 are among Manchester terror attack in-
jured. Metro. Retrieved 29 May 2017.

[68] London attack: 12 arrested in Barking after van and knife

attack. BBC News. Retrieved 4 June 2017.

5 Bibliography
Barry M. Rubin; Judith Colp Rubin (2008).
Chronologies of Modern Terrorism. M.E. Sharpe.
ISBN 9780765622068.

6 External links
European Counter Terrorism Centre - Europol
List of most wanted fugitives in Europe - Europol
6 7 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

7 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

7.1 Text
Terrorism in Europe Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_Europe?oldid=783855743 Contributors: Peregrine981, Postdlf,
Piotrus, Soman, Neonchameleon, Ground Zero, GnniX, Bgwhite, Wavelength, ColinFine, Bondegezou, Gragox, Kleuske, SmilingFace,
Iridescent, Nucleotide, Mardu, Nick Number, SvenAERTS, KrakatoaKatie, Magioladitis, Norden1990, Nick Cooper, Man1234567890,
Ssolbergj, Maurice Carbonaro, Paris1127, Ignatzmice, KylieTastic, Malignant88, Tavix, Asarla, Natg 19, Nicknackrussian, Ana570,
SPQRobin, 12bigbrother12, Alex-weej, Ratemonth, Niceguyedc, Vicente2782, Bradv, Ironholds, Lord Gn, Jarble, Drpickem, Yobot,
Fraggle81, MarcoSwart, AnomieBOT, Harkain, Jim1138, LilHelpa, Simeon87, Ita140188, Jenda H., I dream of horses, LittleWink, Jone-
sey95, Just a guy from the KP, Cnwilliams, Trappist the monk, Diannaa, OnWikiNo, Undescribed, Ben1982, Dcirovic, Jasonanaggie,
Zhouzichuan, Illegitimate Barrister, Wmq, Subtropical-man, Greyshark09, KazekageTR, ARNT, Uziel302, Beejsterb, BG19bot, Kre-
nair, Kagundu, Gorthian, DPL bot, 220 of Borg, BattyBot, Factsearch, David.moreno72, Triggerhippie4, Martinnorheim, Dynamo128,
Nick.mon, Mogism, Claomh Solais, SHonour, 93, Discuss-Dubious, Pincrete, QatarStarsLeague, Gerry1214, ARoth, Madreterra, Miguel-
Madeira, Punniped, HahaLolXD, Oranjelo100, Bojo1498, Acebarry, Ethically Yours, Iluvumerijaan, Crossswords, Dr Ron Gill, Monkbot,
Wwikix, Demoniccathandler, Tyrionasaurus, Shotgunsequencer, Philipp Wendelin, Trackteur, Renard Migrant, Abhishek0831996, Ccfer-
rie, Jethechimp, Kleiner grner Kaktus, Ajf773, Rubbish computer, Asilah1981, Kristrivedi, AlphaBetaGamma01, Nykterinos, Smithr32,
Mazecu, LL221W, GeneralizationsAreBad, MusikBot, Continentaleurope, Ira Leviton, My Chemistry romantic, CorradoMor, Babymiss-
fortune, Anduriel, Aworford, Ondra.nekola, Juliabeate, Parsley Man, Whochismo, Flowerywallpaper, Leanseahy, 6cb49af5c4, Markshale,
SkyWarrior, Gianluigi02, Stylez995, Arcadius Romanus, 02dan02, Plastik02, Swissboot, Bender the Bot, CPA-5, Walsak, Theliljay, Oc-
toberwoodland, FrankScience, Depthburg, Rantell, Tnvsjk2013, Haro.Enrique, BookOfThel, TryDeletingMe, Tompop888, Alaxander27,
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