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Experimental Stress Analysis

Assignment # 3
Transmission Photoelasticity

1. Why do you use a polarised beam of light impinge on the model in transmission
photoelasticity instead of the normal light? Also reason out why normal incidence is
important.

2. What do you understand by birefringence? List out the important characteristics

displayed by the Calcite prism.

3. Why is relative retardation more important than absolute retardation in photoelasticity?

Establish a relationship of the relative retardation introduced by a retarder in terms of its
thickness and refractive indices of the ordinary and extraordinary light beams.

4. Mention the various methods of getting a linearly polarized light. Which of these
methods is widely used in Photoelasticity and why?

5. Prove that light ellipse of any azimuth and ellipticity can be produced by a polarizer and
quarterwave plate combination.

6. Determine the azimuth, major and minor axes of a light ellipse generated by
superposition of two simple harmonic motions travelling in mutually perpendicular
directions with a phase difference of and their respective amplitudes are ax and ay.

7. In the case of a circular polariscope, for the case of the optical arrangement in which the
quarterwave plates are parallel to each other, find out trigonometrically the equations for
intensity of light transmitted.

Epoxy

Polycarbonate

Fig.1 Beam under four point bending

8. Fringe patterns corresponding to the problem of a beam under four point bending are
shown above. Both these beams are identical and are subjected to the same level of load.
Mark the fringe orders in each of them. Explain why the number of fringes differs?

Exercise Problems to Accompany the Multimedia Book on Experimental Stress Analysis

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9. What is the Jones matrix for a retarder? How is it constructed based on rotation and
retardation matrices? Derive your result. Analyze a plane polariscope using Jones
calculus.

With a monochromatic light source how would you distinguish isoclinics and
isochromatics in a plane polariscope? Describe at least two methods.

10. What are compensation techniques? Why are they needed? What is the general
procedure to employ them?

Establish using Jones Calculus that Analyser itself can be used as a compensator.

11. Analyse the Friedel method of compensation by Jones Calculus. Comment on the
reversibility of optical systems.

12. Mention how to estimate stress concentration factors (SCF) from photoelastic data.
Figure 2 shows the fringe pattern observed for a finite plate of dimensions (Length = 230
mm, width = 36 mm, thickness = 6 mm) with a hole of diameter 12 mm subjected to an
axial tensile load of 288 N. The far-field fringe order for this load is found to be 0.86.
Near the boundary of the hole, fringe order 2 was found to move and occupy the
boundary of the hole when the analyzer is rotated by an angle of 63 degrees. Find the
SCF. Compare the results with those available in design books and comment on your
results.

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Fig. 2 Plate with single hole Fig. 3 Plate with three holes

13. One of the simplest ways to minimise the SCF is to introduce stress relieve holes. Figure
3 shows the fringe patterns obtained with two smaller holes of 8 mm dia introduced on
either side of the hole at a distance of 15 mm. In the smaller hole, fringe order 1 has
moved to the boundary when the analyzer is rotated by 70 degrees. For the bigger hole,
the analyzer needed to be rotated by an angle of 147 degrees. With this data find the SCF
at both the holes and also calculate the percentage reduction in SCF. To estimate the
boundary stresses what additional data do you require?

Exercise Problems to Accompany the Multimedia Book on Experimental Stress Analysis

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14. One of the key parameters that need to be evaluated in a photoelastic test is to determine
the calibration of the model material. Use of a circular disc under diameteral compression
is an ideal model to do that. A disc of the same material (dia 60 mm) as that of the sheet
used in problems 9 and 10 was loaded in compression and the fringe order at the centre
was accurately estimated by Tardys method of compensation. The observations are
tabulated as follows:

Load Applied Rotation of Analyzer (degrees) Fringe order

(N) moved
246 145 0

328 12 1

410 60 1

554 144.5 1

It is found that the lower fringe order has moved to the centre in all the measurements.

Find the material stress fringe value. Using this can you find the value of the maximum
boundary stresses in problem No. 13?

15. The maximum shear stress at a point in a model of 5 mm thick is 10 MPa. The fringe
order observed is 4.5 when observed with Sodium light (589.3 nm). It is required to find
the stresses in another model made of the same material and having a thickness of 8 mm
subjected to a plane state of stress. For some reasons the Sodium light is not working and
the analysis has to be carried out only by another source which is a mercury light (546.1
nm). The fringe order at the point of interest observed is 6. If the maximum principal
stress at the point of interest is twice that of the minimum principal stress, find the
individual magnitude of stresses at the point of interest.

16. At a point D in a photoelastic material, a fringe order of 4.25 was measured. The
isoclinic parameter at the same point was 35o. The material stress fringe value of the
model material is 12 N/mm/fringe. The model materials Youngs Modulus is 3.275
GPa and Poissons ratio is 0.36.

Before the application of the loads, the thickness of the model was 6 mm; and after the
application of the loads, the thickness at D was measured by a lateral extensometer was
6.01 mm.

Determine the stress tensor at the point D.

17. Figure 4 shows the dark field isochromatics of a triangular plate with a semi-circular
notch. Assess the stress concentration due to this by an engineering analysis. The plate is
supported at one end with two pin joints and loaded at the other end by another pin joint.

Exercise Problems to Accompany the Multimedia Book on Experimental Stress Analysis

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Fig. 4

18. Justify the use of a plastic in photoelastic analysis to predict the behaviour of metallic
prototypes.

19. What is the difficulty in interpreting fringes in three-dimensional photoelasticity? How is

this handled in various forms of three-dimensional photoelasticity?

20. Briefly describe what is stress-freezing. How is this useful in solving three-dimensional
problems?

21. What is an optically equivalent model? What are the parameters that one needs to
determine at a point of interest in integrated photoelasticity.

22. Write short notes on

Scattered light photoelasticity

Dynamic photoelasticity

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Exercise Problems to Accompany the Multimedia Book on Experimental Stress Analysis