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Pradeep Kshetrapal
Displacement current
Displacement current
This current will produce a magnetic field around the wires which can be
detected using a compass
Maxwell suggested that varying electric field within two disks produce this magnetic
field. Hence this varying electric field is equivalent to a current. He called this
Displacement current
Electromagnetic Waves
Waves
Wave is a pattern of disturbance which propagates and carry energy with it.
Visible examples of waves are water waves, and waves in a rope or a string.
Electromagnetic waves are waves which can travel through the vacuum of
outer space as well as material. They do not need material medium.
Sound waves are examples of mechanical waves while light waves are
examples of electromagnetic waves.
Properties
Since 1982 the question has been: Where does this new charge come
from?
Generalization of momentum
Momentum is the quantity of translational invariance. As such, even fields as
well as other things can have momentum, not just particles..
Massless objects such as photons also carry momentum. The formula is:
wavelength of the photon, E is the energy the photon carries and c is the speed of
light.
Pressure by E/M waves : since these waves carry momentum, they also
can create force and pressure. This pressure for Sun rays is measured to be 7
x 10-6 N/m2
Wave Equations
Sinusoidal plane waves are one type of electromagnetic waves. Not all EM
waves are sinusoidal plane waves, but all electromagnetic waves can be
viewed as a linear superposition of sinusoidal plane waves traveling in
arbitrary directions.
E is the electric field vector and B is the magnetic field vector of the EM
wave. K is Propagation factor given by 2/ .
Energy equations
We all know that if we stand in the sun we get hot. This occurs because we absorb
electromagnetic radiation emitted by the Sun. So.., radiation transport energy. The
electric and magnetic fields in electromagnetic radiation are mutually
perpendicular, and are also perpendicular to the direction of propagation (this is a
unit vector). Furthermore, . Equation can easily be transformed into the
following relation between the electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic
wave:
Energy equations:
Energy conservation
Intensity of the wave is defined as the energy crossing per second per unit area
perpendicular to the direction of e/m wave
C =
NUMERICALS.
1. Find the photon energy in units of eV for electromagnetic waves of
wavelength 40 m. Given h = 6.63 x 10-34 Js
E = h = hc /
Find the total average energy density of the electromagnetic field of the
wave.
5. Figure show a capacitor made of two circular plates each of radius 12 cm, and
separated by 5.0 cm. The capacitor is being charged by an external source (not
in the picture). The charging current is constant and equal to 0.15A.
7. What physical quantity is same for X-rays of wavelength 10 -10 m, red light of
wavelength 6800 and a radio wave of wavelength 500 nm?