TETRAPODS

ANAMNIOTES AMNIOTES

Fishes Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

myosepta Tendonous inscriptions
TRUNK AND TAIL MUSCLES
(except agnathans) tailed: retained increased flexibility increased arching
epaxial (dorsal)
primitive metamerism

hypaxial (ventral)
->metamerism
interrupted by
pectoral & pelvic
girdles
->oblique fibers
horizontal
skeletogenous
septum
-forces by contractions
are more powerful on
the tail
WARMBLOODED WARMBLOODED
Bluefin Tuna
COLDBLOODED
Lateral undulation
urodeles
greater
Epaxial muscles few epaxial muscles
Hypaxial strata of broad muscular sheets
Necturus: 3 layers
EPAXIAL MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
(except anurans) Snakes: complexus
-retain primitive -dorsoventral flexion -cervical epaxial
metamerism -voluminous and -I: interparietal bone
(DORSALIS TRUNCI) complex -to crack eggshell w/
beak
long bundles
increasingly hidden (LUMBODORSAL APONEUROSIS)
o spinales - stability
o intervertebrals deepest, maintain posture, retain primitive
metamerism
o longissimus - longest, dominant extensor in mammals
oiliocostales dominant in reptiles, leverage in lateral
undulation
o multifidus spinae spinales w/ lumbar intervertebrals
HYPAXIAL MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
A. SUBVERTEBRALS
longus colli
psoas minor
quadratus lumborum
B. OBLIQUE AND TRANVERSE MUSCLES
- support abdominal viscera, compress it for delivery of brith
- PARIETAL MUSCLES: External oblique, Internal oblique, transverse muscles of the abdomen
- CREMASTER MUSCLE: around spermatic cord, inserts fibrous sheath in the wall of the
scrotum
Urodeles: (not turles) External Respiration
-external oblique split all 3 layers consist of 2 all sheets are THIN accessory role
into superficial and sheets each
deep parts INTERCOSTALS
Anurans: -assisted by subdivisions of supracostal muscles -> (scalenus, serratus
-internal oblique dorsalis, levatores costarum, tranversus costarum, external intercostals,
sometimes missing internal intercostals, transverse muscle of the thorax)
Turtles: vestigial
C. RECTUS MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMEN
bet. pubic symphysis and sternum
flexing the trunk & supporting abdominal viscera (muscular sling)
Urodeles: segmental irregular transverse tendonous inscriptions
Marsupials:
PYRAMIDALIS MUSCLE
(pouch) (slip of rectus
abdominis)
Diaphragm
MUSCULAR SYSTEM LEC
 TETRAPODS
ANAMNIOTES AMNIOTES
Fishes Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals
APPENDICULAR MUSCLES
-extrinsinc EXTRINSIC AND INTRINSIC
-differentiate from
blastemas
-median dorsal fins
organize from
MYOTOMAL
MESENCHYME
-median ventral arise
from HYPAXIAL
MESENCHYME
EXTRINSIC MUSCLES
DORSAL GROUP
LATISSIMUS DORSI (primary appendicular muscle, I:humerus)
Urodeles: triangular firm attachment to the from neural spines of
muscle arising from tough fascia (anchored thoracic vertebrae
superficial fascia to neural spines)
Insert to Scapula: Levators, rhomboideus, serratus ventralis
CUCCULARIS TRAPEZIUS

(cleido,acromio,spino)
innervated by branchiomeric nerves
CLEIDOMASTOIDEUS & Cleido-occipitalis
VENTRAL GROUP
PECTORALIS
Urodeles: chief powerful flight muscles Supracoracoid is
adductor w/ supracoracoideus intrinsic
(depress pectoralis and
elevate coracoideus)
Procoracoid bone:
elevates wing, I: dorsal
surface of humerus
INTRINSIC MUSCLES
DORSAL GROUP

Insertion
DELTOIDEUS humerus
TERES MAJOR AND MINOR
SUBSCAPULARIS
LONG HEAD OF TRICEPS olecranon process of ulna
BRACHII
2 supinators of the
manus connect
humerus w/ radius
Dorsalis Scapulae Deltoid
Scapulohumeralis Teres Minor
Anterior
VENTRAL GROUP
epitrochleoanconeus, pronators of the manus, flexors of the manus, cleidobrachialis
Supracoracoid Supra/infraspinatus
Coracobrachialis Coracobrachialis
Biceps brachii & Biceps brachii &
brachialis brachialis
not homologus Anconeus
PELVIC GIRDLE AND HINDLIMBS
Caudofemoralis
Exerts pull in the tail
Urodeles: Non: Pyriformis : locomotory
locomotor
Puboischiofemoralis Iliopsoas
Internus (I: lesser trochanter,
protracts and rotates
the femur)
Gastrocnemius
I: tarometatarsus I: calcaneus
BRANCHIOMERIC MUSCLES
MUSCLES OF THE MANDIBULAR ARCH
Squalus: -masseter
- Levator Palatoquadri -temporals
(raise upper jaw) -pterygoideus
-Adductor Mandibulae