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Vol. 52, No. 4, Ja n u a ry 2001

ISSN 0009-0476

I C ZEC H M Y C O LO G Y
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C o p y rig h t T h e C zech Scientific Society for M ycology, P ra g u e , 2000

No. 3 o f th e vol. 52 of Czech M ycology a p p e a re d in 7. 12. 2000

 This part of

Czech M ycology
is dedicated to Dr. Mirko Svrcek
on the occasion of his 75th birthday.
 CZ E CH M Y C O L O G Y
Publication of the Czech Scientific Society for Mycology

Volume 52 January 2001 Number 4

The status of the ordinal name Leotiales

R i c h a r d P . K o r f 1 and P a v e l L iz o 2

1D e p artm en t of P la n t Pathology, C ornell University,

Ith a c a , N Y 14853 USA;
em ail: rpkl@ cornell.edu
2Slovak A cadem y o f Science, In s titu te of B otany,
D bravsk 14, SK-843 23 B ratislava, Slovakia;
em ail: botupali@ savba.sk

K o rf R . P. a n d Lizo P. (2001): T h e s ta tu s of th e o rd in a l n am e L eotiales - C zech Mycol.

52: 255-257
T h e ord in al nam e Leotiales S. E. C arp, was proposed by C a rp e n te r in 1988 as a s u b s titu te for
th e invalid ord in al nam e H elotiales, b u t C a rp e n te rs ordinal nam e was also n o t validly published.
H elotiales N annf. has since been validated. T h e ord in al nam e Leotiales K orf e t Lizo is proposed
for a m uch sm aller gro u p of Discom ycetes.

K e y w o rd s : H elotiales, nom enclature, invalid publication

K o rf R. P. a n d L izo P. (2001): P o stav en ie m en a ra d u L eotiales - C zech M ycol. 52:

255-257
M eno ra d u L eotiales S. E. C arp , navrhol C a rp e n te r r. 1988 ako n h rad u pre n e p latn m eno
ra d u H elotiales, ale C arpenterovo m eno bolo tie n eplatne uverejnen. M eno ra d u H elotiales
N annf. bolo m edziasom p latn uverejnen. M eno ra d u Leotiales K orf e t Lizo je navrhovan
p re p o d s ta tn m eniu skupinu diskom yctov.

C arpenter (1988) proposed the ordinal name Leotiales S. E. Carp, as a nomen

novum to replace the ordinal name Helotiales Nannf. (Nannfeldt 1932), which was
based on the invalid generic name Helotium Pers., a later homonym of Helotium
Tode: Fr. His arguments for rejecting Helotiales were apparently flawless. His
reasoning th a t one should not adopt any of the available ordinal names, Cyttariales
Korf ex D. Hawksw. et O. E. Erikss., Medeolariales Korf, or Phacidiales Hohn.,
in each case in a necessarily greatly enlarged sense, we support wholeheartedly.
Unfortunately, as pointed out to us some years ago by Prof. Werner Greuter,
Berlin, C arpenter overlooked the fact th a t his new ordinal name lacks either a Latin
255
 C z ec h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

description or diagnosis, or reference to a previously and effectively published Latin

description or diagnosis (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, A rt. 36.1).
His name is thus not validly published, as it does not follow the Code.
We choose not to provide a Latin diagnosis to validate Carpenters name, since
we do not need at this point to have a substitute for Nannfeldts Helotiales. In
an earlier paper, we have already validated Nannfeldts ordinal name (Korf and
Lizo 2000).
Quite to the contrary, we remain convinced th at a very few genera, centered on
the genus Leotia Pers., th a t have typically been placed in the Helotiales, deserve
ordinal recognition as different from the Helotiales, and we have thus recognized
the Leotiaceae Corda emend, as a separate family (Lizo et al. 1998) in a separate
order from the Helotiaceae Rehm, nom. conserv. (Korf et al. 1996), a name which
was conserved at the last International Botanical Congress. Lizo et al. (1998)
placed the Leotiaceae in this restricted sense in a separate order, Leotiales (no
author citation given), with only one family recognized. This is a very different use
of the name Leotiaceae than the greatly expanded one proposed by Korf (1973). We
know from correspondence with several colleagues th a t our position of recognizing
two orders for these fungi is viewed with some skepticism, but our proposal here is
to provide a valid ordinal name for such fungi whenever others agree with us th a t
both orders deserve recognition. If our position is proven to be incorrect, our new
ordinal name proposed here would merely become a later synonym of Helotiales
Nannf. B oth ordinal names will now become validly published.

L e o t i a l e s Korf et Lizo, ord. nov.

Ordo discomycetum inoperculatarum , distinctarum apotheciis strato excipuli

ectalis exteriore praeditis ex textura intricata vel porrecta in gelatino copioso
immersa formato (hoc strato interdum restricto ad pulvinum basalem gelatini ad
basim stipitis vel partim supra latera apotheciorum), strato interiori hypharum
parietibus exilibus vel textura cellulari non in gelatino praeditarum , et strato
medullari hypharum denuo in gelatino immerso.
An order of inoperculate discomycetes characterized by apothecia with the
outerm ost layer of the ectal excipulum composed of tex tu ra intricata to tex tu ra
porrecta immersed in a copious gel (sometimes this layer restricted to a basal pad
of gel at the base of the stipe or only part way up the flanks of the apothecia),
with an inner layer of thin-walled hyphae or a cellular tissue not in a gel, and
a medullary layer of hyphae again immersed in a gel.
Typus: Leotia Pers.: Fr (Persoon 1794) [automatic typification: ICBN A rt. 16.1]
Families included: Leotiaceae Corda (Corda 1842)
O ther genera included: Calloriopsis Syd. et P. Syd. (Sydow & Sydow 1917),
Gelatinopsis Rambold et Triebel (1990), Gelatinopulvinella Hosoya et Y. O tani
256
 K o r f R. P . a n d L i z o P .: T h e s t a t u s o f t h e o r d in a l n a m e L e o t i a l e s

(1995), Geocoryne Korf (Korf et al. 1978), Neobulgaria P etrak (1921), and
Pezoloma Clements (1909).

A cknowledgements

We thank Professor Werner Greuter, Berlin, for his consultation in this m atter,
and Professor William Dress, Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, for providing
the Latin description of the new ordinal name.

R eferences

C a r p e n t e r S. E . (1988): L eotiales, a n am e to replace H elotiales (A scom ycotina). - M ycologia

80: 127-130.
C l e m e n t s F . E . (1909): T h e g enera of fungi. H. W . W ilson C o ., M inneapolis.
C o iida A. J. K . (1842): leones fungorum . Vol. 5. J. G. Calve, P rah a.
H o s o y a T . a n d O t a n i Y. (1995): G elatinopulvinella astraeico la gen. e t sp. nov., a fungicolous
discom ycete and its an am o rp h . - M ycologia 87: 689-696.
K o r f R . P . (1973): C h a p te r 9. D iscom ycetes a n d T uberales. In: A insw orth G . C., Sparrow
F . K . a n d S ussm an A. S. (eds.), T h e Fungi, a n A dvanced T reatise, Volum e IVA. a Taxonom ic
R eview w ith Keys: A scom ycetes a n d Fungi Im perfecti, pp. 249-319. New York etc.
K o r f R . P ., I t u r r i a g a T . a n d L i z o , P . (1996): (1254) P ro p o sal to conserve th e fam ily nam e
H elotiaceae (Fungi). - T axon 45: 683-684.
Lizo P ., ITURRIAGA T . a n d K o r f R. P . (1998): A prelim inary discom ycete flora of M acaronesia:
p a rt 18, Leotiales. - M ycotaxon 67: 73-83.
K o r f R . P ., S i n g h R. N. a n d T e w a r i V. P . (1978): G eocoryne, a new genus of discom ycetes
from M acaronesia a n d India. - M ycotaxon 7: 141-151.
K o r f R. P . a n d LIZO P . (2000): V alidation of N an n feld ts ordinal nam e H elotiales. - M ycotaxon
75: 501-502.
N a n n f e l d t J . A. (1932): S tudien U ber die M orphologie und S ystem atik der nichtlichenisierten
in o p erc u la ten D iscom yceten. - N ova A c ta R egiae Soc. Sei. U psal., ser. 4, 8(2): 1-368.
P e r s o o n C. H. (1794): N eues Versuch einer sy stem atischen E intheilung der Schwm m e. - Neues
M ag. B ot. 1: 63-128.
P e t r a k F . (1921): M ykologische N otizen. - A nn. Mycol. 19: 17-128.
RAMBOLD G. and T r i e b e l D. (1990): G elatinopsis, G eltingera, Phaeopyxis: th ree H elotialean
g enera w ith lichenicolous species. N otes Roy. - B ot. G ard . E d inburgh 46: 375-389.
S y d o w H. a n d S y d o w P . (1917): B e itra g zur K enntnis zur Pilzflora der Philippininseln. - A nn.
M ycol. 15: 165-268.

257
C zech m ycol. 52 (4 ), 2001

Plicaria (Pezizales) in Britain, and Plicariella reinstated

B. M. Spo on er

H erb ariu m , Royal B otanic G ardens, Kew, R ichm ond, Surrey T W 9 3A E, U. K.

S p o o n er B. M. (2001) P lic a ria (P ezizales) in B rita in , a n d P licariella re in sta te d - Czech

M ycol. 52: 259-265
Species referred to P licaria Fuckel in B rita in are considered and a key provided for th eir
identification. O ne of th e m , P eziza radula Berk, et B room e, th e lectotype of P licariella (Sacc.)
R ehm , proves congeneric w ith P eziza scabrosa Cooke, th e ty p e of Scabropezia D issing e t Pfister.
P licariella (Sacc.) R ehm therefore provides an earlier nam e for Scabropezia.

K e y w o rd s : Pezizaceae, P licaria, P licariella, Scabropezia, P eziza radula, P eziza scabrosa,

B ritish Isles.

S p o o n er B. M . (2001): P lic a ria (Pezizales) v B rit n ii a n v ra t k rodovm u jm n u

P licariella. - C zech M ycol. 52: 259-265
H odnocen d ru h azench do ro d u P licaria Fuckel v B ritn ii a nvrh kle n a jejich urovn.
Je d e n z t c h to d ru h , P eziza radula Berk, e t B room e, lektotyp rodovho jm n a P licariella (Sacc.)
R ehm byl zjitn jak o identick s P eziza scabrosa Cooke, co je typov d ru h rodovho jm n a
Scabropezia D issing e t Pfister. P licariella je tu d sta rm jm nem pro Scabropezia.

I n tr o d u c tio n

Recent and ongoing studies on British Pezizales have included an investig

ation of Plicaria Fuckel, to which four British species are currently referred
(Cannon et al. 1985). Plicaria is closely related to Peziza Fr., having cupulate
to discoid apothecia and amyloid asci which stain more intensely at the apex.
In addition, a Chromelosporium anamorph is known for some species of both
genera and some authors, following Korf (1961), have preferred not to separ
ate them . However, as currently circumscribed, Plicaria is distinguished from
Peziza by its globose, pigmented ascospores, less complex excipular structure,
and adherent paraphyses (Dissing & Korf 1980; Dissing & Pfister 1981; Hirsch
1985). In addition, its constituent species have dark hymenial pigments and
occur on burnt ground, although these characters are shared by some species of
Peziza. A broader concept of Plicaria to include certain species with ellipsoid,
ornam ented, pigmented ascospores currently referred to Peziza was suggested by
Moravec & Spooner (1988), and a similar conclusion was presented by Egger (1987)
based on a study of extracellular tyrosinase as indicated by phenoloxidase tests.
F urther discussion on the delim itation of Plicaria is given by Rifai (1968) and
Hirsch (1985).
259
 C zech m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

Plicaria is also closely allied to Scabropezia Dissing & Pfister (Dissing &
Pfister 1981) which is similar in having globose spores and amyloid asci bu t differs
in ecology and in excipular structure. Species of Scabropezia are not associated
w ith burnt ground, and the receptacle surface is unlike th a t of Plicaria in having
conspicuous conical pustules composed of large, globose to angular cells (Dissing &
Korf 1980; Dissing & Pfister 1981). Several other genera of Pezizaceae are also
similar in having globose spore, and are reviewed by Dissing & Korf (1980).
These include Boudiera Cooke, distinguished from the above most notably by its
uniformly amyloid ascus wall, and by its small, pulvinate apothecia which occur
on damp, unburnt ground. A key to distinguish these genera is given by Dissing &
Pfister (1981). Sphaerozone Zobel, has indehiscent asci and subglobose to irregular,
convoluted ascom ata which are sub-hypogeous in development. Further discussion
of this genus in B ritain is given by Pegler et al. (1993).

Well over 100 names have been referred to Plicaria, though the m ajority of
these do not belong in the genus as currently circumscribed, and others can be
placed as synonyms. Only about ten species of Plicaria are currently recognised
(Hawksworth et al., 1995).
Amongst the four species reported as British is Plicaria radula (Berk. &
Broome) Boud., a little-known fungus th a t was described from England in 1846 and
which has remained uncollected for almost 150 years. The species has been placed
in Plicaria on account of its globose spores and amyloid asci but previous studies
by Eckblad (1968), Dissing & Pfister (1981), and Hirsch (1985) have concluded th a t
its true disposition is unclear. It was selected as lectotype of the genus Plicariella
by Eckblad (1968) which he placed as a synonym of Plicaria. However, examination
of the holotype and later collection of P. radula strongly suggests it is congeneric
with Peziza scabrosa Cooke, the type of Scabropezia Dissing & Pfister. Plicariella
therefore provides an earlier name for th a t genus.
A redescription and discussion of P. radula based on the holotype m aterial
preserved in K is presented here, and a combination in Plicariella for Peziza
scabrosa is proposed. A comparative description of the genus Plicaria and a key
for the identification of the three remaining British species are also provided.

P l i c a r i e l l a (Sacc.) Rehm in Rabenhorst, Krypt.-Fl. 1(3): 993 (1894)

Lectotype: Peziza radula Berk, et Broome

Phaeopezia Sacc. subgen. Plicariella Sacc., Bot. Centralbl. 18: 218 (1884)

P lic a r ie lla ra dula (Berk, et Broome) Rehm in Rabenhorst, Krypt. FL Deutsch

land, Oesterreich und der Schweiz 1, 3: 997 (1894)
260
 S p o o n e r B . M .: P l i c a r i a ( P e z i z a l e s ) in B r i t a i n , a n d P l ic a r i e l l a r e i n s t a t e d

Peziza radula Berk, et Broome, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 18: 77 (1846)
Aleuria radula (Berk, et Broome) Quelet in Enchiridion Fungorum p. 281 (1886)
Phaeopezia radula (Berk, et Broome) Sacc. in Syll. Fung. 8: 471 (1889)
Curreyella radula (Berk, et Broome) Massee in Brit, fung.-fl. 4: 401 (1895)
Plicaria radula (Berk, et Broome) Boud. in Hist. Class. Discom. d Europe
p. 50 (1907)

Apothecia shallow cupulate, sessile, rather thick-fleshed, c. (0.5?-) 1-2.5 cm

diam., disc dark vinous brown, surface of receptacle black when fresh (now
appearing dark blackish-brown), bearing conspicuous, conical pustules. Paraphyses
filiform, septate, obtuse, 4-6 /xm diam., slightly enlarged towards the apex, with
pale yellow-brown content. Asci 8-spored, cylindric, c. 330-400 x 23-32 /xm,
8-spored, wall amyloid throughout, more intensely stained at the apex. Ascospores
globose, pale brownish, 14-17 /xm diam. excluding ornament, ornamented either
(at first?) w ith blunt, fairly regular warts 1-1.5 /xm high X 1-2 /xm wide, or (at
m aturity?) with regular to irregular, bluntly conical spines c. 2-2.5 /xm high.
Anamorph: unknown
Saprobic, on soil.

S p e c im e n s e x a m in e d
ENGLAND: Gloucestershire (?), near Bristol, on the ground in woods, 25
Oct. 1845, ex herb M. J. Berkeley, K(M) 57723 (holotype). Gloucestershire,
Hanham , 22 Oct. 1853, C. E. Broome, K(M) 57721.

The above description is based on the cited collections, supplemented for size
range and colour of the apothecia from the original description. The collector and
exact locality of the type specimen is not stated. However, it is not impossible th at
the later collection by Broome is from the same locality, given as Hanham, then
a village in Gloucestershire c. 5 km to the east of Bristol.
As noted by Eckblad (1968) there are two collections under this name preserved
in K, cited above. These include the holotype which, due to an error in reading
of the date of collection as 1865 rather than 1845, was not recognised as such by
Eckblad. His designation of this collection as neotype is, therefore, superfluous.
Furtherm ore, as noted by Dissing & Pfister (1981) and Hirsch (1985), part of the
holotype is also preserved in Massees herbarium in NY.
Exam ination of the two collections in K shows them to be conspecific. Both
are now in poor condition so th a t details of excipular structure are impossible to
fully evaluate. However, the surface of the receptacle is, as stated in the original
description, clearly pustular with coarse, conical warts. These are composed of
large, rounded to slightly angular, pale brown cells (20-) 25-40 (-50) /xm diam.
with thin or slightly thickened walls 1-2 /xm thick. This structure was noted by
261
 C z e c h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

Massee (1895) based on an examination of the type collection, and is clearly

shown in a coloured illustration by Carleton Rea. The latter was copied from
Massees drawing of the type and is held at Kew. Though paraphyses are difficult
to examine, spore and ascus characters can be clearly observed. The latter are
amyloid throughout their length and more intensely so at the apex, confirming
the observation by Hirsch (1985). The holotype includes two packets, one with
a single apothecium c. 4 mm diam. in the dried state (so noted also by Eckblad,
1968), dark brown, rather thick-fleshed and with a distinctly pustular surface to
the receptacle. The second packet includes part of a single apothecium c. 7 mm
diam. which is conspecific. The second, later collection contains part of a single
apothecium c. 10 mm diam. This also has a distinctly pustular surface to the
receptacle and, contrary to the statem ent by Eckblad (1968), does contain asci
and spores. Asci in this specimen again have an amyloid wall more intensely
stained at the apex. Ascospores, present in the asci, are uniseriate, globose,
brownish, ornamented, and measure 14.5-16 ^m diam. excluding ornament. The
spore ornam ent comprises irregular, rounded to somewhat conical warts 11.5 /m
high x 1-1.5 fim across.
According to Hirsch (1985) two kinds of spores differing in their ornam entation
are found outside the asci in the holotype collection, and he concluded th a t the
identity of this m aterial is far from being clear . Also, as noted by Hirsch,
Dissing & Pfister (1981) referred to this as mixed collection. However, this seems
not to be the case as variation in spore ornam entation from low, regular or
irregular, rounded warts to conical, truncate spines has, in the present study,
been observed in spores within the asci. This variation presumably reflects
either the stage of development or variation in form of the ornam ent in this
species.
Plicariella radula appears to be a distinct species which requires recollection
to ascertain details of its ecology and anatomy. However, it shares with species
of Scabropezia a rather thick-fleshed apothecium with a pustular surface to the
receptacle atypical of Plicaria as well as globose, pigmented, verrucose ascospores.
It is here considered congeneric with the type of Scabropezia, and the following
combination is, therefore, required:

P lic a r ie lla sca b ro sa (Cooke) Spooner, comb. nov.

Peziza scabrosa Cooke in Mycographia p. 170 (1877) - basionym

Phaeopezia scabrosa (Cooke) Sacc., in Syll. Fung. 8: 472 (1889)
Scabropezia scabrosa (Cooke) Dissing & Pfister, Nord. J. Bot. 1: 103 (1981)

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 S p o o n e r B . M .: P l i c a r i a ( P e z i z a l e s ) in B r i t a in , a n d P l ic a r i e l l a r e i n s t a t e d

Plicaria Fuckel, Jahrb. Nass. Vereins f. Naturkunde 23-24: 325 (1870)

Lectotype: P. trachycarpa (Currey) Boud.
Curreyella Massee in Brit. fung.-fl. 4: 401 (1895)
Detonia Sacc. in Syll. Fung. 8: 105 (1889)

A pothecia solitary to gregarious, cupulate or discoid, sessile or with narrowed

attachm ent. Disc concave, smooth, brown to dark brown or reddish-brown.
Receptacle concolorous or paler than disc, surface almost smooth or finely pustular,
rarely coarsely warted. Flesh unlayered. Excipulum comprising globose to angular,
pale brown, thin-walled cells becoming more elongated and hyphal in the medullary
tissue. Asci operculate, cylindric, apex truncate-rounded, blue in Melzers Reagent,
wall brownish with age. Ascospores globose, hyaline at first, becoming brownish
at m aturity, guttulate, sometimes with a de Bary bubble, smooth or ornamented
w ith warts, spines or a reticulum; ornament cyanophilous. Paraphyses cylindric,
apically clavate, sometimes curved, contents sometimes brownish, sometimes
apically agglutinated by brown amorphous m atter forming a pseudo-epithecium.
Anamorph: Chromelosporium Corda
Saprobic, on burnt ground or rarely on peat or sterilised soil.

B r i t i s h s p e c ie s o f P l i c a r i a

P lic a r ia c a r b o n a ria (Fuckel) Fuckel, Jahrb. Nass. Vereins Naturk. 23-24:

326 (1870)
Plicaria anthracina (Cooke) Boud. in Icon, mycol. 2, pi. 307 (1906)
Peziza anthracina Cooke in Mycographia p. 235 (1879)
Peziza trachycarpa var. muricata Grelet, Bull. Soc. bot. Centre-Ouest 6:
44 (1937) (nom. inval.)
Galactinia muricata (Grelet) Le Gal, Bull. Soc. mycol. France 78: 212 (1962)
(nom. inval.)

For discussion and description see Breitenbach & Krnzlin (1984), Hirsch (1985),
M aas Geesteranus (1967), Dennis (1978).

P lic a r ia e n d o c a rp o id e s (Berk.) Rifai, Verhand. Koninkl. Nederlandse Akad.

W eten., N atuurk. 57 (3): 255 (1968)
Peziza endocarpoides Berk, in Hook, f., FI. nov. - zel. 2: 199 (1855)
Peziza leiocarpa Currey, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. ser. 2, 24: 493 (1864)
Plicaria leiocarpa (Currey) Boud., Bull. Soc. mycol. France 1: 102 (1885)
Galactinia leiocarpa (Currey) Le Gal, Bull. Soc. mycol. France 78: 212 (1962)

For discussion and detailed description see Rifai (1968), Hirsch (1985), Den
nis (1978).

263
 C z ec h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

P lic a r ia tra c h y c a rp a (Currey) Boud., Bull. Soc. mycol. France 1: 102 (1885)
Peziza trachycarpa Currey, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., Bot. ser. 2, 24: 493 (1864)
Curreyella trachycarpa (Currey) Massee, Brit, fung.-fl. 4: 401 (1895)
Galactinia trachycarpa (Currey) Le Gal, Bull. Soc. mycol. France 78: 212 (1962)

For a full description and discussion see Hirsch (1985), Dennis (1978).

Key to B ritish species of Plicaria

1. Spores smooth, 8-9 (-10) p m diam.; apothecia 2-6.5 cm diam., exuding yellow
ju i c e .................................................................................................... P. endocarpoides
1. Spores ornamented, (10-) 11-16 pm (excl. ornament), apothecia 1-3 cm diam.,
notexuding yellow ju ic e ................................................................................................ 2
2. Spore ornament of warts and short ridges to c. 1fim high;spores 10-13 pm
diam. ex cl.ornam ent....................................... it P. trachycarpa
2. Spore ornam ent coarser, of cylindric, truncate to conical warts an d /o r spines
1 .5 -2 (~ 2 .5 )/im high; spores 1 2 -1 3 m diam. excl. ornament . . . P . carbonaria

A cknow ledgem ent

Thanks are due to Dr. R. W. G. Dennis for helpful discussion, and for reading
the manuscript.

R e f e r e n c e s

B r e i t e n b a c h J . a n d K r a n z l in F . (1984): Fungi of S w itzerland. Vol. 1. A scom ycetes. V erlag

M ykologia, L ucerne.
C a n n o n P . F ., H a w k s w o r t h D. L. a n d S h e r w o o d - P i k e M. A. (1985): T h e B ritish Ascom y-
cotina. A n A n n o ta te d Checklist. C om m onw ealth A gricultural B ureaux, Slough.
COOKE M . C. (1879): M ycographia, seu leones F ungorum 1, D iscom ycetes. W illiam s & N orgate,
L ondon.
D e n n is R. W . G . (1978): B ritish A scom ycetes. C ram er, Vaduz.
D is s in g H. and K o r f R. P . (1980): P relim inary studies in th e g en era R uhlandiella, S phaerosom a,
a n d Sphaerozone (order Pezizales). - M ycotaxon 12: 287-306.
D is s in g H . a n d P f i s t e r D . H. (1981): Scabropezia, a new genus of Pezizaceae (Pezizales). -
N ordic Jo u rn a l of B otan y 1: 102-108.
E ckblad F .-E . (1968): T h e G enera of th e O p e rcu la te D iscom ycetes. A R e-evaluation of th e ir
T axonom y, Phylogeny a n d N om enclature. - N y tt M agasin for B o tan ik k 15: 1-191.
EGGER K . N. (1987): T h e taxonom ic value of phenoloxidase te s ts for se p a ra tin g P eziza and
P lica ria (Pezizales). - M ycotaxon 29: 183-188.
H a w k s w o r t h D. L., K i r k P . M ., S u t t o n , B. C. and P e g l e r , D. N. (1995): A insw orth &
B isbys D ictio nary of th e Fungi. E d. 8. CAB In tern a tio n a l, W allingford.
HENNEBERT G. L. (1973): B o try tis and B otrytis-like genera. - P ersoonia 7: 183-204.
H i r s c h G. (1985): T h e g enera S cabropezia and P lica ria in th e G erm an D em ocratic R epublic. -
A garica 6: 241258.

264
 S p o o n e r B . M .: P l i c a r i a ( P e z i z a l e s ) in B r i t a i n , a n d P l i c a r i e l l a r e i n s t a t e d

K o r f R. P . (1961): N om enclatural notes. IV. T h e generic nam e Plicaria. - M ycologia 52: 648-651.
M a a s GEESTERANUS R . A. (1967): S tudies in C up-Fungi - I. P erso o n ia 4: 417-425.
M a s s e e G . (1895). B ritish Fungus F lora. A Classified T extbook of Mycology. Vol. IV. G eorge
Bell & Sons, L ondon.
M o r a v e C J . a n d SPOONER B. M. (1988): Peziza vacinii (Pezizales), w ith notes on taxonom y of
re la te d brow n-spored species. - T ran sactio n s of th e B ritish M ycological Society 90: 43-48.
P e g l e r D . N ., S p o o n e r B. M. a n d Y o u n g T . W . K . (1993): B ritish Truffles. A R evision of
B ritish H ypogeous Fungi. Royal B otanic G ardens, Kew.
RlFAI M . (1968): T h e A u stralasian Pezizales in th e H erbarium of th e Royal B o tanic G ardens
Kew. - V erhand. K oninkl. N ederlandse A kad. W eten, N atu u rk . 2, 57 (3): 1-295.
S a c c a r d o P . A. (1884): C onspectus generum D iscom yceteum hucusque cognitorum . - B otan-
isches C e n tra lb la tt 18: 213-220.

265
C zec h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

Ascomycetes from burnt places in the NW Patagonia, Argentina

I r m a J. G a m u n d i a n d L a u r a E . L o r e n z o

D e p a rta m e n to de B otnica, C entro R egional U niversitario Bariloche,

U niversidad N acional del C om ahue, Q u in tral 1250,
8400-San C arlos de Bariloche, R io Negro, A rgentina
em ail: igam u n d iO cru b .uncom a.edu.ar, llorenzo@ crub.uncom a.edu.ar

G am u n d i, I. J . a n d L. E . L orenzo (2001): A scom ycetes from b u rn t places in th e N W

P a ta g o n ia , A rg en tin a . - C zech M ycol. 52: 267-275
T w o Pezizales a n d th ree Sordariales are described from b u rn t places in a n indigenous
forest of N othofagus and p a ta g o n ian ste p p e in S outhern S outh A m erica, a b o u t one year after
a sp o n ta n eo u s fire occurred. A brief account of th e vegetation is given, as well as m eth o d s
em ployed. TH charina gilva a n d A scobolus archeri are described on th e Pezizales; Coniochaeta
saccardoi, S tra tto n ia carbonaria, and Jugulospora rotula on th e Sordariales.

K e y w o r d s : A scom ycetes, b u rn t places, P a tag o n ia , A rgentina

G a m u n d i I. J . a L orenzo L. E. (2001): A scom ycetes ze spleni v sev ero zp ad n P a ta g o n ii

(A rg e n tin a ). - C zech M ycol. 52: 267-275
D va z stu p c i d u Pezizales a t i d u Sordariales jso u popisovny ze spleni v pvodnch
lesch s N othofagus a z patagonsk stepi v jin sti Jin Am eriky. H ouby byly zjitny
rok p o v y p u k n u t sp o n t n n h o poru. Je p o d n strun n rt vegetace a m eto d , k ter byly
pouity. B yly zjitny d ruhy z d u Pezizales T richarina gilva a A scobolus archeri a dle
z d u S ordariales C oniochaeta saccardoi, S tra tto n ia carbonaria a Jugulospora rotula. Popisy
jm enovanch d ru h jso u uvedeny.

IN T R O D U C T IO N

The analysis of the mycobiota of natural burnt sites is part of a comprehensive

project on Fungal Diversity in NW Patagonia.
There is no previous studies on the mycobiota of burnt sites in Argentina.
Only sparse records of carbonicolous species can be found mainly in papers dealing
w ith taxonomy as Gamundi (1964, 1975, 1986), Gamundi & G iaiotti (1998) and
Singer (1969).
Studies approached here were performed in natural environments, forest and
steppe, in the neibourghood of San Carlos de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina,
after fires occurred in summer 1999.
From the phytogeografical point of view, those places belong to the Sub-
antarctic Province, and fall into the districts of the Pre-Andean Evergreen Forest
( Bosque Preandino Perennifolio) and Preandean Steppe of Festuca pallescens
( Preandino de las Estepas de Festuca pallescens ) according to Roig (1998).
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 C zec h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

Vegetation of the forest before the burning was mainly composed by a canopy
layer dom inated by Nothofagus dombeyi and Austrocedrus chilensis, a shrub layer
of Nothofagus antarctica, Schinus patagonicus, Diostea juncea, Berberis darwinii,
Chusquea culeou, Mutisia decurrens and M. spinosa.
The original steppe vegetation was mainly herbaceous-shruby. The herbaceous
layer was dom inated by coirones such as Festuca pallescens and Stipa speciosa
associated with cushions of Acaena splendens. The shruby layer was represented
by Mulinum spinosum, Escallonia virgata, Colletia hystrix and Discaria chacayae,
among other species.
In this first contribution species of Ascomycetes are recorded, which were
collected recently on burnt sites. Only those insulficienltly known are described
and illustrated.

M a t e r ia l a n d m ethods

Three sampling sites were choosen. Sites 1 and 2 in the burnt forest are located
in the SW slopes of Cerro Catedral, at 1500 m alt. (41 10 S; 71 26 W) in the
neibourghood of the p ath Los Eslovenos to the Refugio Frey. The fire on Cerro
C atedral burned from February 22-March 2, 1999.
Site 3 is located on the burnt steppe, Provincial Road No. 23 to Pilcaniyeu,
about 50 m along the road, which is 6 km from Laguna de los Juncos, near railway
station Perito Moreno, at 900 m alt. (41 10 S; 71 W). The fire occurred on
Febrary 22, 1999 and controlled approximately a week later.
The first sampling was performed in spring (September 1999). Sampling sites
were visited monthly w ith the purpose to obtain fruitbodies in the field. Bimonthly
burnt soil samples were collected, incubated in a moist chamber in the laboratory
and observed periodically until fructification, mainly to detect small ascomata.
The m aterial is kept in the Herbarium of Centro Regional Universitario
Bariloche, Universidad Nacional del Comahue (BCRU).
Hawksworth et al. (1995) is used for the taxonomic position of species. A uthors
names are abbreviated according Brum m it & Powell (1992).

P e z iz a le s
O tid e a e c e a e
T ric h a r in a gilva (Boud. in Cooke) Eckbl., N ytt. Mag. Bot. 15: 60. 1968.
=Peziza gilva Boud. in Cooke, Mycographia: 240, fig. 406. 1879.

Measures of our collections are given here:

A p o th e c ia diameter: 5-7 mm; asci: 180-205 x 10-15 /xm; p a r a p h y s e s :
4-5 /nm diam at the apex; a s c o s p o re s : 14-15.5 (17.5) x 9.5-10 /xm, l:w = 1.5:1;
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 G a m u n d , I. J . a n d L. E. L o r e n z o : A s c o m y c e t e s f r o m b u r n t p l a c e s

m a r g in a l h a ir s (type I): 110-230 x 5-7.5 /xm; e c ta l e x c ip u lu m : 60-75 /xm

thick, globose cells 15-50 /xm diam.; m e d u lla r e x c ip u lu m : 35-60 /xm thick,
hyphae 3.4-5 /xm diam.

Although congruent in some aspects to Yang & Korf (1985) description, we

found some differences: a) the disc colour is consistently more brilliant in our
collections, aurantiacus in fresh specimens; b) hairs are shorter, up to 400 /xm
in Yang & K orfs description; c) our collections are strictly carbonicolus. These
authors stated th a t Ascorhizoctonia Yang & Korf is the anamorph.
The m aterial agrees in apothecial colour, shape, micromorphology (excipulum,
hypothecium , hairs, asci, ascospores and paraphyses) to the description and mag
nificent illustrations given by van Brummelen (1983). We accept this description
of the species, more ample than the one given by Yang & Korf (1985).
There are two other pyrophilous species of Tricharina: T. praecox (Karst.)
Dennis and T. cretea (Cooke) Boud., both reduced to varieties of T. praecox by
Yang & Korf (1985). Our collections differs from the first one in having smooth
epispore, w ithout any trace of cyanophilic ornam entation nor polar granules in the
spores; from T. cretea in shape of ascospores, more elongated in this species and
w ith disc colour paler.
We accept the emendation of Tricharina given by Yang & Korf (1985) who
place species which have hairs upon the entire excipulum, forming mycorrhiza and
possessing anam orphs in Complexipes under Wilcoxina Yang & Korf. Molecular
studies (Egger 1996) support the segreggation of the both genera.
This is the first record of Tricharina gilva for Argentina.

C o lle c tio n s . ARGENTINA, Rio Negro, Nahuel Huapi Nat. Park, Cerro
Catedral, p ath Los Eslovenos , to Refugio Frey, leg. L. Lorenzo, M. Havrylenko &
E. Bernasconi, 14-11-2000. Site 2. On burnt soil, 12 m onth after fire, BCRU. 4180,
Ibidem, 3-V-2000, site 2., BCRU 4182, Ibidem, leg. L. Lorenzo, M. I. Messuti,
M. Havrylenko & E. Bernasconi, 3-V-2000, site 1, BCRU 418. A d d itio n a l
m a t e r i a l s tu d ie d . France, Caen, leg. R. Maire, III-1911, in caldariis , det.
J. L. E. Boudier, Herbarium Boudier (P), under Tricharia gilva Boud.

H a b i t a t . On burnt soil, 15 month after fire.

I l l u s t r a t i o n s . Boudier, J. L. E., Icones Mycologicae III, PL 347. 1904

as Tricharia gilva-, Svrcek, M. Cesk Druhy Podceledi Lachneoideae, Tab. I,
fig. 10-11, 1948 as Lachnea gilva-, Dennis, R. W. G., British Ascomycetes,
Pl. IX. 1981; Breitenbach, J. k Krnzlin, F. Pilze der Schweiz, I, PI. 71, 1981.
Brummelen v., J. Observations on the variability of Tricharina gilva, Crypt.,
Mycol. 4. figs. 1-2. 1983.
269
 C z ec h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

F ig . 1. scobolus archeri 1-5, C oniochaeta saccardoi 6 -9 I

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A s c o b o la c e a e

A s c o b o lu s a rc h e ri Berk, in Hooker f., Botany Antarctic voyage III, 2: 276.

1860.
(Fig. 1: 1-5).

A p o th e c ia discoid to patelliform, 3-5 mm diam.; disc umbrinus to fuli-

gineus in fresh, due to the m ature asci, hymenial mucus greenish; margin entire,
thin, inflexed when drying; receptaculum glabrous, pale brownish with a greenish
tinge, brown at the base. A sci cylindrical, 8-spored with walls slightly amyloid,
im m ature asci dextrinoid, (145-) 190-225 x (17-) 20-25 /xm. P a r a p h y s e s filiform,
hyaline, flexuous, branched in the upper part, embedded in the hymenial mucus,
2-5 fim diam. A s c o s p o re s 1-seriate to 2-seriate, dark brown, ellipsoidal, eguttu-
late, verrucose, with coarse verrucae uniform in diameter, 18.4-21 x 11.7-14.5 /xm.
Inm ature ascospores slightly amyloid.
E x c ip u lu m of a textura globulosa, homogeneous, the 2-3 external layers
brownish, cells with brown walls, 12.5-50 /xm diam., the colour diluting to become
hyaline in the inner part. S u b h y m e n iu m brownish, of a textura globulosa, the
cells smaller th an in the excipulum.

C o lle c tio n s . Argentina, Rio Negro, Nahuel Huapi Nat. Park, Cerro Catedral,
p ath Los Eslovenos to Refugio Frey, leg. L. Lorenzo, M. Havrylenko & E. Bernas
coni, Site 1 & 2, 14-11-2000, BCRU 4183; Ibidem, 22-VI-2000. Appeared in moist
chamber at the laboratory after 45 days of incubation, BCRU 4174.

H a b i t a t on burnt soil among mosses.

Ascobolus archeri is similar to Ascobolus carbonarius P. Karst., from which is

distinguished by the smaller and elliptical ascospores without truncate ends and
more uniform verrucae. The collections agree with van Brummelens description
(1967:146).
Initially described for Tasmania, Australia, this is the first record for South
America. Figs. 1-5 illustrate this peculiar carbonicolous species.

S o r d a r ia le s

Coniochaetaceae
C o n io c h a e ta sa c c a rd o i (Marchal) Cain, R. F. University of Toronto Studies,
Biol. Ser., 38: 65. 1934.
=Hypocopra saccardoi Marchal, Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 24: 59. 1885.
(Fig. 1: 6-9
271
 C zech m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

P e r i t h e c i a scattered, superficial, dark brown to nearly black and opaque,

ostiolate, globose to pyriform, 220-308 x 148-220 /xm; with a short papillate
neck; covered with sparse dark brown setae, septated, swollen at the base,
rounded apically, straight to slightly undulate, 16-80 X 3-4 /xm at the base;
peridium pseudoparenchymatous, outer peridial cells isodiametric and angular.
A sci 8-spored, 97-110 x 7-9 /xm, cylindrical, rounded apically, w ithout apical
ring, shortly estipitate. P a r a p h y s e s filiform, longer than asci, septate, ca. 4 /xm
wide. A s c o s p o re s uniseriate, unicellular, dark brown, narrowly ellipsoid, smooth,
12-15 x 4-5.5 x 4-5 /jm, germ slit longitudinal, running full-length.

C o lle c tio n s . ARGENTINA, Prov. Rio Negro, Dpto. Pilcaniyeu, R uta Pro
vincial N 23, Estacin Perito Moreno, on burnt soil incubated in moist chamber,
3-VII-2000, Lorenzo, BCRU 4177.

H a b i t a t : on burnt soil.

This species has been reported on dung, soil, stems and decaying leaves (Cain,
1934; Kobayashi et. al., 1969; Furuya & Udagawa, 1973, Mahoney & LaFavre,
1981; Spooner, 1984 and Checa et al. 1988, Ellis & Ellis, 1988). C. saccardoi has
not been registered to date growing on burnt soil and is the first recorde from
Argentina.
C. saccardoi appeared on steppe burnt soil (site 3) in a moist chamber at the
laboratory after two months of incubation.

L a s io s p h a e r ia c e a e

S tr a tto n ia c a rb o n a ria (Phill. et Plowr.) Lundq. Symb. Bot. Upsal 20: 269.
1972.
=Sphaeria carbonaria Phill. et Plowr. Grevillea 2:188. 1874.
Illustration: Lundqvist, 1972: 269.

Measures of our collections are given here:

P e r i t h e c i a 366-430 x 220-310 /xm; a s c i 180-220 x 11-12 /xm; a s c o s p o re s

upper cell 18-22 x 8-9 /xm; pedicel 2.5-5 /xm as long as broad.

T he m aterial coincides in perithecial shape and size, micromorphology (peri

dium, hairs, asci, ascospores and paraphyses) with the description given by
Lundqvist (1972). The author (op. cit.) established th at Strattonia carbonaria
is a purely terricolous species, perhaps restricted to burnt soil, and is probably
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 G a m u n d i , I. J . a n d L . E . L o r e n z o : A s c o m y c e t e s f r o m b u r n t p l a c e s

overlooked and more common than appears from the records. Strattonia carbonaria
is first recorded from Argentina.

C o lle c tio n s . ARGENTINA, Rio Negro, Nahuel Huapi Nat. Park, Cerro
C atedral, p ath Los Eslovenos , to Refugio Frey, leg. L. Lorenzo, 1-VI-2000.
Site 1. On burnt soil and plant debris incubated in moist chamber at the
laboratory, BCRU 4175.

H a b it a t : This species appeared on forest burnt soil in a moist chamber at the

laboratory after one m onth of incubation.

I l l u s t r a t i o n s : Phillips k Plowright 1897, pi. 25:3; Boudier 1878, pi. 4:8, as

Sphaeria sepulta; M outon 1897, pi. A: 2; 1900, pi. 2: 1, as Bombardia bracyura;
Chenantais 1919, pi. 1:15; Cain 1934, fig.42; Lundqvist 1972 figs. 62:a,b,e-j, pi. 53:
a-c; Dennis 1981, fig. 12 E; Ellis k Ellis 1988, fig. 170.

J u g u lo sp o ra ro tu la (Cooke) Lundq. Symb. Bot. Upsal. 20: 260. 1972.

=Sphaeria rotula Cooke, Handbook of British fungi 2: 868. 1871.

Measures of our collections are given here:

P e r i t h e c i a 293-420 x 220-280 /xm; a sc i 150-180 x 14-15 /xm; a s c o s p o re s

upper cell 14-20 x 14-16 p,m; pedicel 2.5-3.2 /xm, isodiametric.

The m aterial coresponds in perithecial shape and size, micromorphology (peri-

dium, hairs, asci, ascospores and paraphyses) with the description given by
Lundqvist (1972), except in the ascospores size. Our specimens deviate however
from the original description by larger subglobose spores. This species seems to be
strictly totally carbonicolous.

C o lle c tio n s . Argentina, Prov. Rio Negro, San Carlos de Bariloche, Cerro
Catedral, picada Los Eslovenos al refugio Frey, on burnt soil and plant debris
incubated in moist chamber, 3-VII-2000, Lorenzo, BCRU 4178; Dpto. Pilcaniyeu,
R u ta Provincial N 23, Estacin Perito Moreno, on burnt soil incubated in moist
chamber, 22-VI-2000, Lorenzo, BCRU 4176.

I l l u s t r a t i o n s : M outon 1897, pi. A: 3. Lundqvist 1967, figs. 26-28, 32, 33.

Lundqvist 1972, fig. 59, pi.49; Dennis 1981, fig.12 D, Ellis k Ellis 1988, fig. 169.

H a b i t a t . On burnt soil.
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 C z e c h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 200 1

This species appeared on forest burnt soil (site 1) in a moist chamber at the
laboratory after two months of incubation, and on steppe burnt soil (site 3) after
one m onth and a half of incubation.

This brief contribution is dedicated to Dr. Mirko Svrcek, a distinguished scholar

dedicated for many years to study Czechoslovakian discomyecetes, by colleagues
in a distant part of the world.

A ck n o w le d g e m e n t

We thank M aria Sol Souza for inking the drawings.

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C rip to g m ica de T ie rra del Fuego X (3), 126 pp. B uenos Aires.
G a m undi I. J. a n d G ia io t t i A. (1998): N otas sobre D iscom ycetes A n dino-P atagnicos II. Nove
dades taxonm icas. - D arw iniana 35 (1 -4 ): 49-60.
E l l is M. B. a n d E l l is J. P . (1988): M icrofungi on M iscellaneous S u b stra tes. - 244 pp. L ondon.
F u r u y a K . a n d U d a g a w a S. (1973): C oprophilous Pyrenom ycetes from Ja p a n III. - T rans.
M ycol. Soc. Ja p a n 14: 7-30.
H a w k s w o r t h D. L., S u t t o n B. C. and A i n s w o r t h G . C. (1995): A insw orth & B isbys
D ictionary of th e Fungi. - 616 pp. Kew.
K o b a y a s h i Y ., H i r a t s u k a N ., O t a n i Y ., T u b a k i K ., U d a g a w a S . an d S o n e d a M. (1969): T h e
second re p o rt on th e M ycological F lo ra of th e A laskan. - A rtie. Bull. N atl. Sci. M us. 12:
311-426.

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 G a m u n d i , I. J . a n d L . E . L o r e n z o : A s c o m y c e t e s f r o m b u r n t p l a c e s

L u n d q v is t N . (1967): O n spore o rn a m e n ta tio n in th e Sordariaceae, exem plified by th e new

cleisto carp o u s genus Coprom yces. - A rk. B ot., Ser. 2, 6(7): 327-337.
L und q vist N. (1972): N ordic S ordariaceae s. lat. - Sym b. B ot. U ppsal. 20: 1-374.
M a h o n e y D. P . a n d L a F a v r e J. S. (1981): C oniochaeta e x tra m u n d a n a , w ith a synopsis of o th er
C o n io ch aeta species. - M ycologia 73 931-952.
M o uton V. (1897): 3 e notice su r des A scom yctes noveaux ou peu connus. - Bull. Soc. Roy.
B o t. Belg. 36(2): 10-21.
R oig F . A. (1998): L a V egetacin de la P atag o n ia. - In: C orrea M. N. (ed.) F lo ra P a tag n ic a
P a rte I. Coleccin C ientfica I. N. T . A. Tom o V III. - 48-166 pp. Buenos Aires.
S i n g e r R. (1969): M ycoflora A ustralis. Beihefte Z ur N ova H edw igia 29: 1405.
S p o o n e r B. M. (1984): A n account of th e fungi of A rra, G igha and K intyre. Kew Bull. 38:
503-597.
S v r e k M. (1948): esk dru h y podeledi L achneoideae ( e l. Pezizaceae). (B ohem ian species of
Pezizaceae subf. L achneoideae). - Sb. N rod. M us. P ra z e 4B (6): 1-95, pi. I-XII.

275
C zech m ycol. 52 (4 ), 2001

The occurrence of the rare Ciboria aestivalis in Europe

R. G a l a n 1 and J. T . P a l m e r 2

d e p a r t m e n t of P la n t Biology, U niversity of A lcal,

A lcal de H enares, 28871 M adrid, Spain
225, Beech R oad, S u tto n W eaver, v ia R uncorn,
C heshire W A7 3E R , U. K.

G a l n R . a n d P a lm e r J . T . (2001): T h e o ccu rren ce o f th e ra re C ib o ria aestiv alis in E u ro p e

- C zech M ycol. 52: 277-289
T h e a u th o rs re p o rt th e finding in S outhern Spain of a n a p p are n tly rare fungus: Ciboria
aestivalis (Pollock) W h etzel (Sclerotiniaceae) growing on m um m ified quinces ( C ydonia oblonga
M iller). O riginally described from apples ( M alus sp.) in th e U nited S ta te s, th e species has also
been re p o rte d on o th e r pom aceous a n d sto n e fru its in A u stralia. A recent re p o rt from F rance is
based on a m isidentification, w hilst a B ritish reference to im p o rted fru it refers to m um m ified
quinces b ro u g h t from A u stralia. T h e inoculation of various fresh fruits produced m um m ies w hich
developed ap o th e cia , also on blackened pips from a m um m ified apple, w hilst stro m a ta form ed in
P. D. A. c ultures. T h e a p o th e cia are described in d e ta il and illu stra te d , including th e type. Its
generic p lacem ent in th e Sclerotiniaceae is discussed.

K e y w o rd s : Ciboria, Sclerotiniaceae, m um m ification of fruits, Spain

G a l n R. a P a lm e r J . T . (2001): V sk y t vzcnho d ru h u C ib o ria aestiv alis v E v ro p . -

C zech M ycol. 52: 277-289
Je referovno o nlezu v jinm panlsku, zejm vzcn houby Ciboria aestivalis (Pollock)
W h etzel (Sclerotiniaceae) rostouc n a m um ifikovanch m alvicch kdoule ( C ydonia oblonga
M iller). P v o d n byl d ru h po p sn z plod jablon ve Spojench S ttech a pozdji byl te n to d ru h
hlen t z jinch jd ro v in a peckovin z A ustrlie. Inokulace rznch erstvch plod vytvoila
m um ifikovan plody, k ter produkovaly ap o te cia (tak n a zernalch jablkch), z atm co s tro m a ta
se v y tv e la v k u ltu e n a bram boro-dextrzovm agaru. Jsou d etailn popisovna a vyobrazena
ap o te c ia vetn ty p u . Je diskutovno rodov zaazen v rm ci eledi Sclerotiniaceae.

M a t er ia l a n d m e t h o d s

Measurements of living cells (*) were made in tap water, with dead cells (f) in
tap water, Melzers reagent (MLZ), KOH 2%, and Aqueous cresyl blue (CRB)
c. 0.5. The light microscopes used, both equipped with phase contrast, were
a Nikon Labophot-2 (R. G.) and an Olympus BHT, fitted with a drawing
attachm ent (J.T .P.), with magnifications up to 1250x The photomicrographs were
made with a Nikon microscope, Labophot-2, equipped with phase contrast and
having an incorporated system of autom atic photography. Culture methods, using
P o tato Dextrose Agar (P.D.A.) are in accordance with Galn & al. (1996), whilst
apothecial colours follow Kornerup & Wanscher (1967).
277
 C z ec h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

Specimens have been deposited in AH (the herbarium of Alcal University,

Spain) and J.T .P. (personal herbarium of the second author) with duplicates in
CUP (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, U. S. A.), and A. M. S. S. (herbarium
of the Asociacin Micolgica de las Sierras Subbticas , Priego de Crdoba,
Spain). The holotype is preserved in B PI (Herbarium of the U. S. National Fungus
Collections, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U. S. A.).
Abbreviations: * living state, f = dead state

I n t r o d u c t io n

This apparently rare species was collected on old, blackened quinces at Priego
de Crdoba, Zagrilla in Crdoba province, Spain, 10. XII. 1995 (A. M. S. S. 956)
by J. Gmez and B. Moreno-Arroyo (Gmez & al., 1999) with specimens sent by
Mr. Gmez to R. G. for identification (AH 7108 and J.T .P. 4890).
Three mummified fruits from the same locality were later sent to J.T .P ., who
placed them in dam p chambers, i.e. closed plastic boxes. A single apothecium
(with one half in JT P 4895 and the other half in AH 7085) developed on one
fruit on 19. VIII. 96, and from which cultures were obtained on P.D.A. from
a mass-spore discharge, which subsequently formed immersed strom ata but no
apothecia developed in either this or subcultures. Single apothecia subsequently
developed on the same mummy and were harvested on 27-IX. and ll-IX-1997.
Various fresh fruits, apples [Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Sunset] and Ja
pnica [Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai], both from J.T .P .s garden, and
quinces [Cydonia oblonga Miller] from Bad Mergentheim, Baden-W rttem burg,
Germany, were inoculated in October, 1996, with culture m aterial and placed
in dam p chambers, some of which eventually completely mummified. Apothecia
subsequently developed on the mummified pomes of all three fruits and were
harvested as they m atured.

H is t o r y

Found on mummified apples at Ann Arbor and Palm yra, Michigan, U. S. A.,
from 26th June to 9th August, 1909, and described as Sclerotinia aestivalis by
Pollock (1909), the species appears to have been later collected on apples in
a neglected greenhouse at College Park, Maryland, U. S. A., in November, 1911,
by Demaree (1912), who reported it as a Sclerotinia sp. He thought it could
be the perfect state of Monilia uredoformis (sic) = M. urediniformis Ellis
et Everhart (1893), when it would be referred to Sclerotinia as Sclerotinia
uredoformis. The type, therefore, would have been a Monilinia, an anamorph,
which is not acceptable for a telemorphic name, but as Demareee very clearly
278
G a l An R . a n d P a l m e r J . T . : T h e o c c u r r e n c e o f t h e r a r e C i b o r i a a e s t iv a l is in E u r o p e

used the subjunctive, the name was therefore provisional and has no nomenclatural
status. A further collection was reported from M aryland in Norton et al. (1923).
The fungus was found in 1921 on apples near Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
by Harrison (1922), and later (Harrison 1928 and 1935) also on apricots, quinces
and, subsequently, on peaches, pears and plums, from December to March, who, on
the advice of H. H. Whetzel, proposed a new combination in Ciboria. Seaver (1961)
gave a similar description to Pollocks with the distribution as Michigan and
M aryland?; also in Australia on various fruits . Cannon & al. (1985) stated on
im ported fruit for the British Isles but enquiries with Dr. Cannon ascertained
th a t it was based on an earlier report of the species under its synonym, recorded
in R am sbottom & Balfour-Brownes (1951) list of UK discomycetes, which reports
Sclerotinia aestivalis Pollack (sic), grown by F. Harrison on quince brought
to this country from Australia, May 1931 in Herb. BM , which herbarium was
subsequently transferred to K. Harrison (1935) mentions bringing mummified
quinces from Australia, which were moistened to produce apothecia for a British
Mycological Association (sic) meeting in November, 1930 etc. Spooner (1987)
studied two of H arrisons collections on quinces and provided a detailed redescrip
tion. B atra (1991) under Imperfectly known Monilinia, Related Parasites and
Excluded tax a discussed Demarees findings and repeated Pollocks diagnosis,
with the comment After examining the type (BPI), I am unable to ascribe it
to the Sclerotiniaceae (sic) . The collection on a discarded peach nut in the
Fort de St. Sever, Normandy, France, on 26th September 1994, mentioned in
Shorten (1995) is an error as examination of the alleged peach nut by J.T.P.
found it to be a typically wrinkled mummified cotyledon of a Quercus sp. bearing
apothecia of Ciboria batschiana (Zopf) Buchw. (CRO 176 and J.T .P. 4980).
Enquiries have ascertained th at there are no collections of Ciboria aestivalis in
IMI and only Harrison m aterial from Australia in CUP and K.

D e s c r ip t io n

C ib o ria a e s tiv a lis (Pollock) Whetzel in Harrison, Mycologia 27: 317 (1935)
Basionym: Sclerotinia aestivalis Pollock, Rept. Mich. Acad. Sci. 11: 53 (1909)
A p o th e c ia clustered with short stipes in nature but single to sparse, with
stipes of varying length, on mummified pome fruits ( Chaenomeles speciosa, Malus
domestica and Cydonia oblonga) inoculated with culture media and mummified
in closed plastic boxes, also on blackened pips from within a mummified pome
of Malus domestica. D isc slightly cupulate, becoming plane to shallowly or more
deeply cupulate, sometimes convex, with varying reddish shades tending to darken
w ith age, 2-4 mm diam in the Spanish collection (AH 7108), 0.7-4.5 mm diam on
279
 C zech m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

T a b l e 1. Disc, flank a n d stip e colours, all fresh a p o th e cia except for AH 7108 (S panish collection),
w hich w as revived, p e r K ornerup & W anscher (1967)

Herbarium K. & W. Key colour K. & W. Key colour K. & W. Key colour
collection name - DISC name - FLANK name - STIPE

AH 7108 7A4 Pastel red 7A2 Reddish or pinkish white 7A2 Reddish or pinkish white

J.T.P. 4890 7A5 Pastel red 7A2 Reddish or pinkish white 7A2 Reddish or pinkish white

J.T.P. 4890 7B8 Reddish orange 8A2 Reddish or pinkish white 8A2 Reddish or pinkish white

J.T.P. 4895 8B6 Greyish red 8A2 Reddish or pinkish white 8B6 Greyish red

J.T.P. 4945 7A3 pale red 5A2 Orange white 9B4 Greyish red (up)/7E5 Brown (low)

J.T.P. 4946 6B4 Light orange 6B4 Light orange 6B4 Light orange

J.T.P. 4947 7B3 Greyish red 7B3 Greyish red 7B3 Greyish red

J.T.P. 4950 6A2 Orange white 7C3 Brownish orange 7C3 Brownish orange

J.T.P. 4950 6A3 Pale orange 6A3 Pale orange 6A3 Pale orange

J.T.P. 4950________ 6B2 Orange grey________ 6A2 Orange white_______________ 6A2 Orange white____________________

T a b le 2. C om parison of published m easurem ents for asci and ascospores, show ing m inim um ,
average a n d m axim um , w ith those found by a u th o rs in ta p w ater.

P u b lic a tio n / H e rb a riu m ASCI SPO RES

co llection

Pollock (1909) 51.0-85.0 X 6.0 -8 .5 /x m 6.4 -1 1 .9 X 2.0 -3 .4 /x m

Demaree (1912) 4 4 .0-64.0 X 4.0 -6 .0 /x m 6.0 -8 .0 X 2 .0 -3 .0 /x m

Harrison (1935) 56.6-81.7 X 4.8 -7 .7 /x m 6 .0 -8 .5 7 -1 0 .0 X 2 .0 -2 .9 7 -3 .5 /x m

Spooner (1987) 60.0-82.5 X 6 .5 -7 5 / x m f 7 .5 -8 .3 -1 0 .0 X 2 .5 -2 .7 -3 .0 / x m f

BPI 573925 Holotype 64.0-70.0 X 4 8-5.6 / x m f 4 .0 -7 .0 -8 .8 X 1 .7 -2 .3 -3 .2 / x m f

AH 7108 / J.T.P. 4890 76.0 -9 0 .0 X 5.0-6.5 /x m * 5 .6 -7 .9 -1 1 .2 X 2 2 -2 .6 -3 .2 /x m *

J.T.P. 4895 6 8 .0 -7 7 .0 -8 6 .0 X 8 .0 -8 .1 -9 .0 /X m * 8 .0 -8 .9 -1 1 .2 X 2 .4 -2 .8 -3 .6 / x m

J.T.P. 4945 7 2 .0 -8 2 .0 -9 2 .0 X 6 .0 -6 .8 -8 .0 /x m * 7 .8 -9 .6 -1 2 .0 X 2 .3 -2 .8 ^ t.0 /x m *

J.T.P. 4946 6 1 .0 -7 7 .0 -9 2 .0 X 5 .0 -6 .8 -8 .0 /x m * 7 .7 -8 .6 -1 0 .4 X 1 .8 -2 .5 -3 .3 /x m *

J.T.P. 4947 7 2 .0 -7 7 .0 -8 6 .0 X 6 .0 -6 .1 -7 .0 /x m * 7 .8 -9 .4 -1 0 .8 X 2 .0 -2 .4 -2 .6 /x m *

J.T.P. 4950_______________________6 9 .0 -7 7 .0 -9 0 .0 X 5 .0 -7 .0 -7 .2 /x m * 7 .4 -9 .5 -1 0 .4 X 1 .9 -2 .8 -3 .3 /x m *

inoculated fruit, 0.5-1.3 mm diam in the holotype (after reviving apothecia, see
Fig. 1). Colour variation shown in Table 1.
R e c e p ta c le tapering downwards into stipe, similar to or concolorous with disc
and stipe (see Table 1), minutely downy at surface due to protruding excipular,
catenulate cells. S tip e equal w idth or slightly tapering downwards, sometimes
waved, often concolorous with disc or receptacle, sometimes darkening to almost
black in Spanish collection, otherwise 1 .2 -7 (-ll) x 0.1-0.8 mm. Colour variation
show in table 1. E c t a l e x c ip u lu m very sharply delimited but poorly developed
(ca. 3-5 cell layers, 20-40 /xm thick) of textura globulosa- subangularis comprising
hyaline to feebly pigmented cells 7-16 /xm f) diam, m oderately thin-walled,
280
G a l a n R . a n d P a l m e r J . T .: T h e o c c u r r e n c e o f t h e r a r e C ib o r ia a e s t iv a l is in E u r o p e

Fig. 1. clerotinia" aestivalis: Revived apothecia from th e type (BPI 573925)

*j|f' :. iPjbKt aI H b ^

Fig. 2. iboria aestivalis: Fresh apothecia em erging from an inoculated, m um m ified apple of
Malus domestica (AH 7119)

281
 C z ec h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

strongly adherent, sometimes protruding as catenulate hairs on flank and stipe

or as clavate hairs at the margin. M e d u lla ry e x c ip u lu m well developed,
consisting of hyaline to weakly pigmented loose hyphae (3-6 /im f) forming
a textura intricata. S u b h y m e n iu m poorly developed and indistinguishable from
the m edular area, apart from the brownish colour and highly intricate texture.
A sci narrowly to sometimes broadly cylindrical, tapering at base to form a slender
stalk, emerging from croziers, 8-spored, uniseriate to occasionally biseriate towards
apex (dead state), which round to truncate, with plug slightly J + (feebly blue)
in Melzers reagent, 68-92 x 5-9 fim (see Table 2). S p o re s hyaline, narrowly
to broadly elliptical, regularly unicellular, very occasionally one-celled, frequently
flattened on one side and showing a very characteristic form (i.e. asym m etrical),
often w ith two small term inal apical guttules, less frequently one-guttulate,
(5.6-)7.7-11.2(-12) x 1.9-3.3(-4) fim (see Table 2). P a r a p h y s e s straight, filiform,
obtuse, sparsely septate, simple or branched below, ca. 1.5-2.5 fim diam (f),
equalling the asci in length.
H a b i t a t on pomaceous and stone fruits, which it completely mummifies, struc
ture not investigated, with a dark brown strom a developing in P. D. A. cultures,
submerging to about 2 mm and comprising irregularly shaped isodiametric (textura
angularis), hyaline cells with the upper having a thin, black rind, and the surface
whitish pruinose in older cultures. No conidia, sclerotia or similar structures were
seen in the cultures.

M a t e r ia l e x a m in e d

Herb. J.T .P. 4890, Dupl. ex AH 7108 and A. M. S. S. 956: Apothecia on

mummified fruit of Cydonia oblonga in a quince plantation, Zagrilla, near Priego
de Crdoba, Crdoba province, SPAIN. Leg. J, Gmez & B. Moreno-Arroyo,
10-XII-1995, det. J.T.P,; Herb. J.T.P. 4895 Mummified quinces (Cydonia oblonga)
in a quince plantation, Zagrilla near Priego de Crdoba, Crdoba, SPA IN . Leg. J,
Gmez and placed by J.T.P. in plastic boxes on receipt, 18-IV-1997(Reference
n 96006/1A of J.T .P.). A single apothecium developed in natural culture on
one mummy and was harvested on 19-VIII-1996, with further single apothecia
harvested on 27-IX-1997 and ll-X-1997 (Dupl. ex AH 7290, including half of the
first apothecium in AH 7085).
The following fruits all appeared to be in good condition with no sign of any
Monilia infection, either prior to inoculation or subsequently. Several pomes of each
fruit were inoculated w ith media from the J.T.P. 4895 culture on P.D.A. and, whilst
some fruits deteriorated, others gradually mummified with no sign of conidia,
and subsequently developed apothecia, which were harvested by J.T .P. as they
m atured.

282
p

/ p l l ..*. : .- ,; : - -
- -4 / r*i -'.* - *
S ..f
' t. *-. '" <#*
, 100 u m |

? d > < -n \Vi- V f i M

' :'- , ' : - H

; ' , . i . -c . 'c ..- , p , ;.. ^ .-% r.i - f -;: --r- -

.: - ' ' ' r4 ^ ^
f . * r ^ [ i ;C x+ - ^ ^~' ^| ^

v :?.. 1''i '^f> fx.i'v, *. //'> A ^ r -

5 0 pm | . .v ^ " ( '-

F igs. - 6 . Ciboria aestivalis: Vertical sections of apothecia n ear th e m argin (Fig. 3) and on
flanks (Figs. 4, 5 & 6). Scale b ars are valid as follows: Fig. 3 for Fig. 4, Fig. 5 for Fig. 6. (Media:
H 20 for Figs. 3 & 4 from AH 7119; H oyer's m edium in phase co n tra st for Fig. 5 from AH 7108;
KOH for Fig. 6 from AH 7119)
 ^ uni- HIIHKIIIBHI ,ENT OF aoricui -rt,RE
WIIIbIIIISIIIII Kt indistry type
Pat 573925 jlogical Collections
S c le c o tln ia a e s tiv a lis 12 913 I

o n A p p l e mummies

A nn A r b o r , I ch. .T u ly 2 , 1 9 0 9 ~ 14 I
C o ll. P ollo ck

Q A * ? ^ l S^*~ *

.
* j
- I* 4 1 m A

r ^ jp.j

F igs. 7 -1 4 . Ciboria aestivalis: 7. D etails of th e ectal excipulum and o uter layer of th e m edullary
excipulum in phase contrast (AH 7119); 8. Catenulate cells em erging from flanks and stipe after
squash (AH 7119); 9. Label on "Sclerotinia aestivalis type sheet, together w ith th e hand-w ritten
annotation of J. B. Pollock; 10-13. Free-lying spores (Figs. 10 & 11 from AH 7119, Figs. 12 & 13
from AH 7108); 14. A group of asci. (AH 7108). Scale bar of Fig. 8 is also valid for th e rem aining
figures. (Media: MLZ for Fig. 7; Lugol for Figs. 8 & 11; KOH for Fig. 10; CR blue for Figs. 12-14).
G a l a n R . a n d P a l m e r J . T . : T h e o c c u r r e n c e o f t h e r a r e C i b o r i a a e s t iv a l is in E u r o p e

1 1 = 3 ^

II
i ^ ill ^
fft k\
jL \II
If 1// /;ft
\v ]l g / <C Z > > y
\ \ u y T ,

F ig . 15. C iboria aestivalis: A p o th ecia w hich developed on m um m ified fruits inoculated in

E ngland. J. T . P. 4895 on C ydonia oblonga: a. A pothecia; b. A n ascus; c. A paraphysis; d.
Loose spores.
J. T . P. 4950 on C haenom eles speciosa: e. A pothecia; f. T w o asci; g. A b ranched paraphysis; h.
Loose spores. J. T . P. 4947 on M alus dom estica: i. A pothecia and developing stip es on blackened
pip; j. T w o asci; k. A branched paraphysis; 1. Loose spores. Scale b a r for Fig. 15e also for Fig. 15a;
15g also for Figs. 15b, 15c, 15f, 15j & 15k; a n d Fig. 151 also for figs. 15d a n d 15h. (A ll a p o th e cia
w ere d raw n in fresh condition w ith m icroscopical observations m ade in ta p w ater).

283
 C zech m y c o l. 52 (4 ), 2001

Herb. J.T .P. 4945: Apple of Malus domestica cv. Sunset , garden of 25 Beech
Road, S utton Weaver Cheshire, E N G L A N D (Ref. 96022) inoculated on 25-X-1996.
Apothecia developed on 29-VI-1997 and harvested on 21-VII, 6,17 and 24-V III and
12-V-1998 (Dupl. in AH 7119 and CUP 64943 ); Herb. J.T .P. 4946: Quince
(Cydonia oblonga), garden of H. Klopfer, Nellenburgstrasse 11, Bad Mergentheim,
Baden-W rttemberg, G E R M A N Y (Ref. 96021) inoculated on 6-X-1996. Apothecia
developed on 6-VIII-1997 and harvested on 6 and 24-VIII-1997 (Dupl. in AH
7289); Herb. J.T .P. 4947: Apple of Malus domestica cv. Sunset , garden of
25 Beech Road, Sutton Weaver Cheshire, EN G L A N D (Ref. 96022) inoculated
on 25-X-1996. Apothecia developed on blackened seeds from sectioned mummy
and harvested on l-II and 14-111-1998 (Dupl. in AH 7288); Herb. J.T .P. 4950:
Japonicas ( Chaenomeles speciosa), garden of 25 Beech Road, S utton Weaver
Cheshire, E N G L A N D (Ref. 96024) inoculated on 26-X-1996. Apothecia developed
on 12-111-1998 and harvested on 12 and 13-V-98 (Dupl. in AH 7291 and CUP
64944).

R em arks

Described as light reddish brown by Pollock (1909), the apothecia were given
as cinnamon-brown to gray by Demaree (1912). Harrison (1935) reported the
typical colour as flesh pink, darkening appreciably to reddish-brown, and later to
brown when drying and turning mealy with age , with the range from pale fresh
pink to cornelian red, with the m ajority falling within the colour range between
flesh colour and carrot red in Ridgway (1912), which reasonably agree with our
findings (Table 1).
It is noteworthy th a t cells from the Ectal excipulum show a few refractive
walls which, together with their strong compaction, suggest th a t some could be
gelatinized and therefore have a high resistance to separation by strong squashes,
a feature rarely reported in this genus. In fact, although individual cells are m ainly
globose and m aintain th a t form whilst alive and are observed in water mounts,
occasionally some appear to be subangular, which could be explained by partial
loss of turgescence, although maintaining their high adherence and adopting
such an unexpected form.
W hilst the asci and spores of the Spanish collection and apothecia on inoculated
fruits were in general agreement with the published description, Harrison (1935)
stated in his discussion of the ascospores They have no conspicuous oil spots
or vacuoles . Neither Pollock (1909) nor Demaree (1912) m entioned them and
Spooner (1987) described them as eguttulate in the Harrison collections which
he examined. None were seen in the holotype. Concerning the nature of such
observed polar guttules, and following Baral (1992), their presence in living water
mounts and optically vanishing in dead or lethal mounts (such as KOH 2%) reveals
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G a l a n R . a n d P a l m e r J . T . : T h e o c c u r r e n c e o f t h e r a r e C i b o r i a a e s t iv a l is i n E u r o p e

th a t they could be refractive vacuolar bodies instead of lipid bodies, th a t are

not dissolved in living or dead cells.

D iscu ssio n
W hilst Harrison (1935) considered Ciboria aestivalis to be a possible parasite on
fruits mummified by Monilinia fructicola, none of the pomes inoculated by J.T.P.,
and on which apothecia developed after mummification, showed any evidence of
a Monilia infection.
In view of the statem ent in B atra (1991) th at, after examining the type, he
was unable to ascribe it to the Sclerotiniaceae and our findings th a t the fungus
mummified pome fruits, J.T .P. wrote to the late Dr. B atra, who replied As I recall,
there were a few apothecia devoid of any strom atic mass attached to them .
We therefore decided to apply for the type collection in the Pathological
and Mycological Collections of the United States Departm ent of Agriculture in
BPI. The herbarium sheet, with the typed label Sclerotinia aestivalis Pollock.
On Pyrus malus affixed to the base, bore two packets. The first packet, labelled
573925 with 722 in pencil and a T Y P E label, stated Sclerotinia aestivalis on
apple mummies, Ann Arbor, Mich. July 2, 1909 Coll, J. B. Pollock and contained
a hand-w ritten slip Sclerotinia aestivalis on apple mummies, July 2, 1909. Ann
Arbor Mich, in 60% alcohol. Prof. J. B. Pollock, Sept. 1931 PC345[?] (Fig. 9) with
the preserved m aterial comprising hard black fragments.
T he second packet, labelled 573926, also with 722 in pencil, bore a typed
label stating Sclerotinia aestivalis Pollock from apple mummy N. S. Wales, 1921
Coll. T. H. Harrison and contained a hand w ritten slip Sclerotinia aestivalis
from apple mummy, N. S. Wales, T. H. Harrison, Chrome acetic 54 C wax with
the collection comprising 3 stalked apothecia vertically embedded in wax. This
was obviously part of an A ustralian collection received from T. H. Harrison, but,
because of the m ethod of preservation, we decided not to examine.
The hard black fragments were found on moistening to comprise small, very
much wrinkled pieces of mummified fruit, with one ca 1 cm diam fragment bearing
a cluster of six apothecia, which were photographed after they had revived (Fig. 1).
Two half apothecia were removed and studied with slides bearing microtome
sections, dried in aqueous gum arabic or m ounted in Hoyers medium, attached to
the type sheet. Although the apothecial structure was identical w ith our European
specimens, the general appearance of the hymenial elements, which had most
of their cells more or less collapsed, did not allow their measurement or precise
description, ap art from some asci and spores.
O ur findings of the development of strom ata in culture and the mummification
of fruits does indeed confirm th a t Ciboria aestivalis belongs in the Sclerotiniaceae,
where it should certainly be m aintained in Ciboria on the basis of the ectal
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 C z ec h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

excipular textura globulosa and the absence of any sclerotial structure. The
development of apothecia on apple pips has not previously been reported for this
species.

A cknow ledgem ents

The authors wish to express their grateful thanks to Mr. J. Gmez (Cr
doba, Spain) for part of the Spanish collection and sending mummified fruits,
Dr. A. Y. Rossman (BPI) for loan of the holotype, the late Dr. L. R. B atra
(latterly of Big Boulder Field Station, Saranac Lake, U.S.A.) for details of
his findings with the type, Dr. J. C. David (IMI), Miss Susan Gruff (CUP)
and Dr. B. M. Spooner (K) for information th a t there were no or only Har
rison A ustralian collections of Ciboria aestivalis in their herbaria, Professor
R. P. Korf (Ithaca, U.S.A.) for nomenclatural advice and help with literature
and Dr. P. F. Cannon (IMI) for elucidating the Ciboria aestivalis entry in
Cannon & al. (1985). R. G. thanks the Education and Science M inistry of Spain
for financial assistance from the Research Project PB95-0129-C03 02: Flora
Micolgica Ibrica III .

R e f e r e n c e s

B a iia l H. O . (1992): V ital versus h erb ariu m taxonom y: m orphological differences betw een living
a n d d e ad cells of A scom ycetes, and th e ir taxonom ic im plications.-M ycotaxon 44: 333-390.
B atra L . R . (1991): W orld species of M onilinia (Fungi): th e ir ecology, bio sy stem atic and
control. - Mycol. M em. 16, pp. 220-221.
C a n n o n P . F ., H a w k s w o r t h D. L. and S h e r w o o d - P i k e M. A. (1985): T h e B ritish Ascom y-
cotina. A n a n n o ta te d checklist. C . M. I., London. 302 pp.
D e m a r e e J . B. (1912): A Sclerotinia on apple. Science n.s. 35: 77-78.
E llis J . B. and E verh art B. M. (1894): New species of fungi from various localities.- P roc.
A cad. N at. Sci. 1893: 440-466.
G a l n R ., R a i t v i i r A. and P a l m e r J . T . (1996): C iboria cistophila sp. nov., a leaf-inhabiting
cistophilous m em ber of th e Sclerotiniaceae. - M ycotaxon 59: 227-236.
G m e z . J ., O rtega A. a n d M o ren o -A rroyo B. (1999): A diciones al catlogo de hongos del
P a rq u e N a tu ra l de las Sierras S ubbticas C ordobesas y su e n to rn o (C rdoba, E sp a a). II. -
Bol. Soc. Mic. M adrid 24: 103118.
H a r r is o n T . H. (1922): N ote on occurrence in N. S. W ., A u stralia, of th e p erfect sta g e of
a S clerotinia causing brow n ro t of fruits. - J. P roc. Roy. Soc. New S. W ales 55: 215-219.
H a r r is o n T . H . (1929): B row n rot fruits a n d associated diseases in A u stra lia , P a rt I. H istory of
th e disease a n d d e te rm in a tio n of th e causal organism . J. P roc. Roy. Soc. New S. W ales 62:
99-151.
H a r r is o n T . H . (1935): Brow n ro t of fru its and associated diseases in A u stra lia II. A n in terestin g
Discom ycete, S clerotinia aestivalis Pollock, occurring on m um m ified fruits. - M ycologia 27:
302-318.
K o r n e i iu p A. a n d W a n s c h e i i J . H. (1967): M ethuen han d b o o k of colour. E d. 2. L ondon: M ethuen
243 pp.
N o r t o n J. B. S., E z e k i e l W . N . a n d J e h l e R. A. (1923): F ru it-ro ttin g sclerotinias. I. A pothecia
of th e brow n-rot fungus. - Univ. M aryland Agrie. E x p . S ta. Bull. 256: 132.

286
G a l n R . a n d P a l m e r J . T . : T h e o c c u r r e n c e o f t h e r a r e C i b o r i a a e s t iv a l is in E u r o p e

P o llo ck J. B. (1909): N otes on p lan t pathology. - R ept. Mich. A cad. Sei. 11: 48-54.
R a m s b o t t o n , J. a n d B a lfou r -B ro w n e F. L. (1951): L ist of discom ycetes recorded from th e
B ritish Isles. T rans. B rit. Mycol. Soc. 34: 38137.
R id g w a y R . (1912): C olor sta n d a rs a n d color nom enclature. W ashington.
S e a v e r F. J. (1951): T h e N orth-A m erican cup-fungi (Inoperculates). S upplem ented edition.
H afner P u b lish in g Co., Inc., New York, 428 pp.
SHORTEN D. (1995): C otsw old Fungus G roup a u tu m n foray in N orm andy. - M ycologist 9: 75.
S p o o n e r B. M. (1987): H elotiales of A ustralasia: Geoglossaceae, O rbiliaceae, Sclerotiniaceae,
H yaloscyphaceae. Bibl. Mycol. 116:3-711.

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C zec h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

Taxonomic notes on Dematioscypha and Amicodisca

A in R a it v iir

In s titu te of Zoology and B otany, E sto n ian A gricultural University,

R iia S tre et 181, 51014 T artu , E stonia

R a itv iir A. (2001): T axonom ic n o tes on D em atioscypha a n d A m ico d isca - Czech Mycol.
52: 289-294
T h e h isto ry a n d tax o n o m y of th e genera D em atioscypha Svrek a n d A m ico d isca Svrek is
discussed. T w o new species, D em atioscypha galanii R a itv . a n d A m ico d isca svrcekii R a itv . e t
H u h tin en , are described. T h e new com bination, D em atioscypha dem atiicola (B erk, e t B room e)
Svrek var. fu sc o stip ita ta (G raddon) R aitv ., is proposed.
K e y w o rd s : H yaloscyphaceae, D em atioscypha, A m ico d isc a , new species, taxonom y.

R a itv iir A. (2001): T axonom ick p o zn m k y k ro d m D em a tio sc y p h a a A m icodisca. -

C zech M ycol. 52: 289-294
Je d isk u to v n a historie a taxonom ie rod D em atioscypha Svrek a A m ico d isca Svrek.
Jsou popisovny dva nov d ruhy D em atioscypha galanii R aitv. a A m ico d isca svrcekii R aitv. et
H u h tin en a je n av ren a nov kom binace D em atioscypha dem atiicola (Berk, e t B room e) Svrek
var. fu sc o stip ita ta (G rad d o n ) R aitv.

I n t r o d u c t io n
Among the numerous taxa described by Dr. Mirko Svrek there are two
small genera within the Hyaloscyphaceae proposed originally as monotypic ones,
Dematioscypha (Svrek, 1977) and Amicodisca (Svrek, 1987). In the present
paper the author discusses the taxonomy of these genera and adds a new species
and a new variety to Dematioscypha and a new species to Amicodisca.

M a t e r i a l s a n d m e th o d s
The air-dried specimens from the herbarium of Institute of Zoology and
Botany, T artu (TAA) were m ounted in a 3% aqueous solution of KOH and
studied under a Nikon Labophot-2 microscope equipped with a drawing tube
at magnification 1250 x . Melzers reagent (MLZ) was used to study cyto- and
histochemical reactions.

R e s u l t s a n d d is c u s s io n

D e m a t i o s c y p h a S v r e k
T he genus Dematioscypha was erected by Svrek (1977) for a single species,
Peziza dematiicola Berk, et Broome, which since Nannfeldt (1936) had usually
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 C z e c h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

been placed into the genus Hyaloscypha Boud. (Dennis, 1949, Hughes, 1953), with
the exception of R aitviir (1970), who excluded it from Hyaloscypha, but made no
proposals concerning its taxonomic position.
Huhtinen (1987) has widened the concept of the genus and transferred
Urceolella richonis Boud. and Hyaloscypha olivacea Velen, to it, reducing the
latter to a variety of Dematioscypha richonis (Boud.) Huhtinen. Recently the
current author has studied two interesting collections which provide additions to
the taxonom y of the genus.
Revising the isotype specimens of species described by W. D. Graddon depos
ited in TAA I discovered th a t Betulina fuscostipitata Graddon represents in fact
a Dematioscypha. The G raddons species is very close to the typical D. dematiicola
differing in M LZ+ ascal pore, in being more or less distinctly stipitate and in its
foliicolous habit. No Haplographium anamorph is present, but the value of this
character is questionable as the typical D. dematiicola is on some occasions found
w ithout its Haplographium anamorph which may develop not simultaneously with,
but earlier th an the teleomorph (Raitviir, 1991). The length of the stipe is variable
within the same population as the apothecia from the isotype specimen examined
by the author appeared to be considerably shorter than the one by Graddon
(I.e.). The au th o rs conclusion is th a t Betulina fuscostipitata represents a variety
of Dematioscypha dematiicola and the following new combination is proposed.

D e m a tio s c y p h a d e m a tiic o la var. fu s c o s tip ita ta (Graddon) Raitv., comb,

nov.
Basionymum: Betulina fuscostipitata Graddon, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 63:
477, 1974.
Apothecia superficial, scattered or gregarious, shortly stipitate. Disc 0.1-0.2 mm
in diam eter, greyish-white. Receptacle cup-shaped to saucer-shaped, dark greyish
to almost black with black stipe when dry, covered, particularly at the margin,
w ith short whitish hairs. Ectal excipulum composed of a tex tu ra prism tica,
cells with olivaceous brown irregularly thickened walls, 7-14 x 4-6 fim. Hairs
narrowly conical, straight, aseptate to 3-septate, w ith thin hyaline walls, smooth,
sometimes w ith solid apices, 30-50 x 3-4 fim, apically less th an 1 fim. Asci arising
from croziers, cylindric-clavate, 8-spored, apical pore M LZ+, 30-40 x 4-6 fim.
Spores ellipsoid, hyaline, 0-1-septate, sometimes with two small polar guttules,
5-7 x 1-1.5 fim. Paraphyses cylindrical, not exceeding the asci, 0.8-1.5 fim wide.

111.: Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 63: 478.

Specimen studied: On fallen leaves of Betula sp., Coleshill, Warwks., England,
Oct. 1972, coll. M. C. Clark, W. D. G. 2245 (isotype in TAA).

On one of the collecting trips during my stay at University of Alcal de Henares

(Spain) I collected a small dark-coloured hyaloscyphaceous fungus on a fallen
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 R a i t v i i r A .: T a x o n o m i c n o t e s o n D e m a t io s c y p h a a n d A m ic o d is c a

decorticated pine stick which represents a new species of Dematioscypha. It is

described now and named in honour of the Spanish discomycetologist Dr. Ricardo
Galn.

D e m a tio s c y p h a g a la n ii Raitv., species nova

A pothecia superficialia, subsessilia vel breviter stipitata, 0.1-0.2 mm in di
m etro, pallide grisea, sicca brunnea, extus longe pilosa. Pili difformes. Pili typi
prim i cylindraceo-conici, m ultiseptati, tenuiter tunicati, 60-90 x 3-4 /xm, apicibus
1.6 /iin, granulis brunneis incrustati. Pili typi secundi cylindracei non angustati,
m ultiseptati, tenuiter tunicati, 35-60 x 4-5 fim, granulis brunneis incrustati.
Asci uncinati, cylindraceo-clavati, octospori, 50-60 x 5-7 fim, poro iodo coerules-
cente. Sporae ellipsoideae vel cylindraceo-ellipsoideae ad usque suballantoideae,
2-4-guttulatae, 10-15 x 2-3 fim. Paraphyses cylindraceae, ascos non superantes,
0.8-1.5 fim. latae.
Dematioscyphae richonis (Boud.) Huhtinen var. olivaceae (Velen.) Huhtinen
similis, ascis et sporis magnis differt.
Holotypus: In ramo decorticato Pini sp., Hayedo de Tejera Negra, Cantalojas,
G uadalajara, Hispania, 07. 03. 1994, A. R aitviir legit (TAA-137743).

Apothecia superficial, scattered, subsessile to very shortly stipitate. Disc

0.1-0.2 mm in diameter, pale greyish when fresh. Receptacle cup-shaped, medium
brown with a whitish margin when fresh, almost globosely closed, dark brown with
a whitish marginal fringe when dry, covered with long brownish to yellowish-brown
hairs. Ectal excipulum composed of a textura prismtica, brownish due to irregu
larly placed granules of a dark brown substance in intercellular spaces, cells with
hyaline irregularly thickened walls, 8-12 x 3.5-5 fim. Hairs of two types. Hairs
of the first type narrowly tapering-cylindrical, straight, m ultiseptate, usually with
4-6 septa, with th in hyaline walls, smooth, bearing numerous massive dark brown
to blackish brown resinous exudates, 60-90 x 3-4 fim, tapering apically to 1.6 fim.
Hairs of the second type cylindrical, not tapering, with 3-5 septa, with thin hyaline
walls encrusted in the same way as tapering hairs, 35-60 x 4-5 fim. Asci arising
from croziers, cylindric-clavate, 8-spored, apical pore M LZ+, 50-60 x 5-7 fim.
Spores ellipsoid to cylindric-ellipsoid, often inequilateral to suballantoid, hyaline,
aseptate, containing 2 to 4 small to medium-sized (up to 0.8 fim in diam.)
lipid guttules, 10-15 x 2-3 fim. Paraphyses cylindrical, not exceeding the asci,
0.8-1.5 fim wide (Fig. 1).
Specimen examined: On a fallen decorticated stick of Pinus sp., Hayedo de
Tejera Negra, Cantalojas, G uadalajara, Spain, 07.03.1994., A. Raitviir (Holotype
in TAA-137743).

The species bears a general resemblance to Dematioscypha richonis (Boud.)

H uhtinen var. olivacea (Velen.) Huhtinen, but differs from it in several im portant
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 C z e c h m y c o l . 52 (4 ) , 2001

features. The ectal excipulum is similar in both species, but in D. galanii the
pigment is located in intercellular substance, not in cell wall thickenings as in
D. richonis var. olivacea. The presence of two types of hairs is a unique feature
of this species. The tapering hairs are very similar to those of D. richonis var.
olivacea but the shorter wide cylindrical hairs cannot be found in the other species
of Dematioscypha. Further it differs from D. richonis var. olivacea in having
larger asci arising from croziers and showing amyloid pores, and larger, distinctly
gu ttulate spores, in growing on coniferous wood and not being accompanied by
the dematiaceous mould Haplographium sp.

A key to the known species and varieties of Dematioscypha is given below.

For detailed descriptions and illustrations of species not treated here the excellent
paper of Huhtinen (1987) is recommended.

K e y to th e s p e c ie s a n d v a r ie tie s o f D e m a tio s c y p h a
1. Hairs conical with acute tips, w ithout conspicuous encrustation
2. Ascus pore MLZ-, on decaying wood D. dematiicola var. dematiicola
2. Ascus pore M LZ+, on fallen leaves D. dematiicola var. fuscostipitata
1. Hairs narrowly cylindrical-tapering with rounded tips, bearing conspicuous
dark-coloured encrusting granules
3. Asci arising from croziers
4. Spores 5-8(-10) x 1.5-2(-3) /xm D. richonis var. richonis
4. Spores 10-15 x 2-3 /xm. D. galanii
3. Asci arising from simple septa D. richonis var. olivacea

A m i c o d i s c a S v rc e k
Svrcek (1987) has erected another originally monotypic genus, Amicodisca, for
Dasyscypha brdensis Velen. Later Haines (1989) added the N orth American species
A. viridicoma (Peck) Haines and Huhtinen (1994) has shown th a t the correct name
for the type species is A. virella (P. Karst.) Huhtinen.
On excursions of the XIII Nordic Mycological Congress held in Mekrijarvi,
Ilomantsi, N orth Karelia, Finland at the end of August, 1996 two very abund
ant collections of Amicodisca were made. One of them was typical A. virella,
but another, macroscopically identical, had, for a surprise, totally different and
considerably smaller spores. This fungus is described now as a new species of
Amicodisca and named in honour of Dr. Mirko Svrcek.

A m ic o d is c a s v rc e k ii Raitv. et Huhtinen, species nova

Apothecia superficialia, late sessilia, 0.3-1 mm diam etro, hymenio griseolo,
extus olivaceo-viridia, dense viridipilosa. Pili cylindraceo-conici, aseptati, tenuiter
292
 R a i t v i i r A .: T a x o n o m ic n o t e s o n D e m a t io s c y p h a a n d A m ic o d is c a

0 20 Mm

L J ft i/]
t i t 11 1
pII
1
i l l
- 5 7 6 0 < J
8

F ig s . 18. D em atioscypha galanii (holotype). 1. T w o hairs. 2. T w o asci and a paraphyse. 3.

A scospores. 4. A fragm ent of e ctal excipulum . A m ico d isca svrcekii (holotype). 5. A h air. 6. T w o
asci. 7. A scospores. 8. A fragm ent of ectal excipulum . B ar = 20 /im

tunicati, subhyalini, obscure pallide citrini vel pallide olivacei, 40-80 x 2.5-4 /rn,
apicibus 1-1.6 /xm diametro. Asci non uncinati, cylindraceo-clavati, octospori,
50-60 x 5-6 /xm, poro iodo coerulescente. Sporae ellipsoideae vel suballantoideae,
aseptatae, biguttulatae, 8-11 x 1.8-2.5 /xm. Paraphyses cylindraceae, ascos non
superantes, 0.8 /xm latae.
In ligno putrido humido crescit.
Amicodiscae virellae (P. K arst.) Huhtinen similis, sporis minoribus differt.
Holotypus: In ligno putrido humido, Palokangas, Ilomantsi, K arjala borealis.,
Finland, 28.08.1996, T. Lass0e legit, TL-4250 in TAA conservatur.

Apothecia superficial, scattered to gregarious, broadly sessile. Disc 0.3-1 mm,

greyish when fresh and dry. Receptacle cup-shaped to saucer-shaped, externally
olivaceous-green when fresh, blackish-brown when dry, densely covered with
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 C z ec h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

yellowish-green hairs. Ectal excipulum of a textura prism atica to textura angularis,

cells thin-walled, hyaline to olivaceous, 6-14 x 3-6 /m. Hairs cylindric-conical,
aseptate, straight, hyaline, dull lemon yellow to pale olivaceous, thin-walled,
smooth, bearing numerous loosely attached small, olivaceous-greenish granules
dissolving in KOH and yielding a lemon-yellow hue, 40-80 x 2.5-4 /xm, taper
ing to 1-1.5 /tm. Asci arising from simple septa, cylindric-clavate, 8-spored,
50-60 x 5-6 /xm, wide apical pore faintly MLZ + . Spores ellipsoid to suballantoid,
aseptate, containing 2 polar lipid guttules, 8-11 x 1.8-2.5 /xm. Paraphyses
cylindrical, not exceeding the asci, 0.8 /xm wide.
On very wet decaying hardwood.
Specimen examined: on the underside of wet, riverside driftwood, Palokangas,
Ilomantsi, K arjala borealis., Finland, 28. 08.1996, coll. T. Lass0e (Holotype
TL-4250 in TAA, isotypes C, TUR).
This species is externally undistinguishable from Amicodisca virella (P. Karst.)
H uhtinen but microscopically clearly different in the narrow asci and small spores.

Acknow ledgm ents

The author is greatly indebted to Thomas Lass0e (Copenhagen) for the part of
his collection TL-4250 and to Seppo Huhtinen (Turku) for valuable comments. The
study was supported by Estonian Science Foundation grant 4078 to the author.

R e f e r e n c e s

D ennis R. W . G. (1949): A revision of th e B ritish H yaloscyphaceae w ith n o tes on related

E u ro p ea n species. - Mycol. P a p e rs 32: 1-97.
H a i n e s , J. H. (1989): Studies in th e H yaloscyphaceae V: species described by C. H. Peck. -
M ycotaxon 35: 317-352.
H u g h e s S. J. (1953): C onidiophores, conidia and classification. - C an ad . J. B ot. 31: 577-659.
H u h t in e n S. (1987): T axonom ic studies in th e genera P ro to u n g u icu laria, A rachnopeziza and
D em atioscypha. - M ycotaxon 30: 9-28.
H u h t in e n S. (1994): F innish records of discom ycetes: ty p e stu d ies on som e K a rste n species. -
K a rste n ia 34: 5 -1 2 .
N a n n f e l d t J . A. (1936): N otes on ty p e specim ens of B ritish In o p ercu late D iscom ycetes 1-50. -
T rans. B rit. Mycol. Soc. 20: 191-206.
R a i t v i i r A. (1970): Synopsis of th e H yaloscyphaceae. - S c rip ta Mycol. 1: 1-115.
R a i t v i i r A. (1991): T h e H elotiales. - In: A zbukina, Z. M. (ed.) P la n ta non V asculares, Fungi
e t B ryopsida O rientis E xtrem is Sovietici, Fungi, 2, p. 260-363, Leningrad.
SVREK M. (1977): New or less known D iscom ycetes. 6 . e s k Mykol. 31: 193-200.
S vrcek M. (1987): New or less known D iscom ycetes. 15. - esk Mykol. 41: 16-25.

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C zech m ycol. 52 (4 ), 2001

Some notes on the remarkable variability of Ascobolus scatigenus

(Discomycetes, Pezizales)

V la d im ir A n t o n i n 1 and J i M o r a v e c 2

M o r a v ia n M useum , D ept, of B otany,

Zeln tr h 6, CZ-659 37 B rno, Czech Republic
2P. O. Box 17 /A , CZ-679 04 A dam ov - 1, Czech Republic

A n to n n V. a n d M oravec J. (2001): Som e n o te s o n th e rem ark ab le v ariab ility of A scobolus

scatig en u s (D iscom ycetes, Pezizales). - C zech M ycol. 52: 295-298
T h e significant v ariability of th e h a b itu s of a p o th e cia of A scobolus scatigenus (B erk.)
B rum m . from various localities is m entioned. T h e variability of th e ir size, sh ap e a n d colour is
em phasized by th e fast changing of th e ir coloration in th e course of ascospore discharge. A scospore
o rn a m e n ta tio n was observed by SEM a n d th e m icrophotographs as well as a p h o to g rap h of th e
a p o th e c ia accom pany th e paper. Y et unpublished localities of A . scatigenus are given.

K e y w o r d s : D iscom ycetes, Pezizales, A scobolus sca tig en u s, d istrib u tio n , taxonom y, varia
bility.

A n to n n V. a M oravec J . (2001): P o zn m k y k p o zo ru h o d n v ariab ilit d ru h u A scobolus

scatig en u s (D iscom ycetes, Pezizales). - C zech M ycol. 52: 295-298
Je uvedena p o z o ru h o d n v ariab ilita tv aru a zbarven plodnic A scobolus scatigenus (Berk.)
B ru m m . sbranch n a rznch lokalitch. T ato v ariab ilita je um ocnna schopnost okam it
zm ny zbarven hym enia p i uvolovn v tru s . O rn am en tik a v tru s byla pozorovna rovn
ve skenovacm elektronovm m ikroskopu a ty to fotografie, stejn jak o barevn vyobrazen, lnek
dopluj. Jsou rovn zveejnny nov a doposud nepublikovan lokality.

Ascobolus scatigenus (Berk.) Brumm. 1967 is the type species of the sec
tion Gymnoascobolus Brumm. 1967 which accommodates species having eu-
gymnohymenial apothecia with an active marginal outgrowth and possessing
a well-developed excipulum w ith a differentiated hypothecium, medullary and ectal
excipulum.
T he fungus was well described and illustrated by Brummelen (1967). Never
theless, although Brummelen stressed the conspicuous shape of the apothecia, he
stated th a t although much named, the species itself is not variable (Brummelen
1967, p. 163). However, we have found A. scatigenus to be one of the most
variable species of the genus and really a chameleon among fungi. Because of the
variability, especially the very different size, shape and colour of the apothecia,
the fungus was described by Berkeley himself under six different names, and the
variability resulted into 13 synonyms (Brummelen 1967). Recently, Wang (1999)
295
 C z e c h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

has tentatively considered Aleurina nigrodisca Sawada 1931 ( with large yellow
apothecia) also to be a synonym of Ascobolus scatigenus.
The large conspicuous pezizoid apothecia of A. scatigenus are very variable
in size, shape and colour. Regarding the size, apothecia may measure only 5 mm in
diam eter, whilst those collected in another place may reach 40 mm (specimen from
Sum atra mentioned below). Also the shape and colour of the apothecia may be
very different depending on their habitat, environment and stage of development.
The apothecia are subglobose, cup-shaped to discoid and concave to flat,
externally smooth to wrinkled, pruinose to granular, with white to dark-brown,
entire to flexuous or variously undulate to involute margin, w ith a sm ooth to
variously undulate yellow-green to dirty-brown or dark reddish hymenium.
A certain apothecial variability itself is not rare also in other discomycetes, but
regarding A. scatigenus, it is exceptional in the fact th a t very often the apothecia
from a particular locality and a certain substrate differ conspicuously from those
collected on another locality or different substrate. Obviously, the apothecia are
not variable merely due to their stage of development, but also the substrate and
environment are im portant for their habitus.
The apothecial variability is emphasized by the yet unpublished fast changing
of colour of the apothecia in the course of ascospore discharge after touching.
T he amazing chameleon-like changing of colour of a great num ber of apothecia
collected and observed by the former author in Boukombe (Benin, West Africa,
coll. Antonn B97.103) is worth describing.

A d e s c r i p ti o n o f th e r e m a r k a b le c o lle c tio n fro m B e n in :

Apothecium 5-20 mm broad, broadly attached to the substrate, discoid,
flat, mostly with slightly convex centre, margin elevated and involute when
single, almost cupulate when in dense groups. Hymenium smooth, glabrous, dark
black-purplish-brown (up to 9F8, Kornerup et Wanscher 1978) when untouched,
very quickly changing colour radially up to olivaceous yellow to olivaceous brown
ish (4C-D6) after touching. Excipulum whitish, (woolly) tomentose. Margin very
finely tomentose, involute to inflected.
Apothecia of the collection from Sum atra mentioned below resembled rather
a Peziza sp. th an an Ascobolus, measuring up to 40 mm in diameter.
The microfeatures of the collections reported below are not very variable and
correspond well with the description in Brummelen (1967). The ascospores of
A. scatigenus when observed under a light microscope are ellipsoid, 20.5-27.5
(-28) x 11-14 /im, smooth, mostly without or with only one thin irregular stria,
rarely with two or more fine striae which only very rarely form an irregular
reticulum (see also Brummelen 1967). Under the scanning electron microscope
the ascospore perisporium appears to be shallowly wrinkled to verrucose and the
296
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25 A ug. 1997)
Ascobolus scatigenus (Berk.) Brum m., W est Africa: Benin, Boukom be, 25 Aug. 1997.
Photo V. A ntonin
 A n t o n n V. a n d M o r a v e c J.: S o m e n o t e s o n t h e r e m a r k a b l e v a r i a b i l i t y

occasional striae are really very fine and simple (Fig. 1). A SEM photomicrographs
of the ascospores of this species has already been published by Wang (1999) but
show nearly sm ooth ascospores. The asci of the m aterial examined are of the same
variable size as stated by Brummelen (1967) and conspicuously diverse regarding
their stage of m aturity - obviously, they m ature very irregularly.
Ascobolus scatigenus is not a rare species. It occurs in tropical and subtropical
regions of both hemispheres occurring mostly in coprophilous but rarely also
lignicolous habitats. Detailed localities were given by Brummelen (1967) who
examined a great num ber of collections. The distribution of the species in Taiwan
has recently been given by Wang (1999).
The following localities represent not yet published ones, and include the first
records for West Africa and also for Sum atra (although already known from
Indonesia as it has been collected in Java).
1. West Africa: Benin, Atacora prov., Boukombe, NE of the town, on bare soil
mixed w ith excrements, 25 Aug. 1997 leg. V. Antonn B97.103, A. De Kesel,
A. De Groote and J. Rammeloo (BR, BRNM).
2. Indonesia: West Sum atra, Bukittinggi, Ngarai Sianok Canyon, 700 m. on cow
(buffalo) dung mixed with sand in a partly dried river bed, 7. V. 1991 leg. Ji
Moravec (herb. J. Moravec, CUP).
3. M adagascar: Fianartsoa prefecture, vicinity of the village of Ranomafana, on
cow (zebu) dung in a secondary forest, 29. I. 1995 leg. Ji Moravec (herb.
J. Moravec).

T he synonyms of A. scatigenus were thoroughly given by Brummelen (1967).

Ascospore germ ination and gymnohymenial development of its apothecia was
described by Dodge (1920) and Lohwag (1927, 1941).

Acknow ledgem ents

The first author wishes to thank the Fondation pour favoriser les recherches
scientifiques en Afrique to enable the collecting trip to Benin, and also Mr. Andr
De Groote for logistics and help during his African stay. Our special thanks
belong to Mr. Ji Lhoteck (Brno, Czech Republic) who provided the SEM
photom icrographs.

R e f e r e n c e s

B r u m m e l en van J. (1967): A w orld-m onograph of th e g enera A scobolus a n d Saccobolus

(A scom ycetes, Pezizales). - Persoonia, Suppl. Vol. 1: 1 -2 6 0 .
D o d g e B. O . (1920): T h e life histo ry of A scobolus m agnificus. O rigin of th e ascocarp from two
stra in s. - M ycologia 12: 115-134.

297
 C z ec h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

K o r n e r u p A . e t W a n sc h e r J. H. (1978): M eth u en h an d book o f colour. Ed. 3. - L ondon.

L ohwag H. (1927): D a s O ogon als W esen sb estan d teil der G esch lech tsorgan e im P ilzreich . - B iol.
g en . 3: 6 9 9 -7 7 2 .
L ohwag H. (1941): A n ato m ie d e r Asco- und B asidiom yceten. B erlin. 111: 1 -5 7 2 .
W a n g Y ei -Z e ng (1999): T h e coprophilous discom ycetes of Taiw an. - B ull. N a t. M us. N a t. Sei.
12: 4 9 -7 4 .

298
C z e c h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

Das Problem Pholiotina sulcatipes - P. aberrans

A nton H a usknecht

Sonndorferstrae 22, A-3712 M aissau, sterreich

H au sk n ech t A. (2001): T h e p ro b lem of P h o lio tin a su lcatip es - P. a b e rra n s. - C zech M ycol.

52: 299-306
A fter revising th e ty p e collections of A garicus sulcatipes, C onocybe aberrans a n d Galera
rim o sa (besides a g re a t n um ber of o th er E u ro p ea n collections), th e th ree ta x a are considered
to re p re se n t one species, viz. P holiotina sulcatipes (Peck) Bon. A com piled description a n d
m icroscopical draw ings are given.
K e y w o rd s : A garicales, B olbitiaceae, P holiotina, P holiotina sulcatipes, P. aberrans,
P. rim osa. - M ykoflora of E urope, N orth A m erica.

H a u sk n ech t A. (2001): D as P ro b lem P h o lio tin a su lcatip es - P. a b e rra n s. - C zech Mycol.

52: 299-306
N ach R evision der T ypuskollektionen von A garicus sulcatipes, Conocybe aberrans und
Galera rim o sa (neben einer groen A nzahl a n d erer K ollektionen aus E u ro p a), w erden die
d rei T ax a als eine einzige A rt, P holiotina sulcatipes (Peck) Bon, erkannt. E ine kom pilierte
B eschreibung und M ikrozeichnungen der A rt w erden gegeben.
H a u sk n ech t A. (2001): P ro b lem d ru h P h o lio tin a su c a tip e s a P. a b e rra n s. - C zech M ycol.
52: 299-306
P o revisi typovch poloek d ru h A garicus sulcatipes Peck, Conocybe aberrans K hner
a Galera rim o sa Velen, (vedle velkho p o tu dalch evropskch sbr) jso u ty to 3 taxony
povaovny za jedin d ru h P holiotina sulcatipes (Peck) Bon. Je uveden souhrn popis a nkresy
m ikroskopickch stru k tu r.

In der europischen L iteratur ist die Frage, ob es in Europa zwei Arten gibt,
nmlich Pholiotina sulcatipes (Peck) Bon und P. aberrans (Khn.) Singer, um strit
ten. W atling (1982, 1992) erkennt zwei getrennte A rten an, ebenso Bon (1992) und
Meusers (1996) in ihren Schlsseln der G attung Pholiotina. Fr Enderle (1997: 22)
ist Pholiotina sulcatipes ein fragliches Taxon; Singer (1986) fhrt nur Pholiotina
aberrans an, war aber zuletzt der Meinung (pers. M itt.), da P. sulcatipes konspezi-
fisch sei - seine diesbezgliche Untersuchung kam nicht mehr zur Verffentlichung.
In dieselbe Richtung tendieren auch die Bemerkungen von Krisai-Greilhuber &
al. (1997: 176) und des Autors dieser Arbeit (Hausknecht 1999: 61).
Es war daher notwendig, nach Singer (ined.) und Watling (1992) den Typus
von Agaricus sulcatipes Peck nochmals zu studieren und m it jenem von Conocybe
aberrans (Khner) Khner zu vergleichen, was nunmehr, seitdem Khners Herbar
ium nach Genf (G) transferiert worden ist, problemlos mglich ist. Die Ergebnisse
dieses Vergleiches sind in Tabelle 1 zusammengefat.
299
 C z e c h MYCOL. 5 2 ( 4 ) , 2 0 0 1

T a b e ll e 1. Vergleich der m ikroskopischen E igenschaften der T ypusbelege von Pholiotina sulca

tipes und P. aberrans:

A g a ric u s sulc atipes C on ocybe ab erran s

Sporengre 6,8-9,1 X 4,2 -5 ,4 f i m 7,9-10,3 X 4 ,6 -5 ,6 f i m

Sporen (M ittelw ert) 8,0 X 4,8 f i m 9,1 X 5,2 f i m

Sporenform ellipsoidisch, dnnwandig ellipsoidisch, dnnwandig

Keimporus deutlich, ca. 1 f i m breit deutlich, ca. 1 f i m breit

Basidien 1 3 -2 4 X 8 -1 2 f i m 1 7 -2 4 X 8 -1 0 f i m

Schnallen vorhanden vorhanden

Cheilozystiden 2 5 -4 0 X 6,5 -9 ,5 f i m 3 7 -5 5 X 8 -1 2 ,5 f i m

Kaulozystiden bis45X10/xm nicht beobachtet

Huthautelemente 2 0 -5 5 X 11-21 f i m 2 7 -4 8 X 1 2 -2 5 f i m

Pileozystiden bis 72 X 18 f i m bis 62 X 11 f i m

Die D aten meiner mikroskopischen Untersuchung des Typus von Pholiotina

sulcatipes stimmen m it den von Watling (1992) erm ittelten im wesentlichen
berein.
Die Form der Sporen, ihre W andstrke und Farbe in KOH sowie die Gre des
Keimporus weichen nicht voneinander ab. Die Mae sind beim nordamerikanischen
Typus etwas kleiner, im M ittel, um ca 1 fim in der Lnge und kaum 0,5 fim in
der Breite. Einige Kollektionen aus M itteleuropa, u. a. jene von Khner vom 31.
7. 1936 aus Savoyen und einige Funde aus Niedersterreich, ebenso die beiden
Finnischen Kollektionen von J. Vauras, haben ebenso kleine Sporen, und es gibt
bis zum Typus von Conocybe aberrans hin viele Werte dazwischen. Ein einziger
Fund (Vorarlberg, Valduna, 3. 9. 1995) hat auch teilweise 2-sporige Basidien und
deshalb eine m ittlere Sporengre von 9,7 x 5,4 fim.
Die Cheilozystiden sind beim Typus von Conocybe aberrans durchschnittlich
lnger und breiter als bei Agaricus sulcatipes, die Form stim m t aber berein.
Es scheint, da viele Kollektionen aus hheren m ontanen bis m ontan-subalpinen
Hhenstufen kleinere Cheilozystiden aufweisen, so auch meine beiden Salzburger
und Khners Aufsammlungen vom 31. 7. 1936 und 2. 8. 1936 aus Savoyen, aber
auch die Funde aus Finnland. Auch hier lt sich, wenn m an alle untersuchten
Belege einbezieht, kein Hiatus zwischen Aufsammlungen m it kleinen und groen
Cheilozystiden finden, im Gegenteil, bei manchen erreichen die Cheilozystiden bis
75 x 12,5 fim, gehen also ber jene des Typusm aterials von Conocybe aberrans
weit hinaus.
Beide Taxa weisen an der Basis der Basidien und in der Tram a Schnallen auf,
was der Interpretation Bons (1992: 77) widerspricht, der in der Sektion Piliferae
(Khn.) Singer nur Pholiotina aberrans schnallentragende Hyphen zugesteht.
Mir ist bisher noch keine graminicole Aufsammlung m it den M ikrodaten von
300
 H a u sk n e c h t A .: D as P ro blem P holio tina su l c a tipe s - P. aberrans

Ojb U M k

A b b . 1 - 8 P h oliotina sulcatipes (1 -6 A garicus sulcatipes, H olotypus; 7, 8 C onocybe aberrans,

H olotypus). 1, 7 Sporen, X 2000; 2 B asidien, X 800; 3, 8 C heilozystiden, X 800; 5 Schnalle in
der T ram a, X 800; 5 H u th a u t m it Pileozystiden, X 800; 6 K aulozystiden, X 800.

301
 C z ec h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

P. sulcatipes begegnet, die schnallenlose Hyphen hat; wenn es eine solche gibt,
m te sie einen neuen Namen bekommen.
Alle weiteren mikroskopischen Eigenschaften der beiden untersuchten Ty
puskollektionen stimmen berein.

Die Diagnosen von Agaricus sulcatipes und Conocybe aberrans weichen in

einigen P unkten voneinander ab. Whrend Khners A rt in das unten gegebene
Gesamtkonzept von Pholiotina sulcatipes gut integrierbar ist, pat A. sulca
tipes in einigen Eigenschaften (pileus chestnut-colored, stipe rather tenacious,
striate-sulcate, often tinged with blue or green at the base) nicht. Der Sonderstan
dort lt vielleicht die greren Fruchtkrper und die festeren, dickeren, gestreiften
Stiele erklren, aber die Blau- oder Grnverfrbung an der Stielbasis konnte bei
von mir gesammeltem und sonst in der L iteratur zitiertem M aterial von Pholiotina
sulcatipes nie beobachtet werden. Auch wenn Peck (1884: 132) weiter unten etwas
einschrnkt .. .a t the base, where it g e n e r a lly assumes a greenish-blue color if
h a n d le d w h e n m o is t , handelt es sich um einen deutlichen Unterschied, der al
lerdings von Khner (1935) und Watling (1982, 1992) nicht als so ausschlaggebend
angesehen wurde, um nicht zumindes Synonymie zu vermuten (Khner 1935)
oder Kollektionen ohne Blauverfrbung der Stielbasis als Conocybe sulcatipes zu
bestim m en (W atling 1982, 1992). Die mikroskopischen Eigenschaften der Typen,
die sicherlich als wichtiger einzustufen sind als eine ziemlich magere Diagnose
von Agaricus sulcatipes, passen jedenfalls so berzeugend zueinander, da ich von
der Konspezifitt m it Khners Taxon berzeugt bin. Sollten aus Nordamerika
neuere Aufsammlungen der A rt m it einer blaugrn verfrbenden Stielbasis bekannt
werden, wrde ich alle brigen, nicht verfrbenden Kollektionen - bestenfalls als
V ariett - bei P. sulcatipes belassen.
Die erst krzlich von Galera umkombinierte Pholiotina rimosa (Velen.)
Hauskn. et Svrek (Hausknecht 1999) ist in makro- und mikroskopischer Hinsicht
identisch m it Khners Conocybe aberrans und mu, wie aus den dort gegebenen
Ausfhrungen hervorgeht, nunmehr ebenfalls als Synonym von P. sulcatipes
angesehen werden.

Ich gebe nachstehend eine kompilierte Dokumentation aller von m ir unter

suchten Kollektionen:

P h o lio tin a s u lc a tip e s (Peck) Bon 1991, Doc. Mycol. 21/83: 39

Basionym: Agaricus sulcatipes Peck 1884, Ann. Rep. New York State Mus. Nat.
Hist. 35: 132
Synomyme: Pholiotina aberrans (Khner) Singer 1950, A cta Inst. Bot. Komarov
Acad. Sei. USSR, Ser.2, 6: 436
302
 H a u s k n e c h t A .: D a s P r o b l e m P h o l i o t i n a s u l c a t i p e s - P . a b e r r a n s

Conocybe aberrans (Khner) Khner 1935, Le Genre Galera: 126.

Galera aberrans Khner 1926, Le Botaniste, Ser. 17 (1-6): 168.
Pholiotina rimosa (Velen) Hausknecht et Svrcek 1999, Czech Mycol. 51: 61.
Galera rimosa Velen., Novitates mycologicae 1940: 130.

F a r b ig e A b b ild u n g e n : Enderle (1985: opp. P. 16, als Pholiotina aberrans),

Moser & Jlich (1985-: III/4 ), C etto (1989: 2228), Enderle (1997: 20, als Pholiotina
aberrans).

A u s g e w h lte B e s c h re ib u n g e n : Khner (1935: 126, als Conocybe aber

rans), Svrcek (1961: 201, als Conocybe aberrans, und 1983: 220, als Conocybe
sulcatipes), W atling (1982: 86), Enderle (1985: 22, als Pholiotina aberrans, und
1997: 20, als Pholiotina aberrans), Horak (1986: 104, als Conocybe aberrans).

M e rk m a le :
Hut: 4-13 mm breit, bis 10 mm hoch, meist glockig-konvex, seltener halbkugelig
oder flach konvex, jung zum Teil hher als breit und alt selten aufschirmend; jung
und frisch in der M itte braun, siena, lederbraun (6D7, 6DE7), hellbraun, kaneel-
braun (6D6), vereinzelt auch mehr orangebraun, zum Rand hin oft abgesetzt heller,
ber siena, topasgelb (5C5), rotblond (4-5C4) bis fast hell braunorange (5C4);
ltere H te oft einheitlicher gelbbraun bis hell orangebraun gefrbt, trocken
grauorange bis hell orangegrau (5B4 m it Graustich); hygrophan, meist fast bis zur
M itte gerieft. Oberflche auffallend stark behaart, H utrand ohne Velumspuren.
Lamellen: schmal angewachsen, dicht, schmal, hell milchkaffeebraun, bla
grauorange (5B4 + Braunstich), alt hchstens hell rostfarben, m it etwas hellerer,
fein gezhnelter Schneide.
Stiel: 25-60 mm lang, 0,7-1,5 mm dick, zylindrisch, Basis oft verdickt bis
leicht (nicht gerandet) knollig, jung einheitlich weilich, hyalinwei, lter hch
stens creme, Basis mehr gelbstichig, aber nur minimal dunkler; in ganzer Lnge
behaart-bereift.
Fleisch: hyalinwei, im Stiel bla holzfarben bis hell creme, wenig fest, ohne
besonderen Geruch und Geschmack.
Sporen: (6,8-)7,2-10,3(-ll,l) x (3,6-)4,2-5,2(-5,6) an, im M ittel 8,0-9,l(-9 ,7) x
x 4,2-5,2 (-5,4) fim, Q = 1,6-2,1, ellipsoidisch, glatt, dnnwandig, m it 0,7-1,0 fim
breitem Porus, nicht lentiform oder bohnenfrmig; in KOH hellgelb, gelb bis hell
gelbbrunlich m it einfacher, ganz selten minimal doppelt unterstrichener Wand.
Basidien: 4-sporig (bei einer Kollektion m it 2-sporigen untermischt), 13-24 x
x 8-12 fim, m it Schnallen.
Schnallen: berall im Fruchtkrper zu finden.
Cheilozystiden: (30-)35-75 x (5,5-)7-12,5 fj,m, spindelig bis zylindrisch-bauchig,
dnnwandig.
303
 C z e c h MYCOL. 5 2 ( 4 ) , 2 0 0 1

Stielbekleidung: m it massenhaft Kaulozystiden hnlich den Cheilozystiden,

aber grer (bis 102 x 16 /im ).
Iiu th au t: hymeniform aus rundlich-gestielten Elementen (26-55 x 9-25 /xm)
zusammengesetzt, dazwischen beraus reichlich Pileozystiden (stellenweise bis
1/3 der H uthautelem ente ausmachend), hnlich den Cheilozystiden geformt und
teilweise gelblich pigm entiert, aber grer (bis 95 x 16 /im ) .
H a b i t a t u n d V e r b r e itu n g : Pholiotina sulcatipes hat eine Vorliebe fr
feuchte, moos- und krautreiche Nadelwlder; sie kommt aber auch in der reinen
Nadelstreu (einmal auf vergrabenen, stark modrigen Holzstckchen), an feuchteren
Stellen in Laubwldern, auf grasigen Lichtungen und auf Brandstellen vor.
Der Typus aus Nordamerika (Peck 1884) wurde auf im Wald abgelagerter
Buchweizen-Kleie gefunden. Favre (1955) und Ilorak (1986) melden sie zwischen
Sater-Teppichen ber Kalk in der alpinen Zone. Pholiotina sulcatipes ist aus
West-, M ittel- und Nordeuropa sowie aus Nordamerika bekannt; Singer (1950)
fand die A rt im asiatischen Ruland (Altai-Gebirge, nahe Kurai). Eine Kollektion
von einem verrottenden Holzstrunk im brasilianischen Regenwald (W atling 1992)
kommt dem hier gegebenen Konzept von P. sulcatipes ziemlich nahe, hat
aber breitere, variablere, oft utriforme Cheilozystiden und wrde mglicherweise
V ariettsrang verdienen. Aus anderen Kontinenten ist P. sulcatipes bisher nicht
bekannt geworden.
U n te r s u c h te K o lle k tio n e n : s te r r e ic h : Niedersterreich, Gmnd, Schre-
ms, Eugenia (MTB 7156/3), im Nadelwald, 8. 7. 1984, leg. L. Sandm ann (Herb.
Sandmann); - Heidenreichstein, Seyfrieds, Winkelauer Teich (MTB 7156/4),
in der Krautschicht ( Urtica, Impatiens) im Nadel-Hochwald, 7. 10. 1987, leg.
A. Hausknecht (Herb. Hausknecht = H S1712); - Weitersfeld, Merkersdorf,
Nationalpark Thayatal (MTB 7161/3), an feuchter Stelle bei Buche und Hain
buche, 20. 7. 1984, leg. A. Hausknecht (WU 3457); - Gmnd, Gebhartsteich
Sd (MTB 7256/2), auf Kahlschlag in der Nadelstreu (Fichten), 4. 10. 1981, leg.
L. Sandm ann (WU 1888); - Horn, St. Leonhard, Horner Wald (MTB 7359/3),
im Mischwald, 12. 8. 1984, leg. A. Hausknecht (H S1190); - 17. 8. 1986, leg.
A. Hausknecht (H S1455); - Horn, Breiteneich (MTB 7360/1), im Mischwald,
13. 9. 1984, leg. A. Hausknecht (H S1208); - Eggenburg, Missingdorf (MTB
7360/2), auf Lichtung im Nadelwald, 11. 8. 1980, leg. A. Hausknecht (H S265); -
9. 8. 1987, leg. A. Hausknecht (H S1668); - Maissau, Grnhof (MTB 7460/2),
bei Fichte, Fhre, Lrche, 30. 9. 1979, leg. A. Hausknecht (H S38); - Lan-
genlois, Dienbachtal, Seewiese (MTB 7460/3), auf bemoostem, stark modrigem
Holz im Nadelwald, 31. 8. 1981, leg. A. Hausknecht (H S572); - Hollabrunn,
Kiblitz, Guglwald (MTB 7461/4), im Moos bei Laubbumen, 13. 6. 1982, leg.
A. Hausknecht (H S765); - St. Plten, Wald, Probstwald (MTB 7860/3), in
der Fichten-Nadelstreu, 31. 5. 1984, leg. W. Klofac (H S1145); - Wr. N eustadt,
Schleinz, Rosalia (MTB 8263/4), in Moospolster im Mischwald, 2. 9. 1981,
304
 H a u s k n e c h t A .: D a s P r o b l e m P h o l i o t i n a s u l c a t i p e s - P . a b e r r a n s

leg. A. Hausknecht & R. Schtz (WU 8482, abgebildet in C etto 1989: 2228).
Salzburg, Neukirchen/Grovenediger, Habachtal (MTB 8740/3), im Moos im
Nadelwald, 9. 7. 1996, leg. A. Hausknecht (H S2770); - Zell/See, Badgastein,
Ktschachtal (MTB 8845/3), 1. 7. 1996, leg. A. Hausknecht (H S2767). Vorarlberg,
Rankweil, Valduna (MTB 8723/2), am Wegrand im Nadelwald, 3. 9. 1995, leg.
A. Hausknecht & al. (H S2661).
D e u ts c h la n d : Bayern, Roth, Hofberg (MTB 6833), in dichter Nadelstreu
unter Fichten, 11. 9. 1993, leg. A. Hausknecht, G. Wlfel & F. Reinwald (WU
12323, abgebildet in Moser & Jlich 1985-: III/4 , unten).
F in n la n d : Etel-Hme, Somero, Hntla, Mischwald m it Fichte und Erle,
19. 8. 1994, leg. J. Vauras (TURA). Uusima, Askola, Vahijrvi, Levesuo, im
grasigen Wald bei Fichte und Birke, 2. 8. 1997, leg. J. Vauras (TURA).
F r a n k r e ic h : Savoie, Praz de Saint-Bon, Nr. 7-95, auf Brandstelle unter
Lrche, ?1. 8.?, leg. R. Khner (G, Holotypus von Conocybe aberrans); - Tar-
entaise, Peisey Moulins, unter Lrchen (Nadelstreu), 31. 7. 1936, leg. R. Khner
(G, als Conocybe aberrans); - unter Larix und Picea, 2. 8. 1936, leg. R. Khner
(G, als Conocybe aberrans); Doubs, Le Russey, in Fichtenpflanzung, 18. 8. 1938,
leg. R. Khner (G, als Conocybe aberrans).
S ch w e d en : Upland, Upsala, 7. 9. 1882, leg. H. von Post (S, als Galera siliginea
var. silvaticum); - Upsala, Kungsparken, 15. 8. 1903, leg. H. von Post (S, als Galera
siliginea).
T s c h e c h ie n : Bhmen, Mnichovice, Jidlsky, in gramine collis, Sept. 1934, leg.
J. Velenovsky (PRM, Holotypus von Galera rimosa).
USA: New York State, East Berne, auf einem Haufen Buchweizen-Kleie im
Wald, Aug. 1883, leg. C. H. Peck (NYS, Holotypus von Agaricus sulcatipes).

Die nchstverwandte A rt in der Sektion Piliferae ist Pholiotina mairei (Khn,

et W atling) Enderle. Sie kann durch zartere, kurzstieligere Fruchtkrper, etwas
kleinere Sporen und vor allem kleinere Cheilo-, Kaulo- und Pileozystiden mit
dnnem, langem Hals unterschieden werden. Schwieriger ist die Abgrenzung
von (z. B. durch Witterungseinflsse) velumlosen Formen von Pholiotina velata
(Velen.) Hauskn. et Svrcek oder Pholiotina dentatomarginata (Watling) Enderle.
E rstere hat nahezu ebenso groe, aber etwas dunkler gefrbte Sporen, krzere
Cheilozystiden und vor allem eine H uthaut, in der Pileozystiden selten sind
oder fehlen. Die Sporen von P. dentatomarginata sind grer, im M ittel meist
ber 10 im, dickwandiger und dunkler in KOH, die Zystiden meist krzer und
variabler geformt, und in der H uthaut sind Pileozystiden abwesend oder zumindest
selten.

305
 C z ec h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

D anksagung

Ich danke den K uratoren der Herbarien G, NYS, PRM , S, TURA und WU fr
die Ausleihe von Herbarm aterial und Frau Monika Kberl fr die A usarbeitung
der Mikrozeichnungen.

R eferences

B o n M. (1992): Cl m onographique des espces galero-naucoroi des. - Doc. Mycol. 21/84: 1-89.
C e t t o B. (1989): I funghi dal vero 6. - T rento: S atu rn ia.
E n d e r l e M. (1985): B em erkensw erte A garicales-Funde I. (8. B e itra g K en n tn is der U lm er
Pilzflora). - Z. Mykol. 51: 5-42.
E n d e r l e M. (1997): C onocybe-P holiotina-S tudien V II. - Z. Mykol. 63: 3-34.
F av re J. (1955): Les cham pignons suprieurs de la zone alpine du P a rc N a tio n a l Suisse. - Liestal:
L din.
H a u sk n e c h t A. (1999): Revision von Velenovsks G alera-A rten , die den G a ttu n g e n C onocybe
u n d P h o lio tin a angehren. - Czech Mycol. 51: 4 1 -7 0 .
H o r a k E . (1986): U ber neue und system atisch interessan te A garicales aus der a lpinen Zone der
A lpen. - Sydow ia 36: 104-123.
K risa i -G r e il h u b e r I., S c h e u e r C. and H a u sk n e c h t A. (1997): E rgebnisse des M ykologischen
A rbeitstreffens in Sibratsgfll (V orarlberg) vom 31. 8 .-6 . 9. 1995. sterr. Z. Pilzk. 6:
155-180).
K h n e r R. (1935): Le G enre G alera (Fries) Q ulet. P aris: Lechevalier.
M e u se r s M . (1996): B estim m ungsschlssel fr europische A rte n der G a ttu n g e n C onocybe und
P ho lio tin a. - sterr. Z. Pilzk. 5: 245-272.
MOSER M . e t JLICH W . (1985-): F a rb a tlas der B asidiom yceten 1-. - S tu ttg a rt, N ew York:
G. Fischer.
P e CK C. P . (1884): T h irty -fifth A nnual R e p o rt. - New York S ta te M us. N a t. H ist. 35: 125-164.
S in g e r R. (1950): N aucoria Fries i blizkie rody v SSSR (N aucoria Fries a n d related g enera in
th e U SSR). - A c ta In st. B ot. K om arov A kad. N auk SSSR, Ser. 2, 6: 402-438.
S in g e r R . (1986): T h e A garicales in m odern taxonom y, 4. E d. - K oenigstein: K oeltz.
S v r c e k M. (1961): C onocybe a b e rra n s K h n er a P sath y re lla panaeoloides R. M aire, dva nov
d ruhy lu p en at ch hub pro echy. - esk Mykol. 15: 201-205.
S v r c e k M . (1983): N ov a vzcnj A garicales z e c h . e s k Mykol. 37: 212236.
W a t l in g R . (1982): B olbitiaceae: A grocybe, B olbitius & C onocybe. - in H enderson D. M .,
O rto n P. D., W atling R. (E ds.): B ritish fungus flora A garics a n d B oleti 3. - E dinburgh: H er
M a jesty s S ta tio n e ry Office.
W a t l in g R. (1992): O bservations on th e B olbitiaceae - 30. Som e B razilian ta x a . - Bol. Soc.
A rgent. B ot. 28: 77-103.

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C zec h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

Hymenochaete cruenta and H. sphaericola, two sibling species

of Hymenochaetales (Hymenomycetes, Basidiomycota)

E ra st P arm asto

In s titu te of Zoology and B otany, E sto n ian A gricultural U niversity

181 R iia S t., 51014 T a rtu , E stonia; e-m ail: e.parm asto@ zbi.ee

P a rm a s to , E . (2001): H y m en o ch aete c ru e n ta a n d H. sp h aerico la, tw o sibling species of

H y m en o ch aetales (H ym enom ycetes, B asid io m y co ta) - C zech M ycol. 52: 307-315
H ym enochaete c ruenta (syn.: H. m ougeotii) has been considered a widely sp read species in
E u ra sia a n d A u stra la sia in h ab itin g b o th coniferous a n d angiosperm ic tree s o r bushes. A sim ilar
species, H. m u rashkinskyi was described by A. P il t from Southern S iberia a n d la te r found
also in th e R ussian F ar E a st and C h in a on R hododendron spp. S tudy of herb ariu m specim ens
d e m o n s tra te d th a t th ere are tw o closely re la te d species w ith p a rtly overlapping areas of
d istrib u tio n : H. c ru en ta on A bies (and o th e r conifers?) in E urasia, a n d H. sphaericola (syn.:
H. m u ra sh kin skyi) on R hododendron, Q uercus and som e o th e r angiosperm ic trees in E ast,
S o u th -E a st a n d S outh A sia a n d A ustralasia.

K e y w o r d s : H ym enom ycetes, H ym enochaete cruenta, H ym enochaete sphaericola, ta x o

nomy, d istrib u tio n .

P a rm a s to E . (2001): H y m en o ch aete c ru e n ta a H. sp h aerico la, d v a sestersk d ru h y d u

H y m en o ch aetales (H ym enom ycetes, B asid io m y co ta). - C zech M ycol. 52: 307-315
H ym enochaete c ruenta (syn. H. m oug eo tii) byla povaovna za iroce rozen d ru h v E ura-
sii a A u stralasii rostouc n a jehlinanech i n a strom ech a kech krytosem ennch rostlin. P odobn
d ru h H. m u ra sh kin skyi byl po p sn P ilte m z ji n Sibie a pozdji nalezen tak n a ruskm D lnm
vchod a v C n n a rznch druzch ro d u R hododendron. S tudium herbovch d oklad ukzalo,
e zde e x istu j d v a blzce p b u zn d ru h y jejich rozen se zsti p ekrv H. c ruenta n a A bies
(a n a dalch jehlinanech?) v E urasii a H. sphaericola (syn. H. m urashkinskyi) n a R hododendron,
Q uercus a nkterch dalch krytosem ennch strom ech ve vchodn, jihovchodn a jin Asii
a v A ustralasii.

I n t r o d u c t io n

In the genus Hymenochaete a small group of species is characterized by

basidiom ata with a striking, bright or violaceous red hymenium. The name
H. cruenta (syn.: H. mougeotii) has been used for such fungi found in Eurasia on
Abies spp., in Asia and A ustralasia on Quercus spp., Rhododendron spp. and some
other angiospermic trees. Ii. sphaericola, described by Lloyd from New Zealand in
1925 and not found later was synonymized with this species by Lger (1998). In
1934, A. Pilt described II. murashkinskyi, a species with similar basidiom ata from
South Siberia where it was growing on Rhododendron. Parm asto (1985) asserted
th a t South Asian specimens called II. cruenta may belong to II. murashkinskyi.
307
 C z e c h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

Leger (1998) in his world monograph of the genus Hymenochaete distinguished

both species but referred South Asian and Australasian specimens to II. cruenta.
Based on numerous herbarium specimens, the aim of this study is to clear
up the taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution of the sibling species of the
Hymenochaete cruenta group.

M a t e r ia l s a n d m ethods

The herbarium specimens were examined microscopically as hand sections or

as squash mounts in 2% KOH solution at magnifications x 700 and x 1000.
M easurements of spores were made with the aid of a Sony CCD Video Cam era
attached to the microscope and analysed by Global Lab Image (D ata Translation
Inc.) software; 25 randomly taken spores were measured in each specimen. Colour
notations were made in accordance with Munsells Book of Color (1942; abbre
viated: M ) and Kornerup & Wanschers (1978; abbreviated: K & W) Handbook
of Colour. Herbarium acronyms are after Holmgren, Holmgren & B arnett (1990).
D istribution m ap of species was compiled using the program M apPad Vers. 2.1.

K ey to s p e c ie s

1. Hymenium with a violet or purple tint; setal hyphae (embedded setae) rare,
but present; mean w idth of spores 2-2.5 /xm, mean length/w idth quotient Q =
2.9-4; setal layer not stratose; on Abies (or other conifers) ................... H. cruenta
Hymenium w ithout a violet tint; setal hyphae absent; mean width of
spores 2.6-4 /xm, mean length/w idth quotient Q 1.8-2.7; setal layer some
times m ultistratose; on Rhododendron, Quercus or other angiospermic trees
............. II. sphaericola

H y m e n o c h a e te c r u e n ta (Pers.: Fr.) Donk, Persoonia 1 (1): 51 (1959).

Thelephora cruenta Pers.: Fr., Syn. fung. 575 (1801); Fr., Syst. mycol. 1: 444 (1821)
non Alb. & Schwein. (1805) = Cytidia salicina (Fr.) Burt. Thelephora mougeotii
Fr., Elench. fung. 1: 188 (1828). Hymenochaete mougeotii (Fr.: Fr.) Cooke,
Grevillea 8: 147 (1880).
Basidiom ata effused, 200-500 /tm thick, up to 3 cm in diam, then confluent and
up to 10 cm long, coriaceous, adnate, sometimes with slightly elevated (upper)
margin 1-4 mm long, pileal surface with some concentric zones, tobacco brown;
hymenium smooth or slightly tuberculate, indistinctly concentrically zonate, dark
vinaceous, dark coral to light blood colour (M: 5-7.5 R 34 /6 8; K & W: 10
D 6-7, 11 D 6 or 10 R P 4/6), sometimes with a thin greyish coating (then M: 5 R
5/6); margin of the effused part 1-5 mm broad, thin, fibrillose, then abrupt and
concolorous with the hymenium or with a darker zone.
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 P a r m a s t o , E .: H y m e n o c h a e t e c r u e n t a a n d H . s p h a e r ic o l a

Tomentum up to 100 fim thick or present as abhymenial hairs; cortex 20-35 fim
thick, of densely agglutinated brown hyphae; context composed of loosely or
com pactly arranged hyphae; setal layer absent or weakly developed, rarely
2-stratose.
Hyphal system subdimitic; generative hyphae yellowish, thin-walled, ramose,
septate, yellowish, 2.5-3.5 ftm in diam; skeletoids thick-walled, brown, 2.5-4 fim
in diam; setal hyphae usually present but not frequent, (4-)5-8 /xm in diam.
Setae numerous, subulate to fusoid, (40-)45-80(-95) x 6-10(-12) /xm, emerging
up to 65(-80) /xm, usually w ithout a hyphal sheath, in old hymenia sometimes
w ith a granulose encrustation on tip. Dendrohyphidia not numerous, yellow
or brownish, 20-55 fim long, 2-4 fim in diam, forked or with 3-4 branches,
2-4.5 fim in diam, brown(ish), tips sometimes hyaline and 1-2 fim in diam.
Basidia subutriform (slightly constricted in upper part), thin-walled, hyaline,
20-30 x 4-5 fim , w ith 4 thin sterigm ata 4-5 /xm long; spores cylindric, slightly
curved, (5.5-)7.2-8.5(-8.8) x 1.5-2.8 fim; mean length/w idth quotient Q 2.0-2.5.
S u b s t r a t a . On bark of dead or fallen trunks and branches of Abies alba,
A. bommuelleriana, A. holophylla, A. mayriana, A. nephrolepis, A. nordmanni-
ana, A. sachalinensis, A. sibirica; in South America found on an angiospermic
tree; dubious d ata on occurrence on Picea abies and P. sibirica.
D i s t r i b u t i o n . Europe: Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy,
Poland, Romania, Russia - Komi, Perm, T atarstan regions; Slovakia, Switzer
land, Ukraine, United Kingdom; Asia-Temperate: Turkey, Russian Caucasus -
K rasnodar Terr., Causasian N ature Reserve; Georgia; Siberia - Tyumen, Ekater
inburg, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk Terr., Altai, West and East Saiany Mts.; Russian
Far East - Jewish, Khabarovsk, Prim orsk and Sakhalin Terr. (incl. Kunashir Is.);
China; Southern South America: Argentina (Tierra del Fuego).
I s o ty p e (?) s tu d ie d . Thelephora cruenta (K, Herb. Hookerianum 1867).
O t h e r s p e c im e n s s tu d ie d . 190 specimens from the herbaria BAFC (1),
B PI (45), K (43), NY (14), TAA (85), H (2). Seven specimens from southernm ost
localities studied by me are collected on unidentified coniferous trees in regions
where Abies spp. occur: SOUTH-EAST CHINA: Guangdong, Hainan[do], Tiang-an
[= Dingan?], 18 Nov and 23 Dec 1934 S. Q. Deng 6668 and 7916 (BPI 278251,
278255, 278883, 278252, 278249); Yunnan, Anhwei, Chiu-hua-shan, 18 Sep 1933
S. Q. Deng 529 (BPI 278250, 278254, 278892), ibid., 18 Nov 1934 S. Q. Deng
6668 (BPI 278885), ibid., 23 Dec 1933 S. Q. Deng 7916 (BPI 278249, 278252),
Kushan [= Xueshan?], Foochow, 14 Aug 1933 S. Q. Deng 2205 (BPI 278248,
278886), Yen-tsin, 5 Apr 1934 Y. Tsiang 914 (BPI 278260). In South America
found on an angiospermic tree: ARGENTINA: T ierra del Fuego, P uerto Haberton,
coll. Wright k Del Busto 1 Feb 1973, det. D. J. Job (BAFC 29230).
R e m a rk . Closely related to H. sphaericola; the differences are described below.
B asidiom ata usually have a violet tint; when basidia and spores are present, the
309
 C z ec h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

hymenium is slightly pruinose and greyish. Most of the specimens seen are w ithout
basidia and as a result are much more vividly coloured.

H y m e n o c h a e te sp h a erico la Lloyd, Mycol. Notes 7 (9) (no. 74): 1338, f.

3101 (1925). H. murashkinskyi P ilat, Hedwigia 71: 322, f. 1-3 (1934).
H. mougeotii (Fr.) Cooke f. murashkinskyi (Pilat) Litsch. in Handel-M azzetti
(ed.), Symbolae Sinicae. Bot. 43 (1937). H. mougeotii (Fr.: Fr.) Cooke sensu
G. H. Cunningham, Balfour-Browne et al.
Basidiom ata effused, 100-400 /xm thick, up to 3 cm in diam, then confluent, soft
coriaceous, detachable from the substrate, usually w ith slightly elevated (upper)
pileus-like margin; pileus (when present) up to 5 mm long, surface indistinctly
zonate, dark sienna or umber (M: 5 YR 5/7; K & W: 7 D 7). Hymenium smooth,
dark livid red, dark red, blood colour or umber bay (M: 5 R 2.5 YR 4 /4 -6 -8 ,
when old sometimes 5 R 5 YR 4/8-10; K & W: 6-8 E 6-7), when fertile (with
spores) light chestnut, chestnut brown or dark brick (M : 7.5 R 3/4 to 2.5 YR 5/4,
sometimes 5 R 4.5-6; K & W: 6-8 E 6), without a violet tint.
Tomentum present but thin; cortex 15-25 /.m thick, composed of brown
agglutinated hyphae; context well developed, hyphae loosely more or less parallel
interwined; setal layer usually w ith 2-4, rarely up to 10 distinct or indistinct strata;
when one-layered, then the setal layer is thickening and up to 200 /tm thick
Hyphal system subdimitic, setal hyphae absent; generative hyphae yellowish,
thin-walled, ramose, with septa, 2-4 /xm in diam; skeletoids brown(ish), with
thickened walls, 2-4 /xm in diam. Setae usually not numerous, conical-fusoid,
(50-)60-100(-120) x (7-)8-13(-15) /m, embedded, some emerging 20-50 /xm
above the hymenium, mostly covered with a thin hyphal sheath, in old hymenia
sometimes w ith a granulose encrustation at the tip. Dendrohyphidia yellow or
brownish, usually not numerous, 32-40 /xm long, 2-4 /xm in diam, w ith thickened
walls, with (2-)3-6(-8) branches. Basidia subutriform (slightly constricted in upper
p art), thin-walled, hyaline, 20-32 x 5-8 /m, with 4 thin sterigm ata 3-4 /xm long.
Spores cylindric, one side slightly curved, 6-8.2(-9) x (2.5-)2.7-4.2 /xm; mean
length/w idth quotient Q = 1.8-2.7.
S u b s tr a t a . On fallen trunks and branches of Quercus spp. and Rhododendron
spp., but also several other angiospermic trees.
D i s t r i b u t io n . Russian Far East and South Siberia (Saiany and A ltai Mts.),
China, Japan, India, Nepal, Australia, New Zealand.
T y p e s s tu d ie d . H. sphaericola: New Zealand, on an old Sphaeria sp.
( Hypoxylon?), J. Mitchell (holotype: BPI 329986, Lloyd Herb. 32642; iso
type: K). H. murashkinskyi: Russia, Montes Saiany, alt. 600 m, on Rhododendron
dahuricum, 25 Jul 1927 K. E. Murashkinsky (holotype: PRM 686919; isotype: K).
O th e r s p e c im e n s s tu d ie d . AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, NW of Coo-
pernook, 30 Mar 1983 R. Coveny 25 (BPI); Queensland, Eungella Nat. Park, 12
310
 P a r m a s t o , E . : H y m e n o c h a e t e c r u e n t a a n d H . s p h a e r ic o l a

Nov 1985 G. Thor 5065 (TAA); Tasmania, G. Massee (NY). CHINA: G. Massee
(NY); Guangdong, Sikang, Kiulunghsien, Hunba Forest, on Rhododendron, 5
Dec 1939 S. C. Teng 3345 (BPI 278875); Hainan, Ting-an, 18 Dec 1934 and
23 Dec 1934 S. Q. Teng 6668, 7916 (BPI 278251, 278249, 278252); Yunnan,
Delavay (BPI, ex Herb. N. Patouillard); Nguluki, on Rhododendron, Sep-Oct
1916 Handel-M azzetti 12952 (NY); Youngning, on Rhododendron, 2 Apr 1940
S. C. Teng 3512 (BPI 278277; NY); Likiang, on Quercus, 15 May 1940 S. C. Teng
3511 (B PI 278884); Xinjiang, Chensi Centralis, Seu toei chan, 14 Sep 1916
E. Licent 213 (PRM 501007). INDIA: Himachal Pradesh, Chamba, Sara, on
Quercus incana, 27 Aug 1966 S. S. R attan 5185, 5186, 5188 (BPI 349168, 349170,
349169; TENN); Simla, Kufri, on Pyrus baccata, 26 Sep 1967 S. S. R attan
5307 (BPI 299847; TENN); Dalhousie, Dainkund, on Betula utilis, 15 Apr 1971
S. S. R attan 5497 (BPI 349395; TENN); Mahasu, Narkanda, on Quercus incana,
15 Aug 1971 S. S. R attan 5598 (BPI 349393; TENN); E of Manali, Nagar, on
Rhododendron sp. and Prunus padus, 22 Jun 1972 P. Uotila 18091 and 18023
(H); Jam m u and Kashmir, Chandanwari, Pahelgam, on Pyrus baccata, 3 Sep
1967 S. S. R attan 5275 (BPI 349171); U ttar Pradesh, Martoli, on Betula, 6 May
1908 W. Koelz 20277 (BPI 278259); Garhwal (NY); Gobindham, on Rhododen
dron, 15 Sep 1968 S. S. R attan 5441-5443 (BPI 349164-349166); Mussoorie, on
Quercus, 7 Sep 1968 S. S. R attan (BPI 349167); Sikkim, between Dzongri and
Thangshing, on living Rhododendron sp., 5 May 1997 M. Gregory (K 51866).
JAPAN: Sendai, on Quercus glandulifera, 24 Sep 1919 A. Yasuda (BPI 278275,
278276); Sendai, on Hamamelis japnica, A. Yasuda (BPI 278270). NEPAL:
Gosainkund, Chandanwari, 29 Aug 1969 S. S. R attan 5463 (BPI 278261); Gandaki
Prov., Kuldi, A napurna trek, 2400 m, on Rhododendron, 1979-11-07 L. Ryvarden
(O; K 19336). NEW ZEALAND: Auckland, on Pittosporum eugenioides, 8 Sep
1956 P. J. Brook (BPI 278274); W aitarua, on Dysoxylum spectabile, Nov 1948
J. M. Dingley 7156 (BPI 278269); Dunedin, H. K. Dalrympe (BPI 329937, Lloyd
Herb. 32631); Wellington, Weraroa, 21 Aug and 31 Aug 1919 G. H. Cunningham
541 and 548 (BPI 278246, 278253). RUSSIA: A ltai Mts., Altai N ature Reserve,
Yailyu, on Rhododendron dahuricum, 14 Aug 1959 E. Parm asto (TAA7357);
Khabarovsk Terr., Sofijsk, on R. dahuricum, 7 Aug 1982 E. Parm asto (TAA
104673); Prim orsk Terr., Kavalerovo, on R. mucronulatum, 5 Oct 1977 E. Parm asto
(TAA 101833); Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Reserve, Vodorazdelnaya, on R. sichotense,
29 Sep 1979 A. Kollom; 30 Sep 1979 E. Parm asto (TAA 127103, 102754); Kabanij,
on R. sichotense, 19 Sep 1990 E. Parm asto (TAA 151233, 151276); Blagodatnoye,
on R. dahuricum, 25 Sep 1990 (TAA 151453).
R e m a rk s . Closely related to H. cruenta; it may be distinguished thanks to its
vivid red colour w ithout a violet or purple tint, absence of setal hyphae, better
developed dendrohyphidia with several branches, and substrate (angiospermic
trees and bushes). Spores of H. cruenta are more slender (specimens mean Q > 2.6)
311
 C z e c h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

T a b le 1. M ean spore length L, w idth W and spore le n g th /w id th coefficient Q in H ym enochaete

sphaericola a n d H. cruenta

L | W | Q |

Hymenochaete sphaericola_________________________________________________________________________________________

7.08 3.99 1.78 China, Yunnan (BPI 278260)

6.88 3.46 1.99 Nepal (BPI 278261)

8.81 3.19 2.76 type of H. murashkinskyi: Russia, S. Siberia (PRM 686919);

spores few, damaged and deformed

6.55 3.07 2.13 type o f H. sphaericola: New Zealand (BPI 329986)

7.83 3.03 2.58 India, Uttar Pradesh (BPI 349165)

6.40 3.01 2.13 Australia, New South Wales (NSW 25)

6.76 2.97 2.28 Australia, Queensland (TAA, Thor 5056)

7.71 2.91 2.65 India, Jammu & Kashmir (BPI 349171)

6.52 2.85 2.29 New Zealand (BPI 78269)

6.66 2.90 2.30 India, Himachal Pradesh (TENN 39444)

6.61_________ 2 ^ 6 __________ 2 4 8 _________Russian Far East (TAA 127103)___________________________________________

Hymenochaete cruenta____________________________________________________________________________________________

7.20 2.53 2.86 Russian Far East (TAA 104960)

8.28 2.43 3.14 Russia, S. Siberia (TAA 103546)

7.86 2.35 3.37 Russian Far East (TAA 104657)

8.41 2.35 3.63 Russian Far East (TAA 104674)

7.67 2.33 3.29 Russia, Perm Prov. (TAA 104202)

7.83 2.33 3.35 Russia, Altai Mts. (TAA 7930)

8.11 2.33 3.48 Russian Far East (TAA 125340)

7.50 2.32 3.23 Poland (Domahskl 3785)

7.19 2.31 3.11 Argentina, Tierra del Fuego (BAFC 29230)

7.95 2.29 3.50 Russian Far East (TAA 125340)

7.73 2.28 3.38 Germany (TAA 150810)

7.04 2.26 3.11 Russia, Sakhalin Prov. (TAA 93188)

7.60 2.08 3.65 Russia, Komi Auton. Rep. (TAA 6019)

7.56 2.02 3.74 France (BPI 278265)

7.38 2.00 3.72 Russia, Sakhalin Prov. (TAA 102523)

7.69_________1 9 9 __________ 3J9_________Russia, Perm Prov. (TAA 104202)_________________________________________

and more narrow (specimens mean is less than 2.6 /xm); however, the only fertile
specimen collected in the region where both species have been found (Russian Far
E ast), has spores of marginal size and form (cf. Table 1). Setal layer is distinctly
stratified in the specimens of H. sphaericola growing in the boreal zone, bu t with
few usually indistinct stra ta or not stratified when growing in southern (partly
subtropic) regions. Bright coloured specimens are, as a rule, sterile or w ith only
a few spores. I tried to find sporulating specimens in Russian Far East forests in
312
 P a r m a s t o , E .: H y m e n o c h a e t e c r u e n t a a n d H . s p h a e r ic o l a

pm

4.0 .......................................................... .......................................................................................................

/*

///
/
//
3-5 ........................................................................................................
/
//
type

3.0 ...................r ................. ........................................................ .........................................................

....................
2.5 -....................................................-,r.:'.Q..................................................- -'-'v...................
o \
j o O O 0G O0 o o';
\ 1

2.0 ............................................................ 0 fP o
& -

I____________I___________ I___________ I___________ I____________I______

6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 pm

F ig . 1. M ean spore size of H ym enochaete cruenta (O ) and H. sphaericola ( ) .

late spring, summer and autum n, but in vain. It is possible, th a t in those regions
the sporulation period is the same as in corticioid Corticium (Laeticorticium)
species, i e, very early spring ju st after melting of the snow.

D isc u ssio n

H. cruenta and H. sphaericola are a classical example of sibling species: the

morphological differences are small, but the characters are not overlapping. Mean
spore size and form are w ithout interm ediates when statistical study is used,
bu t are very close (Table 1 and Fig. 1). However, this character can rarely been
used since most of the (herbarium) specimens are sterile, or with a few damaged
and deformed spores (as is the case with the type of H. murashkinskyi). One
of the seemingly good distinguishing characters, the stratification of basidiom ata
(setal layers) in H. sphaericola, seems to be a variable adaptation and is only
313
 C z ec h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

' ' /O - ^

j____ * A
V

F ig . 2 . L ocalities of H ym enochaete c ruenta (O ), H. sphaericola ( ) a n d b o th species ( ) in

A sia a n d A ustralasia.

well expressed in northern regions of distribution and in mountainous areas. Setal

hyphae are rare in H. cruenta, and their absence in a herbarium specimen is not
a sure character to be used for distinguishing the species.
B oth species have different areas of distribution, but are not distinctly allo-
patric: areas are partly overlapping in Middle Asia (Saiany and A ltai M ts.) and
E ast Asia (Russian Far East, China; cf. Fig. 2). H. cruenta grows especially on
314
 P a r m a s t o , E .: H y m e n o c h a e t e c r u e n t a a n d H . s p h a e r ic o l a

Abies; the host spectrum of H. sphaericola is broader, but Rhododendron and

Quercus are the main hosts among other angiospermic trees. In South-East China,
several specimens have been found on conifers which are difficult to classify: they
are all w ithout spores and w ithout a stratified setal layer. They have been placed
under H. cruenta in this paper, but their true identity may be discovered only
after fertile specimens are found or molecular markers used.
H. cruenta has also been found once in South America (Tierra del Fuego). Ac
cording to spore size and form, presence of setal hyphae and colour of basidiomata,
this is a typical specimen of this species. Here it may be a Gondwanan relict of
the formerly widespread species.
Leaving aside the possible presence of interm ediate specimens, the species
pair studied is a good example of sibling species differentiated in phylogenesis due
to two co-ordinated processes: geographical disjunction and host specialization.

A cknow ledgem ents

Financial support from the Estonian Science Foundation (grant no. 2145) and
from the Royal Society, London is gratefully acknowledged. I am grateful to the
USA National Fungus Herbarium, the New York Botanical Garden and the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew for the possibility to work in these herbaria in 1998, 1999
and 2000. Thanks are also due to the Directors and Curators of the herbaria DD,
H, 0 , PAN and TENN, to late Prof. S. Domanski, and to Dr. D. J. Job for loans
or exchange of specimens. I am thankful to Dr. P. Roberts who kindly revised the
English.

R e f e r e n c e s

H o l m g r en P . K ., H olm gren N . H . and B a r n e t t L. C. (ed s.) (1990): In d ex H erbariorum . P art

I: T h e herbaria o f th e W orld. 8 th ed . - 693 p. N ew York B o ta n ica l G arden, B ronx, N Y .
K o r n e r u p A . an d W ANSCHEll J. H. (1967): M eth u en H an d b ook o f C olour. 2nd ed . - 243 p. + 30
pi. M eth u en & C o, L ondon.
L e g e r J.-C . (1998): Le genre H ym enochaete Leveille. - B ibliotheca M ycologica 171: 1-319.
J. C ra m e r, B erlin & S tu ttg a rt.
M un se ll B ook of C olor (1 9 7 6 ). - 40 pi. B altim ore.
P a r m a s t o E . (1985): T h e species concept in H ym enochaetaceae (Fungi, H ym enom ycetes). -
P roceedings of th e In d ian A cadem y of Sciences (P la n t Sciences) 94 (2 -3 ): 369-380.

3 15
 C zech m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

Book Review

T . R . H a n l in

I llu s tr a te d g e n e r a o f A s c o m y c e te s . V o lu m e II.

A P S P ress, St. P a u l, M innesota, 1998, 258 pages.

ISB N 0-89 0 5 4 -1 9 8 -1 .
S piral-bound price USD 35.00.

T h e first volum e of th is book, published in 1990 by th e sam e a u th o r, has been very successful,
having th ree prin tin g s u p to th is tim e. T h e second volum e presents a n o th e r hu n d red
g en era in th e sam e lay-out. A very broad sp e c tru m of ascom ycetous fungi is presen ted ,
including yeasts, p lan t p a rasitic fungi ( P rotom yces, Taphrina, Cystotheca, C ryptom ycina,
C occodiella e tc .), insect p a rasitic or insect associated g enera ( A scosphaera, C occidiascus,
H erpom yces or P eyritschiella), soil and coprophilous fungi, com m on sa p ro th ro p h s on p lan t
m a te ria l a n d tw o exam ples of lichenised fungi ( C ladonia a n d Usnea). T h e item s a re a rra n g e d
com pletely artificially, based on S accardos system of spore ty p es a n d re su ltin g ty p e of
ascom a. A dichotom ous key is provided for th e identification of g en era of th is volum e, w ith o u t
considering th e g enera presented in th e previous volume.
T h e core of th e book consists of generic descriptions a n d corresponding illu stratio n s.
D escriptions are followed by th e nam es of associated an am o rp h s, h a b ita t, re p resen tativ e
species, com m ents on distinguishing related genera and selected references. T h e illu stra tio n
o f each genus is based on a draw ing of a rep resen tativ e (n o t th e ty p e) teleom orph species.
A n am orphs are not illu stra te d . T h e draw ings are stylised a n d sim plified to a c erta in m easure,
b u t d e p ic t clearly th e essence o f th e fungus. H a b itu s on th e h o st, ascom a, asci, ascospores
a n d o th e r diagnostic features a re draw n by C. G. H ahn a n d som e g en era are com pleted w ith
m icrophotographs.
T h e book is intended to teach stu d e n ts how to identify A scom ycetes. T h e dichotom ous
key com prises 109 steps, com posed of sh o rt a n d clearly form ulated d istin ctiv e ch aracters.
In th e in tro d u c tio n som e useful in form ation a b o u t effective use of th e key is given. N ot
only for beginners, b u t for all users from p ractice, som e fu rth e r in form ation on th e g enera
tre a te d w ould be ap p reciated , such as sy stem atic position on ord er level, num ber of species,
d istrib u tio n a n d illu stra tio n of th e a nam orph. It m ay be uneasy to search th ese d etails o u t
in special lite ra tu re . For five g enera th e illu stra te d species is n o t specified; in th e case of
com m on fungi such as D iatrypella o r E m ericellopsis such a solution seem s to b e undesirable.
Sum m ing-up: th e spiral-bound book (to g eth er w ith th e first volum e a n d K eys volum e)
will be a very useful aid to anyone w ho is in te rested in th is extensive group of fungi. It can be
recom m ended to stu d e n ts of applied m ycology a n d phytopathology, b u t it m ay also stim u la te
in te rest o f a w ide range of biologists, w ho have th e courage to g et fam iliar w ith th is striking
group of organism s.

K arel P ril

316
C zech m ycol. 52 (4), 2001

Notes on two rare Lactarius species

M e in h a r d M o s e r an d M a r tin K ir c h m a ir

In s titu t fr M ikrobiologie, U niversitt Innsbruck

T echnikerstrasse 25, A-6020, Innsbruck, A u stria

M oser, M. a n d K irch m a ir M. (2001): N o tes on som e L a c ta riu s sp e c ie s.- C zech M ycol. 52:
317-322
T h e nordic species L actarius hysginoides is rep o rte d for th e first tim e from A ustria.
A descrip tio n is given of th e ra re L actarius fa sc in a n s based on to p o ty p ic m ate ria l a n d a neotype
is proposed.

K e y w o rd s : A u stria , Lactarius hysginoides, L. fa sc in a n s

M oser M. a K irch m a ie r M. (2001): P o zn m k y ke d v m a d ru h m ro d u L a c ta riu s. - C zech

M ycol. 52: 317-322
Seversk d ru h L actarius hysginoides je uvdn poprv z Rakouska. Je uveden popis vzcnho
d ru h u L actarius fa sc in a n s zaloen n a m ate r lu z lokality ty p u a je navren neotypus.

L a c ta r iu s h y s g in o id e s Korhonen et Ulvinen found in A ustria

Fig. 1 above, fig. 2 a, fig. 3 a-c

Illustr.: Korhonen, 1984, p. 140 below, Heilmann-Clausen et al. 1999 p. 67

During a spring foray with students M. Kirchmair found a group of Lactarii,

which were unknown to us, although we have collected in this area since many
years. The examination led to the conclusion th a t it corresponds well with
Lactarius hysginoides Korhonen et Ulvinen. This is remarquable, as this fungus is
hitherto known only from Scandinavian countries.

Pileus 35-85 mm diam., centre depressed, at first margin involute, later straight
or somewhat lobed, surface rather m at, pruinose to slightly rugose (lens!) hardly or
only slightly viscid, gray-brown with slight reddish tinge, between milk-cocoa and
milk-coffee brown, Sayal Brown (R), toward the disc paler, but much paler than
Snuff Brown (R), in some specimens with traces of an indistict, slightly darker
zonation. - Lamellae cream coloured to ochraceous, close to subdistant, slightly
decurrent, medium broad, with lamellulae. - Stipe 25-45 x 10-20 mm, compact
but later becoming hollow, pale grayish-brown to buff w ith paler and darker areas
317
 C zech m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

(but not guttulate) - Context whitish to pale buff, pale pinkish buff. Milk watery
white, not changing colour on drying. Odour not distinctive, taste mild, after some
tim e slightly acrid and finally bitterish.

Microscopic characters: Spores 6.2 -7-8 x 5.5-6.5 /xm, av = 6.8 0.4 x 6.1
0.26 /xm, Q 1.1-1-125, av 1.17 0.05, vol 99-169 /xm3, av = 132.5
17 /xm3, with reticulation and isolated warts. Basidia 4-spored, clavate,
35-45 x 8-10 /xm, cheilomacrocystidia 45-80 x 6-9 /xm, fusoid, lanceolate,
bottleshaped, apex often encrusted, pleuromacrocystidia 45-70 x 6-8 /xm, pseudo-
cystidia 70-90(-100) x 5-7 /xm. Pileipellis more an ixocutis than an ixotrichoderm,
corresponding well to the figure given by Korhonen & Ulvinen (1984)

H abitat: Meadow margin near Picea. Coll. IB 2000/0013, between Poduler-pond

and Diirenberger moss. Grebenzen, near Mariahof, distr. M urau, Styria, Austria,
17 Ju n 2000 leg. M. Kirchmair.

Comments: This species has certainly been overlooked before in A ustria and
may have been misidentified as L. trivialis or any other species. B ut L. trivialis
differs by more uniform colours, and very acrid taste. L. hysginus is more redbrown,
has an arom atic odour (cossus odour) and the taste is immediately very acrid.
L. pyrogalus grows with Corylus, the gills are very distant and deep ochraceous
from the beginning and the taste is very acrid, the colours of the pileus more
gray-brown or olivaceous gray.

T h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f L a c ta r iu s fa s c in a n s (Fr.: Fr.) Fr.

Epicrisis: 336, 1838.
Fig. 1 below, fig. 2b, fig. 3 d-f
Illustr. Moser-Julich, IV Lactarius 21 below., Basso (1999) p. 169.

The concept of this species was often debated. In recent tim e Korhonen (1984)
synonymized L. fascinans ss. Moser with L. utilis Weinm. Moser (1994) reported
on a collection from the type locality at Femsjo. Heilman-Clausen et al. (1999)
did not know the species but doubted a synonymie with L. utilis. Basso (1999).
follows our concept based on our Femsjo m aterial and two collections from Italy.
As this taxon is still badly known to most mycologists we think it useful, to give
a detailed description of the Femsjo material.

The species was first observed in 1979 during an excursion in company with
D. Lamoure and A. Wood. W hen we came out from the forest near Yaberg, we
found on a mossy meadow margin a fairy ring of about 40 fruit-bodies of
318
 m X H llw E m
tjS

V H S b | '^ K m J

MMMBwpiHBi^B k 3i, ^ H |H |

- y .^ s P ! S ^ B B S P , jr
y'
jjk
^ ji
j g g ^ H - . ; 4 ! - ^ t , ^ ^ % ^ '- ;

Fig. 1. Basidiospores in SEM of: Lactarius hysginoides (above), b. Lactarius fascinans - (below).
 M o s e r M . a n d K i r c h m a i r M .: N o t e s o n t w o r a r e L a c t a r iu s s p e c i e s

F ig . 2 . B asidiospores of: a. L actarius hysginoides. b. Lactarius fascinans.

a Lactarius which was unknown to us. Coming back from the excursion the
senior author studied immediately Fries Monographia Hymenomycetum Sueciae
and came to the conclusion, th at this fungus must represent L. fascinans. It
was surprising, th a t Fries mentioned two localities, where he had collected this
species Stubbebo and Yaberg, the latter beeing the place where we had found our
record. This place was ploughed in 1980 and used as field for few years. Only two
fruit-bodies were observed there in 1980. The following years I could not find it
again, however, I may have missed the correct time. B ut 1998 I visited the place
again, and the mycelium seemingly had recovered. Fruit bodies were observed
again. Even this observations during a period of twenty years point to a longevity
of the mycelium. So it may also have survived in the area since the time of Fries.

Pileus 5 -8-(10) cm diam, irregularely convex, later centre depressed, margin

convex or later upbent and mostly more or less undulate, in moist condition viscid
to slightly glutinous, at first with grayish buff to beige buff colours, generally
the centre beige, Caill 69L. 67L, the margin 70L, the very centre sometimes pale
brownish 65L , 57M (slightly paler), often also w ith whitish areas, with age starting
from centre becoming bown, Expo 57N, Ochraceous Tawny (R), or Mikado Brown
(R), margin and spots covered by leaves remaining buff. Pinkish Buff (R) to
Pale Pinkish Buff (R) Small margin involute, very pale, relatively thin-fieschy,
surface often slightly wrinkled-tuberculate, under lens innate-fibrillose-reticulate. -
Lamellae at first pale beige, argillaceous, Pale Pinkish Buff (R), Pinkish Buff (R)
or Pinkish Cinnamon (R), Caill 70K, later darker and more dingy, Caill 59M,
with age also becoming somewhat brownish, somewhat paler than 57N, somewhat
decurrent at the stipe, some forked, close, L = 80-100, 1 = 0-1-3, relatively
319
 C z e c h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

01 (I i f 1

F ig . 3. -c : Lactarius hysginoides: a. C heilom acrocystidia. b. P leu ro m acro cy stid ia. c. P seudo- I

cystidium . - d - f : Lactarius fa scinans: d. C heilom acrocystidia. e. P leu ro m acro cy stid ia. f. Pseudo-
c y stidia

narrow, 3 -6(7) mm wide, ( corresponding to l- 2 x pileus context), 13-15/cm at

margin, edges entire. - Stipe 3-7.5 cm long, 8-30 mm thick, cylindric to irregularely
torulose, concolorous to the gills, pale beige, Pale Pinkish Buff (R), Caill 71K to
70K, sometimes becoming brownish near apex or base or with some brown spots,.
Caill or paler than 57N, hollow toward the base, in upper half stuffed. - Context
320
 M o s e r M . a n d K i r c h m a i r M .: N o t e s o n t w o r a r e L a c t a r iu s s p e c ie s

argillaceous, beige pale. Caill 71K or paler, becoming slightly brownish when cut,
in spots also darker brown. Latex white, not changing colour when drying. - Odour
not distinctive. Taste mild at first, after longer time acrid, sometimes very acrid.
Chemical reactions: Latex with KOH orange, context w ith NAOH yellow-brown,
on pilepellis brown. Phenol wine-red after 5 minutes or more, Guaiac negativ (after
5 or more minutes greenish)
Microscopic characters: Spores subglobose, 6.7-8.8 x 5.3-7.1 /xm, av
7. 0.5 x 6.4 0.4 fim, Q = 1.1-1.3, av 1.2 0.05, vol. 104-230 fim 3, av = 162
29 fim 3, ornam entaion of strong ridges up to 1.5 fim high, often more or less con
centric, but also some forked or reticulate, some warts in between. Basidia clavate
to slightly ventricose, 35-40 x 8-9 fim, 4-spored. Cheilomacrocystidia lanceolate,
sometimes somewhat strangulate, 45-65 x 6-8 fim, pleuromacrocystidia similar,
more slender, 70-80 x 7-8 fim, pseudocystidia 60-100(-110) x 5-8 fim, slender.
Gill tram a with sphaerocysts, 7-23 im diam, hyphae 4-8.5 fim. Pileipellis an
ixotrichoderm.

Ecology. The species seems to be associated with Fagus, often on margins of

meadows. At the collecting site in Femsjo also Quercus, Betula, Populus and Picea
were nearby. Fries mentioned also Stubbebo as collecting area. This is a place with
beech and it is even one of the five beech areas listed by Fries from the Femsjo
region. Our collection from Upper A ustria (84/258) too was growing on a meadow
m argin under Fagus sylvatica. Basso (1999) cites two collections from Italy, both
collected on meadow margins with Fagus.

Collections examined: IB 79/466 (neotype, selected here) Femsjo, Yaberg,

4 Sept 1979, leg. M. Moser, IB 80/401, same locality 22 Sept 1980, leg. M. Moser,
1998/201, same locality, 19 Sept 1998, leg. M. Moser.- 1984/258, Griinfleck,
Miihldorf near Scharnstein, Upper Austria, 2 Okt 1984, leg. M. Moser

Comments: This species was often confused with L. trivialis or L. utilis. There
are, however, clear differences. One is the habitat. The species seems to be asso
ciated with Fagus. At Yaberg the fungus was growing near beech, although there
was also Quercus, Populus and Picea in the vicinity. Fries describes the habitat in
System a (1821) as in pratis muscosis subnemoribus in Monographia (1863) in
pratis muscosis nemorosis . In the area of Femsjo such habitats are pastures or
groves w ith isolated birches, beeches, poplars and some shrubs but certainly not
conifer forests. Fries mentioned two localities: Yaberg and Stubbebo. The latter
was at Fries tim e and is still an area with beech. The only Austrian record was
growing on a meadow margin with beech and the two records listed by Basso
from Italy are also medows with beech. Already this excludes an occurence further
north of the northern limit of the beech area, i.e. in southern Smaland. Another
321
 C z e c h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

distinctive character is the spore ornam entation with strongly developed, often
concentric ridges. This and the other characters place the species in the vicinity
of L. pallidus. Fries compares the habitus of the species with L. trivialis and
emphasizes the unchanging, white latex, the tardive acrid, later very acrid taste.
The colour he calls: E fusco testaceo (Epicrisis), testaceo-fuscus, expallens,
in am bitu dilutior ( M onographia). The spore ornam entation distinguishes the
species easily from L. utilis, also the pale colours in marginal and occasionally
also more central areas. A number of specimens from our collections resembled
somewhat L. fascinans sensu Neuhoff. It is however impossible to decide what
Neuhoff had in hands as he gives no microscopic characters and his m aterial has
been lost during the war. Very likely he had L. utilis or older stages of L. trivialis.
All our collections from before 1979 determined with the help of the work of
Neuhoff turned out to be either utilis or old trivialis. L. pallidus is a very common
fungus associated with Fagus and has more uniform pinkish-brown or pinkish buff
colours, pale cream to pinkish buff gills, a white latex which becomes pale pinkish
buff on drying. L. musteus has also some similarity, but grows mostly under pine
among Calluna and often with Cladonia.

R e f e r e n c e s

B a s s o M T . (1999): L actariu s Pers. Fungi E uropaei 7. 845 pp., E d - M ykoflora, Alassio.

FR IES E. M . (1821): S ystem a M ycologicum vol. 1. Lund.
F r ie s E. M. (1836-38): E picrisis sy stem atis mycologici. U psala.
FR IES E. M. (1863): M onographia H ym enom ycetum Sueciae. Vol. II. U psala.
H e il m a n - C l a u s e n J ., V e r b e k e n A. a n d V e STERHOLT J. (1999): T h e genus L actarius. Fungi of
N o rth e rn E u ro p e vol. 2. 286 pp. Svam petryk.
K o r h o n e n M. (1984): Suom en rouskut. O tava.
K o r h o n e n M. a n d T . U l v in e n (1984): L actarius hysginoides sp. nov. from F inland. K a rsten ia
25:62-65
M OSER M . (1994): W h a t can a stu d y of th e fungus flora of th e Fem sjo a rea to d a y tea ch us a b o u t
Fries species concept ? Sym b. B ot. Ups. 30 (3):59-64.
N eu hoff W . (1956): Die M ilchlinge, (L actarii). Die Pilze M itteleu ro p as Bd. lib . 248 pp,
20 (16 col.) plates.

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C zec h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

Venturia glacialis, an overlooked species

K er stin H olm and L en n a rt H olm

B o tan ical M useum , E volu tio n ary Biology C entre, U ppsala U niversity,
N orbyvagen 16, S-75236, U ppsala, Sweden.

H olm , K . a n d H olm , L. (2001): V e n tu ria glacialis, a n overlooked species. - C zech Mycol.

52: 323-327
V enturia glacialis L ar. Vasilyeva, so far know n by th e ty p e collection only, on B etula nana
ssp. exilis, from th e M agadan d istric t in N E Siberia, is rep o rte d on B etula nana ssp. nana in
S candinavia. I t is very sim ilar to V. subcutanea on leaves of Salix reticulata. A V enturia sp.
on leaves o f S alix herbacea a n d S. polaris has h ith e rto been classified as V. subcutanea b u t is
slightly different a n d seem s m orphologically indistinguishable from V. glacialis.

K e y w o r d s : Taxonom y, Venturia, B etula nana, S alix reticulata, S. herbacea, S. polaris

H olm K . a H olm L. (2001): V en tu ria glacialis, p ehlen d ru h . - C zech M ycol. 52: 32 3 -3 2 7

V enturia glacialis Lar. Vasilyeva, d ru h a dosud znm z typov lokality n a B etula nana
ssp. exilis, z M agadansk o blasti v severovchodn Sibii je hlen a z B etula nana ssp. nana ve
Skandinvii. Je velm i p o d o b n d ru h u V. subcutanea znm ho z list S alix reticulata. V enturia
sp. n a listech S a lix herbacea a S. polaris dosud klasifikovan jak o V. subcutanea je n e p atrn
o dlin a zd se m orfologicky n erozeznateln od V. glacialis.

In tr o d u c tio n

Betula nana L., the dwarf birch, is a low shrub rarely more than a m etre high, in
arctic and alpine areas often carpet-like with decumbent branches. It has a boreal
circumpolar distribution and is in many places very frequent. In NE Asia and in
N orth America it is represented by the ssp. exilis (Sukatsch.) Hultn ( B. exilis
Sukatsch.).
Since many years we have been interested in the mycoflora of this plant which
is an im portant constituent of N orthern Swedish vegetation. As may be expected it
is on the whole infested by the same fungi as are other Betulae, e.g. B. pendula and
B. pubeseens. There are differences, though, thus, to the best of our knowledge,
Gnomoniella nana Rehm is only found on B. nana.

V e n tu r ia d itr ic h a versus V. g lacialis

A common pyrenomycete on decaying leaves of Betula, also B. nana, is

Venturia ditricha (Fr.) K arst. For years we have noticed another Venturia,
too, on nana-leaves, differing from V. ditricha in a number of characters and
also by its northern distribution. For a long time we could not identify it and
323
 C z ec h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

00999
a
-Pflfj
b VJ

0000
F ig . l a - c . O u tlin e draw ings of V enturia spores. B a r = 5 fim . - a. V. ditricha. - b. V. glacialis. -
c. V. subcutanea.

a Svalbard collection was published by us as probably V. subcutanea, anyway

not V. ditricha" (Holm and Holm 1994: 74).
A renewed study of the fungus and of the gold mine Index of Fungi has led us to
V. glacialis Lar. Vasilyeva (1987: 96). Thanks to the great courtesy of Dr. Vasilyeva
we have had the opportunity to examine the type m aterial: Siberia: Magadan,
basin of R. Bolshoy Anuy, dead leaves of Betula nana ssp. exilis, 8 July 1980,
L. Vasilyeva (VLA). It confirms our supposition th a t V. glacialis is conspecific
w ith the problematic Scandinavian fungus. In the description Vasilyeva (I.e.)
emphasized th a t her new species is clearly distinct from V. ditricha by much
larger spores, 19.6-26 x 6-8 /xm. We agree, adding th a t the spores in glacialis
can be still larger, up to 29 x 10.5 /zm. Moreover, the spores in the type m aterial
are distinctly verrucose, while smooth is most Nordic samples, exceptions are two
very northern collections, Norway, Finnm ark, Porsanger (Holm and Holm 2166a);
Svalbard, Endalen (5194).

The taxonomic significance of spore wall ornam entation may not be very great
in Venturia, as indicated by d ata presented by B arr (1968), she reported smooth
as well as verrucose spores in a few species, i.a. V. chlorospora, wall at times
m inutely roughened in age (Barr 1968: 813).
Venturia ditricha and V. glacialis can be found intermixed in the same leaf but
they are hardly ever difficult to distinguish. Good guidance is given by the setae:
324
 H o l m , K. a n d H o l m , L .: V e n t u r ia g l a c ia l is , a n o v e r l o o k e d s p e c ie s

Fig. 2 a-b . Spores of V. glacialis. Bar = 10/im. a. Holm and Holm no. 4124a. b. Holm and
Holm no. 6166. Indian ink.

in V. ditricha they seem to be always present while reduced or none in V. glacialis.

The spores, too are dissimilar, to a varying extent. The size alone will generally
adm it of a safe determ ination, although the upper limit of the ditricha spores
will touch upon the lower limit of glacialis. Spore form is often rather variable
in Venturia, even within one and the same ascocarp. A characteristic tra it of
the ditricha spores is the often distinctly submedian position of the septum what
we have not seen in glacialis. The colour is also different: ripe spores of ditricha
are olivaceous while glacialis spores have a yellowbrown tone. A noteworthy and
apparently constant tra it of the latter is the presence of a mucous sheath, Fig. 2b.
(Certainly, we have not seen it in the type, but th at would hardly to be expected
in 20 years old m aterial). A survey of these characteristics is given in Table 1. The
two species are probably not very related, on the other hand V. glacialis obviously
is very close to V. subcutanea, a taxon whose delim itation has turned out to be
unexpectedly delicate.

V e n tu r ia g la cia lis and V. su b cu ta n e a

V. subcutanea was described by Dearness (1917) from Alaska. Salix reticulata

is the type host, one collection was reported on S. arctica. Earlier this fungus had
been identified as V. chlorospora, e.g. by Lind (who, moreover continued to do so
325
 C zech m yco l. 52 ( 4 ), 2001

T a b l e 1 . Survey of som e diagnostic characters

V. ditricha I glacialis V. subcutanea

Setae generally present absent or generally present

and w ell developed reduced and well developed

Spore size 1 3 -17(-18) X 6 - 7 f i m (18-)19 - 26(-29) 1 9 -2 5 X 7-11 f i m

X 6 -1 0 .5 f i m

Septum often submedian median often supramedian

Spore wall sm ooth (always?) som etim es verrucose often verrucose

Spore colour olive green olive brown olive brown

M ucous sheath__________ absent________________________ present_______________________present_____________________

also in his subsequent publications). Niiesch (1960) reported it from Switzerland,

on Salix reticulata, and further on S. herbacea, S. retusa, and S. serpyllifolia.
Nograsek (1990) found it to be common in Swedish Lapland, and Holm and
Holm (1994) recorded it as common in Svalbard on S. reticulata and S. polaris.
V. subcutanea was to be recognised on the large, often verrucose spores. Nograsek
pointed out the presence of a mucous sheath (1990: 227).
We have now subjected V. sucutanea to a renewed study arriving at the
conclusion th at, in Scandinavia at least, the taxon is heterogeneous: the typical
form on Salix reticulata deviates from the form on S. herbacea and S. polaris by
some rather subtle differences. And, moreover, the latter form seems morpholo
gically indistinguishable from V. glacialisl The existence of different Venturiae in
leaves of S. reticulata and of S. herbacea (and polaris) respectively, is, in fact, not
surprising. These two substrates are quite dissimilar, each having its particular
ascomycete flora with hardly any species in common.
The morphological differences between V. subcutanea s.str. and V. glacialis
are minute, as already emphasised, but they appear to be reliable. They are
summarised in Table 1. At least in Scandinavia the setae give good guidance
for discriminating between them. In V. sucutanea they are always well developed,
while in V. glacialis absent or reduced. [In North America this may not always
be true: according to Dearness (1917) and Barr (1968) setae are often absent
in V. subcutanea, what, however, is not indicated by Corlett and Egger (1992)].
The spores of subcutanea and glacialis are much like but, it seems, a dependable
character can be found in the position of the septum: in subcutanea it is, not
always but often, distinctly supramedian what hardly ever (never?) is the case in
glacialis. Cp. Fig. lb and lc.

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 H o l m , K . a n d H o l m , L.: V e n t u r i a g l a c i a l i s , a n o v e r l o o k e d s p e c ie s

S ummary

Venturia glacialis is probably rather common on Betula nana in the alpine

and subalpine areas of Scandinavia: we have found it in 13 samples (all UPS),
9 from Sweden and 4 from Norway, including Svalbard. It can (exceptionally?)
infest B. pubescens, too, as proven by a sample from Sweden, Torne Lappmark,
Abisko area, Holm und Holm 4144a. Outside Scandinavia it is so far know only
from M agadan in NE Asia but surely it is coextensive with Betula nana in arctic
Russia, probably in arctic North America as well.
The Venturia on Salix herbacea and S. polaris is apparently common. It seems
indistinguishable from V. glacialis and is preliminary referred to this species.
Molecular m ethods may perm it a definite decision.

R e f e r e n c e s

B a r r M. E . (1968): T h e V enturiaceae in N o rth A m erica. - C an. J. B ot. 46:799-864.

C o r l e t t M. a n d EG G E R K. N. (1992): V enturia su b c u tan e a. - Fungi C anadenses 224.
D e a r n e s s J . (1917): New or n o tew orthy N orth A m erican fungi. - M ycologia 9:345-364.
H o l m L. a n d H o l m K. (1994): S valbard Pyrenom ycetes. A n a n n o ta te d checklist. - K a rsten ia
34:65-78
N o g r a s e k A. (1990): A scom yceten a u f G efasspflanzen der P olsterseggenrasen in den O stalp en . -
B iblioth. M ycol. 133:1-271.
NESCH J . (1960): B e itra g zur K enntnis der w eidenbew ohnenden V enturiaceae. - P h y to p a th .
Z eitschrift 39:329-360.
V a s il y e v a L. N. (1987): P ire n o m itse ty i L okuloaskom itsety severa D alnego Vostoka. - L eningrad,
N auka , 255 pp.

327
 C z ec h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

Book Review

T . R . H a n l in

C o m b in e d K e y s t o I llu s tr a te d G e n e r a o f A s c o m y c e t e s V o lu m e s 1 2.

A PS P ress, St. P aul, M innesota, 1998, 113 pages.

ISBN 0-8905 4-199-X .
Soft-back price USD 20.00.

Illu s tra te d G enera of A scom ycetes Volum es 1 ic 2 contains two se p a ra te keys. For m ore
sim ple o p e ratin g w ith b o th volum es to g eth e r a com bined key to th e 200 described g enera
is given in th is slender b u t very useful booklet. T h e artificial key is based on teleom orph
c h ara cte rs only. In th e first step all g enera are divided in to four artificial groups (am erosporae,
didym osporae, phragm osporae and dictyosporae) according to ascospores ch ara cte rs. T h e
following dichotom ous keys to th e genera o p e rate w ith clearly and concisely form ulated
ch aracters. T h e keys a p p e a r to w ork well. C e rta in basic knowledge and som e pra ctic a l
experience are expected, of course.
T h e b ooklet fu rth e r contains som e valuable chapters: synoptic lists of g enera ch aracters,
general glossary of te rm s a n d diag ram s explaining spore term inology a n d tissu e types.
A n o th e r im p o rta n t p a rt presents corrections and a d d itio n s to th e first volum e (1990).
A dditional taxonom ical inform ation, nom enclatorical changes a n d m ore recent references
for th e earlier descriptions are provided here.
Using th is key, stu d e n ts should rem em ber th a t only 200 g en era are tre a te d , o u t of
a b o u t 3300 ascom ycetous genera now accepted. M oreover, m any g enera tre a te d include
a g re at n um ber of species which m ay display features not seen on illu stra te d representatives.
R egardless of this, th e w hole p ro ject, covering th ree volum es of basic a n d significant
inform ation on ascom ycetes diversity, offers a valuable identification guide for pra ctic a l use
an d a welcom e teaching aid for th o se interested in th is group of fungi.

K arel P ril

328
C zec h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

An Unusal Inocybe sp. from West Africa

R o y W a t l in g

C aledonian M ycological E nterprises, S cotland & Royal B otanic G arden,

E dinburgh, EH3 4HU, S cotland

W atlin g R . (2001): A n u n u sa l In o cy b e sp. from W rest A frica. - C zech M ycol. 52: 3 29-334
A new species of Inocybe assigned to subgenus M allocybe is described from th e C am eroon,
W est A frica. It is c haracterised by th e richly coloured basidiom es w ith orange-yellow plum es of
scales on th e pileus and th e scurfy, frilled fulvous stipe.

K e y w o rd s : C am eroon, W est A frica, Inocybe aureoplum osa

W atlin g R . (2001): N eobvykl v lknice In o cy b e sp. ze z p a d n Afriky. - C zech Mycol.

52: 329-3 3 4
Je p o p s n nov d ru h vlknice z p o d ro d u M allocybe, nalezen v K am erunu, zp ad n Afrika.
D ru h je ch ara k te ristic k p e ste zbarvenm i plodnicem i s oranov lutm i upinkam i n a klobouku
a hanm lu tohndm tenm .

IN T R O D U C T IO N

The Korup Forest Reserve near Mundemba, West Cameroon is character

ised by ectomycorrhizal legumes belonging the subfamilies Caesalpinoideae and
Amherstieae of the Leguminosae and supports a rich mycota of Russulaceae,
Boletaceae, Amanitaceae and Cantharellaceae. It is rather surprising therefore
th a t when collecting in these forests few representatives of brown-spored agaric
genera of which many form sheathing mycorrhizas are found, despite the fact th at
occur extensively in northerly latitudes. Indeed the Cortinariaceae for instance is
conspicuous by its rarity in the lowland rain forests of West Cameroon. Typical
members of the genus Inocybe have been found associated with caesalpinoid
legumes b u t are represented by only single collections and inlcude 1) a species
from disturbed area forest margin, (Ekunda Kunda ll.iv.90, Watl. 24171); 2)
a member of the subgenus Inocibium sect. Lactiferae (24.1.89, Watl. 21841);
and 3) two goniosporate species assignable to subgenus Inocybe ( Clypeus) sect.
Cortinatae, one collection associated with Microberlinia bisulcata (23.iii.91, Watl.
2419); and a second member of the subgenus found growing in a pot with
a seedling Tetraberlinia moreliana ( Caesalpinoideae) in the World Wildlife tree
nursery at M undemba (Watl. 21842) only a few kilometres from the edge of the
forest. However, there was one exception to these observations and th a t was the
occurrence of a unique taxon which occurred in many areas of the forest and
329
 C z ec h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

which was found during all the collecting trips ranging from 1984 until 1991, when
collecting in West Africa by the present author ceased. It was frequently collected
in great quantity and in many populations over several years. For completeness to
these records can be added the occurrence of a single collection of Leucoinocybe
basidiomes in the same forest community.
The rarity of members of the genus Inocybe in Cameroon is parallel to th at
in East Africa (Pegler 1977) where only I. lanuginella Schroet. is recorded, very
probably an introduction, and four other European species based on records by
Eichelbaum. In C entral Africa (Zambia), although present in the m ycota of the
native Brachystegia dominated woodland (miombo) Inocybe is again low in number
of species, viz. less than five tax a from my own experience in 1992. In Sri Lanka
there is a similar paucity of members of the genus (Pegler, 1986) and in Malaysia,
although several species are known, they are rarely collected (Turnbull, 1997).
These mycotas when compared with for instance th a t of B ritain which has at least
86 taxa, can only be considered depauperate in Inocybe.
In West Africa other collectors have also experienced a dirth of Inocybe spp. and
Hennings (1901) only described one from the m aterial th a t had been sent to him by
Zenker, ie, Inocybe flavofusca P. Henn. This species has been previously placed in
the genus Lepiota (Beeli, 1932) and variously assigned to the genera Verrucospora
(Horak 1967) and Horakia (Oberwinkler 1976). This tax a has been the centre of
much discussion and has been tentatively placed in the family Agaricaceae (Singer
u t Tribe Cystodermateae, 1986; Pegler, 1977 ut Verrucospora vulgaris Pegler),
although Oberwinkler (1976) argues for a placement in the Thelephorales because
of the morphology of the spores despite them being quite pale in colour. Reijnders
(2000) does not support this suggestion based on his developmental studies. It was
the spore shape which no doubt led Hennings (1901) to place the fungus in the first
instance in Inocybe. Kuyper (1986) uses the name Horakia flavofusca for the fungus.
The subject of this paper which occurs so commonly in the Korup Forest
Reserve, however, has no such spores and joins some features of typical members
of Inocybe with some characters expressed in the genus Flammulaster. W hen
monographing Flammulaster Watling (1967) was struck by the sim ilarity of
some members with certain members of Inocybe subgenus Inosperma, although
the former were always smaller and more delicate. This puzzled the author as
the relationship of the former genus according to Singer (1951 et subseq.) laid
with Tubaria and therefore the Crepidotaceae. One group particularly stands
out in Flammulaster with the present m aterial, viz. the Flammulaster lim ulata
consortium with rather bulkier basidiomes than generally found in the genus.
Vellinga (1986) has compared Flammulaster with several other genera includ
ing the Pholiota tuberculosa group (referrable to Pleuroflammula fide Horak),
Pholiota lucifera (Lasch) Quel, and Simocybe. However, it was Kuyper (1986)
who first drew attention to the points of resemblance between Flammulaster and
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 W a t l in g R .: A n U n u s a l I n o c y b e s p . f r o m W e s t A f r i c a

some smooth-spored species of Inocybe lacking pleurocystidia. This latter group

coincides with K uypers new subgenus Mallocybe members of which in addition to
lacking pleurocystida possess necropigmented basidia, comparatively short stipe
and lanato-squamulose pileus which becomes fuscous with application of aqueous
solutions of ammonia. The rather outstanding development of the cheilocystidia
draws direct comparison to the cells on the gill-margin in the Korup m aterial.
The cheilocystidia of the I. terrigena group within subgenus Mallocybe is an
im portant deviant from the central Inocybe spp. and the cheilocystida, although
strongly pigmented in Inocybe fuscomarginata parallel the analagous structures
in the Korup agaric. This is also emphasised in several of the recently described
species of Inocybe from New Zealand and New Guinea where similarities with
Flammulaster (Horak 1978) are expressed in many characters. It may even be
possible th a t Mallocybe deserves an autonomous generic position.
Singer and Machol (1972) conceived Flammulaster as part of the Strophari-
aceae, whilst its link with Tubaria suggested in earlier work (Singer, 1951 et
subseq.), was w ith Crepidotus (Crepidotaceae) has been recently supported by
recent molecular studies. However, a greater morphological link appears to be
between Flammulaster and some groups within Inocybe, something at the moment
not supported by the molecular results based on the few species so far analysed
(Moncalvo, pers. comm.).
Taking all the characters into account there is no doubt th at the Korup fungus
should be placed in Inocybe, although the author agrees it sits at the moment
rather uneasy therein. However, until the rainforests of Africa are mycologically
explored in detail full range of characters expressed by West African species of
Inocybe cannot be determined. At present we are so ignorant of the composition
of the mycotas of these parts of the world, which may in the long run hold the
key to many unanswered questions but tim e is running out as the forests are being
logged at a horrifically dram atic rate.

T axonomy

In o c y b e a u re o p lu m o sa Watling sp. nov. Fig. 1 A-G.

Pileus 14-55 (-80) mm, e convexo piano concavus obtuse interdum late
um bonatus, ferrugineus vel aureo-fulvus fibrillosus squamulosus aurantio-brunneus
fibrillis concentricis erectis ad extrem am partem radialiter rugulosus. Lamellae
liberae anguste adnatae e argillaceo-ligneo coloratae vel argillaceo-ochraceae sub-
confertae. Stipes 31-90 x 5-10 mm, ad basim incrassatam sordide ferrugineus ad
apicem albo-punctulatus et transverse squamoso diffractus. Caro pilei bubalina
stipitis ochraceotincta pallide brunnescens.
331
 C z ec h m y c o l . 52 (4 ), 2001

25 m m / ' (
m \ O

"'l I OLD)

I--------------------- 1

5 0 /n m

F ig . 1 Inocybe aureoplum osa W atling (H olotypus in E.) A. H a b it sketch of young a n d m a tu re

basidiom es w ith longitudinal section. B. B asdia, one w ith golden colloidal a n d cessation of
basidiospore developm ent. C. B asidiospores. D. Cells from gill-edge. E. C lu ster of cheilocystidia.
F. V arious elem ents from th e suprapellis w ith som e cells connected by p ro m in en t clam p-
connections (G ).

332
 W a t l i n g R .: A n U n u s a l I n o c y b e s p . f r o m W e s t A f r i c a

Sporae (6.1-) 6.5-7.7 (-8.3) x (5.2-)5.5-6.4 (-6.7) fim , laeves ellipsoideae.

Basidia tetrasporigera, cellulae aciei lamellarum nullae. Hyphae cuticulae pilei
H filamentosae vel ellipsoideae. Cellulae hypharum veli ellipsoideo-cylindricae vel
vesiculosae ad septa strangulatae interdum ramosae fibulatae hyphis angustioribus
H subcylindricis mixtae.
H Holotypus - Korup Rain forest Reserve, Mundemba, Cameroon, West Africa,
I 22 ii 91. W atling Herb. 23132 in E.
Pileus 14-55 (-80) mm., broadly convex then plano-concave with a small, flat,
H central umbo and upturned margin, rich tawny orange becoming rust brown with
reddish ochre, darker at centre, distinctly punctate-squamulose from fibrils joined
at apex which form distinct tufts seated on background of more regularly smaller
H brown fibrils radially fibrillose outwards; margin fluted and ridged and puckered.
G ills free, clay- to cigar-brown when young becoming tinged hazel or even hazel
throughout with age, m ottled with conspicuous paler floccules at gill-edge. S tip e
31-90 x 5-10 mm, slender with poorly developed m arginate bulb, concolorous with
H gills, roughened with girdles of rich tawny orange scales resembling a Leccinum
sp., upper girdle forming a poor ring-like zone, punctate and less fibrillose
scurfy towards paler apex (Fig. 1 A). F le s h tough, whitish or honey-coloued in
pileus, tinged dirty ochraceous downwards in stipe, becoming faintly brunnescent
downwards on exposure to air or even slightly pinkish brown at the stipe-apex.
I B a s id ia 4-spored (Fig. 1 B). B a s id io s p o r e s (6.1-) 6.5-7.7 (-8.3) x (5.2-)
5.5-6.1 (-6.7) fim, smooth, slightly thick-walled, brownish, distinctly but faintly
darkening in aqueous ammoniacal solutions, lacking germ-pore, neither amyl-
I oid nor dextrinoid although slightly darkening, not cyanophilic (Fig. 1 C).
G ill m a r g in covered in chains of ornamented, swollen, vesiculose, ellipsoid,
I tawny coloured cells, intermixed with filamentous cells so resembling the veil
of Coprinus micaceus or Cystoderma sp.; cells at pileus-margin intim ately
I connecting with those in stipe ring-zone when young (Fig. 1 D). C h e ilo c y s tid ia
I 35-40 x 10-15 fim vesiculose, inflated, yellowish to orange-brown, intermixed
I with clusters of more elongate, even lageniform cystidia < 289 fim (Fig. 1 E);
I pleurocystidia absent. P il e ip e ll i s of long chains of smooth, thin-walled, hyaline
I to pale honey-coloured cells giving rise to rounder or elongate ellipsoid cells with
yellowish tawny or orange-brown walls (43-73 x 6.5 (-8.7 fim) or 39 x 16 fim)
I arranged in chains with end-cells torpedo-shaped; subpellis of more spherocyte-like
I elements 21-22 fim broad (Fig. 1 F). C la m p - c o n n e c tio n s present (Fig. 1 G).
I H y m e n o p h o r a l t r a m a regular.

I M a t e r ia l e x a m in e d

I All from Korup Rainforest Reserve, Mundemba, West Cameroon and deposited
I in E: A le x a n d e r 8 (1984); A le x a n d e r 12 (1984); A le x a n d e r 3 (1988); on desig-
 C z e c h m y c o l . 52 (4 ) , 2001

nated track P at P15, 26.iii.91, W a tl. 23133; on trail to research area, A le x a n d e r

1 - W a tl. 26727: on east bank of River Ndian, coll. J. Rother, 19.vi.1989, W a tl.
26726; on trail to research area before N orth/S outh line, 22.iii.91, W a tl. 23132.

A cknow ledgem ents

I am extremely grateful to Prof. I. Alexander, Aberdeen, not only for collecting
m aterial for me in West Africa but also making it possible for me to collect there,
and for his companionship whilst on our expeditions

R eferences
B e e l i M. (1932): Fungi G oossensiani IX. G enre L epiota. Bull. Soc. Roy. B ot. Belg. 64: 206-218.
HENNINGS P . (1901): Fungi cam erunenses. E ngl. B ot. Ja h rb . 30: 3957.
H o r a k E. (1967): R em arques critiques su r les C ham pignons du C ongo (A frique). B ull. Soc. Bot.
Suisse 77: 362-375.
H o r a k E . (1978): Fungi A garicini Novaezelandiae. V I. Inocybe (Fr.) Fr. a n d A stro sp o rin a
S chroeter. New Z ealand J. B ot. 151: 713-747.
H o rak E . (1986): B eitrge zur S y stem atik und Oekologie von P leuroflam m ula (A garicales,
Fungi). Verff. G eobot. Inst. E T H S tiftu n g R bel, Z urich 87: 31-42.
K u y p e r T . W . (1986): A Revision of th e G enus Inocybe in E urope. I. Subgenus In o sp e rm a and
th e sm ooth-spored species of subgenus Inocybe. P ersoonia Suppl. 3. 1-246.
OBERWINKLER F . (1976): E ine agaricoide G a ttu n g der T helephorales. Sydow ia 28 (1975):
359-362.
PE G LER D. N. (1977): A P relim in ary A garic F lo ra of E a st A frica. Kew B ulletin A dditional
Series VI. 615 pp.
PE G LER D. N. (1986): T h e A garic F lo ra of Sri Lanka. Kew B ulletin A dditional Series X II. 519
pp.
R e i j n d e r s A. M . (2000): A m orphogenetic analysis of th e basic c h ara cte rs of th e gasterom ycetes
a n d th e ir relatio n to o th e r basidiom ycetes. Mycol. R esearch 104: 897-899.
SINGER R. (1951): T h e A garicales in M odern Taxonom y, Lilloa 22 (1949): 5832.
S i n g e r R. (1986): d itto . 4th. edition. K oeltz Scientific Books, K oeningstein, 981 pp.
S i n g e r R. a n d M a c h o l R. E . (1971): B ayesian analysis of generic relatio n s in A garicales. Nova
Hedw. 21: 753-787.
T u r n b u l l E. (1995): Inocybe in P enninsular M alaysia. E dinb. J. B ot. 52: 351-359.
V e l l in g a E . C. (1986): T h e genus F la m m u laste r (A garicales) in th e N eth erlan d s a n d ad ja ce n t
regions. P erso o n ia 13: 1-26.
WATLING R. (1967): T h e genus F lam m ulaster. N otes R. B ot. G dn. E dinb. 28: 6572.

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T o m m eru p 1. C ., K u ek C. a n d M alajczu k N. (1987): E c to m y co rrh izal in o cu lu m p ro d u c tio n
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 CZECH MYCOLOGY / ESK MYKOLOGIE

is a n in te rn a tio n a l scientific jo u rn a l p u b lish in g p a p e rs in all a sp e c ts o f m ycology in clu d in g

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R eview articles are also p ublished.

,.jr i # <-* 4* % \ 2, ^ *" M > ' fc ^ liiB ir M inf i Cl i

I : I
CONTENTS

K O R F R IC H A R D P., L IZ O PA VEL: T h e s ta tu s of th e o rd in a l n a m e L eo tiales . . . 255

S P O O N E R B. M .: P lic a ria (Pezizales) in B rita in , a n d P licariella re in sta te d ............ 259
G A M U N D I IR M A J., L O R E N Z O L A U R A E .: A scom ycetes from b u rn t places in
th e N W P a ta g o n ia , A rg en tin a ............................................................................................. 267
G A L A N R ., P A L M E R J. T .: T h e occu rren ce of th e ra re C ib o ria aestivalis in
E u ro p e .......................................................................................................................................... 277
R A IT V IIR A IN: T axonom ic n o tes on D em atio scy p h a a n d A m icodisca ....................... 289
A N T O N N V L A D IM R , M O R A V E C JI : Som e n o tes o n th e rem ark able
v ariab ility o f A scobolus scatig en u s (D iscom ycetes, Pezizales) ................................. 295
H A U S K N E C H T A N T O N : D as P ro b le m P h o lio tin a su lc a tip e s P. a b e rra n s .......... 299
P A R M A S T O E R A S T : H y m en o ch aete c ru e n ta a n d H. sp h aerico la, tw o sibling
species o f H y m en o ch aetales (H ym enom ycetes, B asid io m y co ta) ............................. 307
B ook R eview ........................................................................................................................................ 316
M O S E R M E IN H A R D , K IR C H M A IR M A R T IN : N o tes on tw o ra re L a c ta riu s
species ............................................................................................................................................ 317
H O L M K E R S T IN , H O L M L E N N A R T : V en tu ria glacialis, a n overlooked species . . . 323
B ook R eview ........................................................................................................................................ 328
W A T L IN G R OY : A n U n u sal In o cy b e sp. from W est A frica ............................................. 329