INTRODUCTION

Extraction is the process of selectively removing a compound of interest from a mixture using
a solvent. Desired compound is removed from a solid or a liquid mixture using a suitable
solvent. The basic principle behind extraction involves the contacting of a solution with
another solvent that is immiscible with the original. The solvent is also soluble with a specific
solute contained in the solution. Two phases are formed after the addition of the solvent, due
to the differences in densities. It is never possible to completely extract or remove a
compound from a given solvent. Ideally very little impurity will be left behind. Solutes are
separated based on their different solubility in different liquids. Separation is achieved when
the substances

There are three types of extraction; solid-liquid, liquid-liquid, and acid-base extraction. Solid-
liquid involves the removal of a substance from a natural product or solid mixture. For
example, hot water and tea. Besides that, acid-base extraction in which an acid (H 3O+) or base
(OH-) is added to a mixture causing an unwanted impurity to react and become a solid. This
solid is easily filtered out

Moreover, liquid-liquid extraction is also known as solvent extraction. Liquid-liquid

extraction involves the transfer of the desired compound from one liquid to another. The
solution which is to be extracted is called the feed and the liquid with which the feed is
contacted is the solvent. The feed can be considered as comprising the solute A and the
"carrier" liquid C. Solvent S is a pure liquid. During contact, mass transfer of A from the feed
to the solvent S occurs, with little transfer of C to S. The simple example of liquid-liquid
extraction is when solvent (water) is mixed together with solution or also known as feed
(organic substance). The mixture is then allowed to separate into the extract phase and the
raffinate phase. The solvent-rich product of the operation is called the extract, and the
residual liquid from which solutes has been removed is the raffinate. The solvent (with the
solute) is then permitted to separate from the carrier liquid. In some operations, the solutes
are the desired product, hence the extract stream is the desirable stream. In other applications,
the solutes may be the contaminants that need to be removed, and in this instance the raffinate
is the desirable product stream. High-boiling components such as phosphoric acid, boric acid,
and sodium hydroxide from aqueous solutions are recovered using liquid-liquid extraction.
OBJECTIVES

The objectives Laboratory 7 of Liquid-liquid extraction experiment are as follows:

1. To determine the distribution coefficient for the system organic solvent-propionic

acidwater and to show its dependence on concentration.
2. To determine the volume of 0.1 M and 0.025 M Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH required
to neutralise feed, extract and raffinate.

REFERENCES

1. Liquid-liquid Equilibria. (n.d.). Retrieved from Separation Process:

http://www.separationprocesses.com/Extraction/SE_Chp01.htm
2. Liquid-liquid Extraction(LLE): Introduction to this sample preparation technique.
(2016, April 7). Retrieved from Interchim: http://www.interchim.com/blog/liquid-
liquid-extraction-lle-technique-sample-preparation/