26/07/2015

Presin de Poros

MSc. Jorge Dueas

Facultad de Geologa Geofsica y Minas

UNSA
www.unsa.edu.pe
Email: jorge_duenasramirez@fmi.com

2015

Por qu la presin de poros es

importante en la Perforacin???

Seguridad
Kicks, Blowouts, Rig Selection
Shallow onset overpressure: Narrow PorePressure (PP)
FractureGradient (FG) window:
Number of casing strings, Is target reachable? Mud type
and ECD
Time/Depth considerations:
Time spent running casing,
Slow ROP due to overbalanced drilling,
Flow checking etc
Cost drivers, Total cost of a deepwater well: $50 - $80m:
Cost of running an additional intermediate casing string,
Rig time spent controlling a kick: 1 to 7 days?
etc

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Qu es la Sobrepresin y
Cules son los mecanismos
que la generan?

El Proceso de Sedimentacin

Sediments accumulate at low points, originated by plate movement

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Rocas Sedimentarias

(I) Acumulacin
Sedimentacin de las partculas detrticas
Prtecipitacin qumica de las soluciones
Acumulacin biolgica de los organismos

(II) Formacin de las Rocas

Soterramiento, compactacin y diagenesis que dan orgen a la formacin de
la ROCA

Evolucin del relleno sedimentario

Se forma la cuenca
sedimentaria, y los
sedimentos se depositan
Las propiedades de los
sedimentos cambian durante
el soterramiento

Propiedades primarias:
porosidad,
permeabilidad, k
Propiedades secundarias
(depende de las
propiedades primarias):
Conductividad termal,
Densidad,

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Porosidad
Pore Los poros proporcionan
Throat el volumen de los fluidos
La garganta poral
restringe el flujo de
fludos

Scanning Electron Micrograph

Principio del Esfuerzo Efectivo (Terzaghi &

Peck, 1968) Compactacin

Esfuerzo Efectivo Overburden load is supported by:

v = + p vertical stress in the grain framework
(Terzaghi & Peck, 1968)
the fluid pore pressure
During sediment compaction, porosity
v is the total vertical component normally decreases with depth,
of overburden pressure fluids escape
is the effective stress transmitted
through the solid matrix
p is the fluid pressure

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Sub-compactacin de arcillas o Compactacin

normal

A medida que los fluidos escapan se mantiene el

ritmo de la compactacin y los minerales de
arcilla laminar se acomodan en forma
ordenada: no se genera la sobrepresin
(compactacin normal)

Fluids cannot escape Si los fluidos son incapaces de escapar a una

velocidad que mantenga el equilibrio con la
presin hidrosttica, entonces se genera la
sobrepresin.
Palabra clave: Retencin del fluido que est relacionado a la permeabilidad de la
roca que acta como sello

Requisitos principales para la generacin de la sobrepresin

Tiempo
Las presiones anormales son
fenmenos hidrodinmicos
en la que el tiempo juega un
papel importante.

Permeabilidad muy baja

Un ambiente sed cerrado o
semi-cerrado es esencial
para que se mantenga la
Presin anormal.

La capacidad del medio para

resistir la expulsin de agua
de formacin determina el
grado de confinamiento.

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Sobrecarga - v

La presin ejercida sobre una formacin

debido al peso total del fluido por encima
de esa profundidad es:

3,000 ft x 0.442psi/ft = 1326psi

La presin ejercida sobre una formacin

debido al peso total de la roca por encima
de esa profundidad es:
9,000 ft x 0.85psi/ft = 7650psi
Ley de Terzaghi:

v = + p
Sobrecarga total = 8,976 psi
Gradiente = 0.748 psi/ft

Examples for Pore Pressure Gradients

TABLE 2.1 -

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Presin Presin de Poros Presin de Formacin

La presin es el proceso de un fludo que

ejerce presin en el espacio poral de una Pressure
formacin (Fertl, 1976).
La presin de poro puede ser igual a la presin
hidrosttica (= presin ejercida por una
columna de agua a la misma profundidad que la
formacin),
Alto (= Sobrepresin) o
transition zone
Bajo (= Sub presin = presin sub normal)

Depth
La presin anormal se refiere a las presiones
que difieren de la presin hidrosttica
Effective Stress

Presin hidrosttica, PH
PH f g z
Donde:
f = the average fluid density
UNDERPRESSURE OVERPRESSURE

g = the acceleration due to gravity fracture limit

z = the height of the fluid column

El Esfuerzo Efectivo frente a los diferentes

mecanismos de sobrepresin

NORMAL
Effective Stress
Top of
Overpressure

UNDERCOMPACTION
Pore Pressure

UNDERCOMPACTION
+
Fluid Expansion Unloading
During
Burial

Fig. Modified from Bowers, 2001, OTC Houston

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Procesos responsables de la
presin de poro

Esfuerzo Efectivo y Compactacin

CARGA (TIPO I)
Disminucin de la porosidad de la
lutita (se genera cambio
Porosity

Unloading estructural) con el aumento del

Loading
esfuerzo (compactacin) (Fig. 1)
Aumento de la velocidad de la onda
elstica (Fig. 2).

0 DESCARGA (TIPO II)

Effective stress = total stress - pore pressure
Disminuye el esfuerzo efectivo,
Seismic velocity (km/s)

pero el cambio microestructural se

Unloading
mantiene,
Por lo tanto, curvas diferentes
representan los cambios en la
velocidad y la porosidad.
Loading

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Pressure Gradients
Pressure gradients are often given in
psi/ft Pressure profiles reveal something
Some useful conversions about the subsurface such as fluid
psi = kg/cm2 x 14.22 type and connectivity
Atm = kg/cm2 x 0.968
Atm = psi x 0.068
psi = MPa x 145.038
psi/ft = 0.433 x g/cm3
1 Mpa = 145 psi
1 Pa = 1 N/ cm2
N = kg m s-2
1 psi/ft = 22.5 kPa/m

Some useful numbers

fluid Pressure
gradient
psi/ft
brines 0.494
heavy oils 0.485
fresh water 0.433
light oils (35API) 0.368 - 0.216
natural gas 0.130 - 0.043

Qu es la sobrepresin?
depth

Son algunas presiones por

encima de la presin
normal

La sobrepresin lleva el
peso de la columna
hidrosttica y la
columna litosttica
suprayacente

140 90 40
Slowness, Dt

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Prediccin de la Presin de Poros

Technical Concept
Normal
Pressures
Invert changes in Trend Overburden
effective stress Stress

sensitive measurements
for variations in pore
pressure

Overpressure
Pore
Pressure

Velocity Stress

Mtodos de Anlisis en la Presin de Poros (Pp)

Methods are based on the idea that PP influences compaction-

dependent shale properties (, density, velocity, resistivity (RES).
Wireline (WL)/Logging While Drilling (LWD) measurements or
geophysical (seismic) measurements sensitive to PP = PP Indicators
Two approaches for estimating Pore pressure from PP indicators
(i) Direct
(ii) Effective Stress Methods

(i) Direct Methods of Pore Pressure Analysis:

Relates the difference between observed value and value on a

normal
compaction trend to a pressure gradient.

Direct methods are applied through Cross Plots or Overlays.

(Direct methods are developed for specific basins, e.g. GOM)

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Eatons Method
Developed in under-compacted GoM
sediments

depth
depth
Eaton Method is a widely used 10
8.33

quantitative method
11.7
Applies a regionally defined
exponent 13.3

to an empirical formula.

For Resistivity : v = n [R/Rnorm]1.2

For Sonic : v = n [DTnorm/DT]3

Combining Eatons equation into Terzaghi

I I I I I II
effective stress relation 200 100 50
8.3 10 11.7 13.3
pore pressure gradient (ppg)
slowness, Dt
Eaton Method Resistivity
PP = OBG (OBG PPn)(R0/Rn) X [sv - P/ sv - Pn]1/3 = Dtn / Dt
Eaton Method Sonic
PP = OBG (OBG - Ppn)(DTn/DT) 3
Eaton Method Interval Velocity
PP = OBG (OBG Ppn)(Vo / Vn)3
Where: X = Eaton Exponent
(dimensionless)

Other Methods: Bowerss Method (1995)

In cases where normally pressured and overpressured formations do
not follow the same
unique relation for compaction as function of effective stress v

modified equivalent depth method; v calculated at 2 points on

NCTL
(i) standard depth (A) Analytical Relation
(ii) and at peak (Vmax) V = Vo + A B v

at B = max ( A / max )U

In the GoM: U = 3.13

Use with velocities

ISONIC

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Importance of Quality of Velocity Data for Pore Pressure

Prediction
Interval velocities
obtained from
stacking velocities

Interval velocities
obtained from
reflection
tomography

Pore Pressure Prediction based on seismic velocities

Pore Pressure (ppg) from

DMO velocities

Pore Pressure (ppg) from

tomographic velocities

Note:
Differences in magnitude!!!

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Workflow: Calculation of Total Vertical

Stress
0

1 Fit to
2 density log

Depth below mudline (kft) 3

10

11
1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
Density (g/cc)

Workflow: Overburden Gradient

4

8
TVD (kft)

10

12

14
OBG derived from
16 density log

Traugott
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8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Overburden gradient (ppg)

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Workflow: Comparison of Sonic log with

upscaled Sonic

Velocity-Effective stress transform for Type

I & II
15000
14000
13000
12000
Velocity (ft/s)

11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000

Effect. Stress (psi)

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Data and pore pressure type identification

all lithologies only shale

Superimposed in
green/magenta:

up-scaled sonic

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Preguntas?

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