FINAL PROJECT PROPOSAL

CRITICISM ON COLLEGE EDUCATION REFLECTED IN "RIZ"

NOVEL A SOCIOLOGY OF LITERATURE STUDY

By:

Edi Joko Kirono

NPM. 0630067411

Has been approved by the advisor:

Advisor Name Signature Date

Advisor I Inayatul Ulya, M.Pd

NPP. 111010218

Advisor II Dwi Aryo Fajar, S.S, M.Hum.

NPP. 111011257

Head of the English Department,

Susanto, SLS, M. Hum

NPP. 110411220
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the writer would like to describe about background of the
study, statements of the problem, objectives of the study, significances of the
study, and outline of the of the Study.

A. Background of the Study

The college is a continuation of secondary education is organized to
prepare students to become members of the community who have the academic
ability and professionals who can apply, develop and create science, technology
and art (UU 2 tahun 1989, pasal 16, ayat (1).
College education is education at a higher level than at the middle level
in the education track (PP 30 Tahun 1990, pasal 1 Ayat 1). The purpose of
higher education is:
1. Prepare students to be members of the public who have academic ability and
professionals who can apply, develop and create science, technology and art.
2. Develop and spreading of science, technology and the arts as well as to
optimize its use to improve people's lives and enrich the national culture (UU 2
tahun 1989, Basel 16, Ayat (1); PP 30 Tahun 1990, Pasal 2, Ayat (1)).
While the definition of education, according to Prof. Dr. John is a
process of experience. Because life is growth, education means helping inner
growth without being limited by age. The development process is the cognitive
operation of adjusting at each stage and add proficiency in one's evolution.
Basically, understanding of of education (UU SISDIKNAS No.20 tahun
2003) is a conscious and deliberate effort to create an atmosphere of learning
and the learning process so that learners are actively developing the potential for
him to have the spiritual power of religion, self-control, personality,
intelligence, noble character, and skills needed him and society.
 Academic level, profession, or vocation only be practiced by graduates
of the college who otherwise entitled to impose an academic level, profession,
or career.
Development and environmental change so quickly and dramatically,
including changes in consumer tastes, technological progress and
socioeconomic changes have influenced the higher education sector, resulting in
the emergence of business competition in the higher education industry is so
tight. Developments and changes occurring along geographic lines. The
development is popularly known as globalization (Siagian, 1995). Such
conditions require every private college to explore and develop sources of
competitive advantage in order to survive.
McLeod (2001) defines the problem either negatively or positively. He
said the problem is a condition that has the potential of causing tremendous
losses or produce a tremendous advantage. What occurred in the higher
education sector is the problem in a negative sense, that is the term that has
caused the failure of many individual colleges.
If it is, the problems faced by the private universities in Indonesia are
actually a industrialize impact on higher education. As we know that
industrialization has long been penetrated and entered the higher education
sector in Indonesia is from the reign of the new order which puts economic and
industrial growth as the most important priority. This reality continues today,
despite a new order of government has fallen and been replaced order of
government reforms. This is imputable to the growth paradigm that states that
industrialization, materialism and liberalism can bring progress to the world of
higher training.
The advance of private universities has increased the strength of
competition in the world of higher training. Colleges as a higher education
processing unit finally engineered such modern giants who always pay attention
to efficiency and effectiveness. Marketing wars by offering various range of
promises and ease become commonplace in businesses attract students. For

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private colleges are not prepared with industrialization competition and higher
education, eventually bankrupt or shut down the program of study because of
contention.
Industrial expansion also has the consequence of a very broad and deep
to the social conditions among the academic community. College education is
not free autonomous. Course of study, teaching exercises, reading materials and
teaching goals, all must be adapted to the technological demands of the
industrial world. If you do not link and match with the industrial world, it will
be difficult to stimulate students and graduates channel. No link and match the
phenomenon is felt by the private colleges that resulted private universities are
not in demand by prospective students.
Declares the conditions that make the bulk of private colleges that are
not capable to compete organize their training system at random. The unfitness
of the individual universities in competition caused a fall in the professionalism
of teaching staff and teaching staff. Orientation educators outside material be
one alternative to cover the weather in which the private colleges that they are
no longer competitive. This sets off the onset of faculty who do business outside
the staff position.
The orientation of the teaching force not only to teach, but also to make
students as an opportunity for a business orientation outside job. Faculty lecture
hours as a time to create business introductions, where sometimes a faculty
conduct solicitation or acquisition to the students to join in a business or
purchase a product that goes to the faculty.
As a consequence of the unfitness of the competition between
universities, also have an impingement on the college governance system which
is also declining level of service quality. This is in line with the least students
who enter or enroll in college, so that the administrative system allowed to
improvise without any increase in the quality of administrative services.

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 The output from this situation also impacted on the quality of students
graduate from college. Instructors are teaching to get only modest vision and
missionary work of the university is not as anticipated. Many alumni of the
college who just graduated without competence, moral philosophy, ethics,
manners, spiritual and noble quality.
Through the novel "RIZ" written by Mochamad Nur Arifin, the writer
would like to analyze the social functions that can be learned from this novel.
This novel itself tells the story of a young man named Fariz, Fariz spirit, the
main character in the novel to achieve his dream of becoming a graduate
education and dreams of becoming an English teacher that can inspire us all.
Fariz fierce determination unyielding spirit, willingness, and to the glory of his
virtues have brought Fariz won what at dreamed and has changed the history of
his life that was originally only a medicine sales in an MLM. The novel was
also raised social criticism towards education in college, inside tells the plight
of the main character "Farizin dealing with the dynamics of a college education.
The plight of the main character "Fariz in dealing with the dynamics of
a college education. Fariz had to face the complexity of the educational
bureaucracy, unprofessional staff education, labor conflicts that make education
must repeat the final project, and the output of education less than the
maximum. It is reflected from the mental attitude of students that are still doing
actions that violate the norms.
To raise the issue of social and social criticism in the world college
education contained in this novel needed a method of analysis, the authors used
a descriptive qualitative method to analyze social problems and social criticism
in the world college education contained in the novel "RIZ" by Mochamad Nur
Arifin.
In this study, the writer used the novel "RIZ" by Mochamad Nur Arifin
as a material object. The formal object is social criticism expressed in the novel
"RIZ" by Mochamad Nur Arifin. The study was conducted with the structural
approach includes elements of plot, character, setting, theme, and the mandate

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as supporting approaches. Moreover, as the main approach to the authors use
literary sociology approach to analyze the issue of social criticism contained in
the novel "RIZ" by Mochamad Nur Arifin.

B. Scope of the study

To limit the study, the writer focused on the criticism on college
education reflected "RIZ" novel.

C. Statements of the Problem

In this research, the writer would like to focus on the following
problems:
1. What are the structural elements of "RIZ" novel?
2. What are the critics on college education reflected "RIZ" novel?
D. Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the study are as follows:

1. To describe the structure elements of the "RIZ" Novel.
2. To describe the criticism on college education reflected "RIZ" novel.

E. Significances of the Study

The Benefit of the Study is as follows:

1. Theoretical Benefits
The writer expects that the effects of this research can build on the
progress in the field of literature. The author also expects that the reader can get
an educational value contained in the novel "RIZ" by Mochamad Nur Arifin.

2. Practical Benefits
The practical benefits of the study are as follows:
a. The readers can capture the spirit of the main character in the novel after
reading the novel "Riz or after the reader interpret.
b. As a motivation and a reference for readers who want to do research on a
novel.

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c. The reader can take the value of the education imparted to the author of the
novel "RIZ after reading this novel.

3. Pedagogical Benefits
In the world of education, this study is really useful for teacher who
educates their students. By this study, teacher can study about how important
the parental guidance and what is the impact of lack parental guidance on child
in education.

F. Definition of Key Term

To avoid misunderstanding of the term, the writer explained the term of
the title, they are;
a. Criticism
Critical thinking is a process that is consciously and deliberately used to
interpret and evaluate information and experience with a number of reflective
attitudes and abilities that guide the beliefs and actions (Mertes, 1991:22)

b. College Education
College education is education at a higher level than at the middle level
in the education track (PP 30 Tahun 1990, Pasal 1 Ayat 1)

c. Novel
The novel is a theatrical performance of the Earth itself, where humans,
either as writers, proofreaders, and researchers can write emotionality and
intellect as a medium that is very appropriate in relation to the nature of man as
homo faber (Hudayat, 2007: 74).

d. RIZ
Novel "RIZ" written by Mochamad Arifin Nur is the story of a young
man named Fariz, he intends to achieve his dream of becoming scholars and
aspired to become an English teacher. Fariz fierce determination unyielding
spirit, willingness, and for the glory of virtue brings Fariz won what is drained
and changed the history of his life that initially only the sale of drugs in MLM.
The novel is also a social criticism raised against a college education, in telling

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the fate of the main characters "Fariz" in dealing with the dynamics of higher
education.

E. Outline of the Study

To make easier for the readers to read the substance of this work, it is
necessary to divide a thesis into several sections. The writer decides to organize
this study into three chapters.
Chapter I start with an introduction, which consists of the background of
the study, the scope of the study, statements of the problem, objectives of the
study, significances of the study, definition of key term and outline of the study.
Chapter II is review of associated literature, which consists of previous
work, theoretical critique, and theoretical framework.
Chapter III is a research method, which consists of research design,
object of the research, data and data source, the technique of accumulating data,
and technique of data analysis.

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 8

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter, the writer would like to describe about previous study,
theoretical review, and theoretical framework.

A. Previous Studies

Based on author searches in the library and at the center of the

Pekalongan University library, the authors did not find studies with the novel
object "RIZ" by Mochamad Nur Arifin. The authors find relevant subject areas
of research by the author through the digital library at the Sebelas Maret
University. The study was conducted by Wahyu Setyani in 2013, entitled
Analisis Novel Miskin Kok Mau sekolah..?! Sekolah Dari Hongkong...!!!
Karya Wiwid Prasetyo (Tinjauan Sosiologi Sastra). The results showed some of
the social problems that exist in the Miskin Kok Mau Sekolah?! Sekolah Dari
Hongkong...!!! By Wiwid Prasetyo include entanglement intrinsic elements in
the novel Miskin Kok Mau Sekolah..?! Sekolah Dari Hongkong...!!! By Wiwid
Prasetyo. The intrinsic elements include on the theme, plot, characterization,
background setting, as well as the message contained in the novel Miskin Kok
Mau Sekolah...?! Sekolah Dari Hongkong...!!! By Wiwid Prasetyo. The
elements above an equation with this inquiry. In addition, the novel also raised
social problems that exist in the world of education.

Any other topic that is relevant to this research is the study written by
Mohammad Erfan Taufik Hadi 2009, entitled Analisis Novel Laskar Pelangi
karya Andrea Hirata (Tinjauan Sosiologi Sastra). The results showed that the
novel has a novel structure, namely, theme, character and characterization,
setting, point of view, and the message. The novel raised an issue that was going
on in society includes poverty, education, employment and economic
interrelated.
C. Theoretical Review
1. Critique
The author uses critical theory to analyze this novel, the theory used is
critical theory Jrgen Habermas.
a. Critical theory
Critical theory wants to contribute something else that's not a
dispassionate reflection on today's society. With a philosophical system that
encourages consciousness of society without empirical investigation will only
fetch along the empty frame of mind, which does not provide any conviction
regarding the existing expression of social order. Instead, empirical
investigation will constitute a futile, if not accompanied by the philosophical
framework that embodies and gives significance to the probe.
Critical theory allows us to say, the production of culture and
communication in a liberal and diverse perspective. He aspires to explore
reflexive to the experience we give birth and how we fix ourselves, our
civilization, and the cosmos. Currently the critical theory became one of the
epistemological tools needed in the field of humanities. This was forced by the
recognition that the meaning is not something that is instinctive and direct.
Speech communication is not a transparent medium that can communicate ideas
without distortion, otherwise it is a set of agreements that affect and influence
the types of ideas and human experience.
By trying to understand the process in which text, objects, and people
affiliated with specific meanings, critical theory questioning the legitimacy of
the general assumption about the experience, knowledge, and truth. In their
daily interactions with other people and nature, in a man's head always keep a
bunch of beliefs and premises that form of experience-in a broad sense-and the
effect on a soul perspective, which is often not visible. Critical theory seeks to
identify and question assumptions and presumptions that. In its efforts, critical
theory using ideas from other areas to understand the patterns where the text
and translate how to interact with the world. This encourages the emergence of

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the new reading model. Therefore, one characteristic of critical theory is a
critical reading of a multifaceted and comprehensive.
Critical theory is the understanding that, if positioned correctly in
history, able to transform the world. This opinion can be traced in Marx's
famous thesis that states "philosopher always interpreted the world, in
parliamentary procedure to change it". This idea comes from Hegel's
Phenomenology of Spirit, developed the concept of striking objects, through a
process of self-expression, to know himself at the level of higher awareness.
Hegel's philosophical system of combining action with contemplation,
philosophy, such that the natural process or action becomes an inevitable
moment in the process of observation. This elevates the philosophical discourse
in Germany around the relationship between theory and practice, that is to say
that the virtual activity of human organisms can change theory. Critical theory,
thus, is a philosophical reading-in the traditional sense is accompanied by
awareness of the influence that may exist in building science, including the
outcome of interest.

b. Critical Theory of the Frankfurt School

Habermas sees predecessors yielded Zweckrationalitat enlightenment (the
rationality of interest), which is a source of various forms of scientism,
positivism, technocrats and barbarism new style. Frankfurt school or commonly
known as the Frankfurt School (die Frankfurter Schule) is a group of social
thinkers who emerged from the environment Institut fr Sozialforschung
University of Frankfurt. Frankfurt's social thinkers make a critical social
reflection about the post-industrial society and the concept of rationality that
helped shape and influence the actions of the community.
Frankfurt school way of thinking can be seen as a critical theory of society often
Kritische Theorie der Gesellschaft. Design theory is a spare man from the
manipulation of modern technocracy.

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 From the outset, the Frankfurt School makes Marx as the beginning
point of his social thought. But you need to think of is that the Frankfurt School
nevertheless takes the emotional state and the basic groove German
philosophical idealism, which originates from the idea of criticism ideal
Immanuel Kant came to the point of historical criticism dialectical thought
William Georg Friederich Hegel.
With highly intelligent, most thinkers in Franfurt School dialogue with
Karl Marx, Hegel and Kant. Thus we can suppose that the view of Karl Marx's
dialectical materialist economic, ideal rational thinking historically normative
perspective Hegel and Immanuel Kant autonomous subject is not foreign goods
in the thinking of Critical Theory. In the following, when Max Horkheimer was
director of the Frankfurt School, slowly he put the idea of depth psychology,
Sigmund Freud into the social thought of Critical Theory (although with this,
critical thinking sharply criticized as a betrayal of Marxist Orthodoxy).

c. Structure of Critical Theory Habermas

Established on the readings of the modern social club which is anchored
in the tradition of enlightenment, Habermas sees some of the oppressive
tendencies of the Enlightenment tradition as openly attacked by Postmodernism,
therefore he turned down the transcendental and idealistic approach on the
proportion. Habermas wants to give a bill of exchange ratio that will be utilized
as a foothold evaluation of societal norms. The entire project Habermas leads to
the liberation of human beings on all sorts of oppression, including oppression
even if it is done in and on behalf of 'modern rationality'.
Habermas youth impression when I understood the facts disclosed in
court Nurenberg associated with collective crimes against humanity, it shaped
the view entails on all the attributes of human being and society. Very stomping
conscience and mind Habermas, as something that subsists in the tenseness
between the empirical and the otherworldly. This interest is pointed to our
knowledge, it is called "interest-cognitive" or "knowledge-constitutive

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interests". Because of this interest constitutive for knowledge, and empirical and
transcendental, not separate from the objective context but simultaneously
transcend ordinary life.
Technical interests are the central orientation of the natural scientific
disciplines. Thus, the natural scientific disciplines are really rooted in the
context of the objective of human lifespan as a species, survival through
instrumental action. On the base of these interests, Habermas shows
implications in three subjects. Interests relating to the needs of reproduction and
self preservation, born science, empirical-analytical (analytical-empirical).
Interests the second relates to the human need to communicate with each other
in a social practice which give rise to a science that is historical-hermeneutic
(hermeneutical-historical).
The third and interests associated with the interests that push themselves
to develop autonomy and responsibility as a human being, and reflected in
science that are socially-critical (emancipatory-critical). By defining the
interests that make up this knowledge, Habermas wants to invite us wary of the
claim that knowledge is identified through the interest that characterized
natural, that contain aspects instinctive, psychological, empirical, for the sake of
the survival of man in nature, but also to simultaneously address the nature, is
transcendental, has a universal claim, and overcome fungsiself-preservation
own. Habermas rejects the reduction of knowledge on one pole, either empirical
or transcendental.
Habermas sees any problem 'a priori' that exists in the organization of
human experience that exist in all of science, and also occurs in the formation
regions of the object of science as represented by the 'transcendental
framework'. In the functional space of instrumental action subject facing
dynamic objects. Here things, events, and conditions in principle can be
manipulated. The proposition that every logical structure of science is closely
related to the pragmatic function of scientific knowledge is an important step in
building a critical theory of Habermas. The argument also helps to understand

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the region and intersubjective different forms of communication, namely the
'world-live'. The world-live (lifeworld) is a concept which was originally used
by Alfred Schutz to refer to the world of daily life.
For Habermas, there are three-dimensional world of life, namely: the
objective world that represents the facts, independent of human thought and
serves as a common reference point to establish the truth; the social world
consists of relationships intersubjective; and the subjective world of personal
experience. For Habermas, one who can sort out the three aspects of the
experience and perspective that engages them, to an understanding
'decentralized' (decentered) from the living world.

d. A Critique of Ideology
As a framework for building scientific emancipatory, voicing
consciousness (reflection), the target of Critical Theory is a critique of all forms
of statism, both driven by rationality of individuals and society ideology. In the
matter of ideology. Critical Theory has three views. First, a radical critique of
the society and the dominant ideology. Second, ideological criticism is not done
to provide some kind of justification in the form of 'moral critique'. And third,
criticism as the soul of critical social science. With this third view, Habermas
uncovers ideas that covertly used to excuse and rationalize the action as a
reliever for the genuine motive of the deed. And then with his theory Habermas
uncovering manipulative and interests-interests that hide behind the oppressive
reality.

e. Epistemology of Critical Theory

Critical theory, today has an important role in the social sciences,
concern for emancipation and oppression makes this theory increasingly
favored by students in Germany. Is madhhab Frankfurt or institutions that float
Frankfruter School critical theory as a way of self-reflection to draw out of a
new dogmatism.

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 Some the agenda Frakfruter School is exposing the persecution in the
name of rationalization, exposing irrasionalisme ideology, and establish a
communicative society that no domination, repression and coercion. Therefore
domination always hidden behind rationalization, ideologies and dogmas, the
first Frankfruter School denude that term.

Critical theory is a methodology that stands in dialectical tension

between philosophy and science. Critical theory does not just stop at the data or
the objective facts as adopted positivism, but penetrate behind social reality to
find conditions that lame. However, critical theory does not float on
metaphysics and leave the empirical data, but the dialectic between knowledge
that is transcendental and empirical.

Critical theory is a critique of ideology, which is a self-reflection to

liberate human knowledge when that knowledge fell and froze on one of the
poles, the transcendental or empirical.

Before discussing the definition of criticism, be aware that science,

according to Habermas, is divided into three categories with three kinds of
underlying interests. First, the empirical sciences, is a science that uses the
paradigm of positivism, its importance is to conquer, discover the laws and
controlling nature. Second, the humanities, which have practical importance and
mutual understanding, such as the social and cultural sciences. The interests of
science is not to dominate or master, nor is liberating, but expand mutual
understanding. Third, critical science developed through self-reflection, so that
through self-reflection, we can understand the conditions unjust and inhuman in
life. Interests, is emancipatory.

This divide, it is understood that criticism means self-reflection.

According to Kant, critics are questioning the conditions of possibilities of our
knowledge. Kant's epistemology criticism used to reflect critically all our
knowledge. Investigations region is not limited only to science, but of all
knowledge and science as a whole. Critics, for Kant became court judge and

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reflect critically on knowledge, so critical is the basis of the most absolute to
our knowledge.

This epistemology criticized by Hegel. According to Hegel, is the

critical reflection or self-reflection on obstacles, pressures and contradictions
that hinder the process of establishing themselves on the ratio in history. Hegel
tried radicalized Kant's critical theory is still rising. Hegel posed the question,
whether the criticisms leveled Kant, knowledge itself is not a knowledge?
Knowledge criticism formulated by Kant has been stuck in a vicious circle,
since Kant's position on a critical theory of absolute, whereas the critical theory
is the knowledge that needs to be reflected critically. That is the theory of
criticism was to be scrutinized. Therefore, critical theory - to escape into a
knowledge-must epistemological and historical. According to Hegel, Kant has
set up tribunals knowledge without thinking about the origins of the court itself.

On the basis of the criticism of Hegel, Habermas formulated a theory in

favor of emancipatory critique. Frankfurter School critical theory has four
characters. First, the theory of historical criticism. That is developed based on
the situation kongret society. Second, critical theory is also critical of himself.
Third, have suspicions critical of the actual society. Fourth, critical theory is a
theory intends practical.

a). Criticism Over Rationalization

Habermas criticizes ratio to expose the sake of science. Because through

ratio, science justifies himself that he was neutral, free of interest. The ratio of
saying that science is neutral, or the ratio of scientific knowledge has always
said he was the most objective.

Today, nearly every country directed towards the modernization process

of rationalization or so-called "culture of modern science". Habermas
questioned the meaning ratios commonly adopted in society, is the ratio serves
as a neutral tool to operationalize a system. Rationally, it is operational,

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effective, efficient, can be automated, control via control buttons. Ratings
moral, religious and desire liberation are considered shoo neutrality ratio. If you
want to get the theory of rational and neutral, leave personal prejudices, leave
moral judgments, leave the cultural, religious ideology leaves, leave racism,
because it may affect the neutrality of science. Science should be value-free,
interest free, to stand alone, had to let go of compassion, must let go of what is
in the vicinity. The ratio is purely using plausible mechanism.

These views were criticized by Habermas. Because regardless of the

cause theory practically caused by the demands of the neutralism. The role of
theory in guiding a person's behavior is gone. In Greek philosophy, philosopher
builds theories to be life guidance. For example, scripts, created the theory of
objective truth. This theory was created in order that the human family is not
confused with subjectivism that always echoed by sophists. So the theory has
the role of emancipation on a practical level. But now high-flown theories to
leave Praxis, in order to reach a neutral claim. That Rational outlook is a
scientific theory should be independent, science should be neutral-this is
criticized by Habermas.

According to Habermas, the theory must be in favor of the emancipation

that could lead the life proxies which will result in social transformation. The
definition of emancipation is not merely a liberation from social constraints, are
like: slavery, colonialism, oppressive power. But also "ignorance". A person can
be said to emancipation if he switched from a situation of "ignorance" to
"know". Knowledge and ignorance are measured according to the grading scale
that existed at that time.

According to Habermas, dogmatism is a form of knowledge that is well

established, in certain social situations tend ruling becomes interpreter
interpretation the only true reality. The forms of knowledge and also get rid of
conflicting interpretations, even considered as "Bid'ah". The system knowledge
is absolute and totalitarian dogmatism. A who hold a closed system is said to be
"knew", but the insight that the prevailing system. Does this man know the truth

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which is broader than the system? In other words, the person is experiencing
ignorance precisely because of attachment to the knowledge system. Theory and
science should give the benefit of giving emancipation to the public, which is a
process of enlightenment on "ignorance" as a result of the dogmatism.

Today, the positive sciences and technologies are applied and expanded
into various fields of economic and social activities. Such conditions led to the
relationship of theory with Praxis increasingly stretched due to the technology
mechanism that is not concerned with emancipation. Prosdktif community
activities in industry, technology, science and administration became linked and
support each other lead to the conquest of nature or "technical control over
nature". All of this led to practical applications may be understood as techniques
directed by the ratio of current knowledge embodied in it, so that over time the
social potential of the ratio, the science is reduced to the forces of technical
controls.

It will get rid of the social potential of science to generate social

emancipation. The science that originally helped steer the process of
development of human life into autonomy and responsibility gradually turns to
a top technical manipulation of natural processes. The ratio is no longer
understood as a cognitive ability to manipulate and control nature. Thus the
notion of "decision" once considered mature as the embodiment of social
emancipation is now increasingly becoming automation with the "press", the
engine as automation decisions while ethical considerations removed.

In our lives, "dogmatism" is always contrasted with the "ratio", because

dogmatism is prejudiced mind becomes confused that envelops your mind since
childhood. Prejudice is a mistake or error are embraced by an era and embedded
in the institutions of a society gone astray. While the ratio is not opinions or
prejudices, but rather the understanding generated by experience and study or
research.

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 While every person who carries out research must release the ideological
assessment, assessment of ethnic, ideological interests, the interests of religion
and emancipatory interests. At the same time, interests, tendencies, spontaneity
expectations, the response to the suffering and oppression, the desire to achieve
autonomy adult, they will for emancipation and happiness to find himself all
that removed from research / ratios and accused of being a subjective factor.
The theory that reflects the religious, moral, cultural considered dogmatic. Such
a situation, called Habermas axle ratio of life.

The question is, whether the ratio has been separated from Praxis it
really neutral ratio? Instead, put the ratio at a neutral place is of great interest to
justify covert technical controls over nature. The ratio of these exiled -which-
favor the interests of technical control, such as efficiency, usability and so forth.
If the ratio is sustained into mechanisms of the machine, it becomes "scientific
dogmatism" because this ratio is anti to dialogue with individual interests, even
if it has become a tool patent, the creator of the engine cannot have dialogue
with the machine. Even the creators of the machine must follow the rules engine
that he created himself. So that's the "ratio" has left the interest of emancipation,
moral, and move towards technical interests.

Nowadays people assume that the ratio of technological, human beings

gets the convenience, independence, and has the power to boost the traditional
myths that terrorized humans. But apparently the ratio of technological be the
sole interpreter interpretation (dominate) the entire social phenomena-not just
nature-so that he became a myth, and a new ideology that total in the form of
science and technology.

Rationality built by the positivists ultimately bring huge tragedy,

because deify rationality which was originally considered capable of providing
freedom, currently is trapped in the web of bureaucracy that loses meaning and
aspirations as a creature of dignity.

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 The most recent questions; What sort of rationality can lead to the
transformation of the social, cultural and personal? To answer that question, it is
necessary for reviews division of rationality. According to Habermas, rationality
is divided into three. First, Rationality action. Technical rationality refers to the
calculation reasonable to achieve targets based on reasonable choices by means
of technical, technological, mechanical and bureaucratic. Second, Rationality of
Interest. Is a ratio that is only concerned with purpose, and did not heed the
values lived as the content of consciousness. Third, Rationality Value. Character
is a person who acts with this ratio concerned with rational commitment to
absorb the value in personally. Each "rationality" above the potential to cause
change. But which one gave birth ratio changes without oppression, repression
and without depriving liberty? Is the ratio of the latter, because this ratio does
not get rid of the moral and ethical values as well as possible their balanced
communication without any coercion and domination.

b). Critique of Ideology

According to Habermas, ideology is a form of unconscious

manipulation. Ideology is always wanting to dominate and win, wants to show
that he was the greatest. Therefore, Luis Altusser say that ideology can be used
as a tool to keep themselves in power, even Altusser equalizes -how to the
perpetuation of power with- "ideology" by "repressive". Grace argues that
ideology can be used as a tool for hegemony individuals who are not aware of.

According to Habermas, ideology is very heavy with interest. Therefore,

Habermas divides the interest becomes "Interests Empirical Polar" and "Pole
Transcendental interests". The first relates to the socio-historical conditions of
human beings as a species of goodwill. While the second relates to knowledge
that is normative ideal. Ideology Critique this works on two levels. To find a
convergence of both human thought when it freezes at one pole of these
interests.

19
 If ideology is a way of looking hegemony and rooted in the soul of a
person, then the criticism-self-reflection, the individual will understand the
position themselves, people will realize the benefit to free themselves from the
confines of ideology. Individuals have the ability to achieve autonomy and
responsibility or maturation.

f. Society Communicative As Way Out

In short, Habermas offers a society without domination, coercion and

domination-free. With what results? With good communication skills. That "free
communication mastery". A communication that is not ideologically distorted.
How do I know that a communication is pure and free from ideological
domination? Namely the balanced communication, each participant has an equal
opportunity to engage in conversation and express approvals, denials,
explanations, interpretations, but sincerely expresses their feelings with their
attitudes without the restrictions of a power.

Communication which produces with a rational consensus reached by

competent subjects -ijma'-. The dialogue process was placed in order to be a
process of dialogue. As a general direction, the dialogue process was placed in
order to be a process of dialogue. As a general direction, the dialogue that leads
to a truth as consensus. Then how to know that consensus is that correct? The
Prophet Muhammad once said: "Laa tajtami'uu ummati 'ala al-Khoto', my
people will not agree in error.

2. Education
The theory of education discusses about definition of education, basis
and purposes of education, the purposes of education, education purposes based
education level, and education institutions.
a. Definition of Education
The term education is derived from the Latin "e-ducere" or "educare"
which means "to lead or guide out", "leading", "bring people into the fore",

20
"the process of becoming a leading", or "as the leading activity," in lexical, in
Werbster Dictionary the word education or education is defined as: (a) the
action or process of edcuating or of being educated; (b) the knowledge and
development resulting from an educational process; (c) the field of study that
deals mainly with methods of teaching and learning in schools (Danim, 2010:
3).
For most ordinary people, the term education often identified with
"school", "teachers teach in the classroom", or "formal education units" mere.
Academically, Danim (2010: 2) reveals the term education have broad
spectrum. Education is the process of human civilization and the civilizing.
Education is a basic human activity of all potential through the interaction
between an adult man with minors.
Further, Danim (2010: 2) reveals education as a process of human
dignity towards the summit of optimization potential cognitive, affective, and
psychomotor has. Education is a process to guide, train, and guide the man to
avoid or out of ignorance and deception. Education is a true metamorphosis
behavior toward maturity. Education can also be identified as the process is
carried elevation nondiscrimination, dynamic, and intensive individual towards
maturity, wherein the process is performed continuously with adaptive
properties and nirlimit or endless. Mahfud (2011: 32) makes sense of education
in a simple and common as efforts to cultivate and develop the innate potential,
both physical and spiritual, in accordance with the values that exist in society
and culture.
Mahfud (2011: 32) states that for human life, education is an absolute
necessity that must be met throughout life. Without education, it is impossible
for community groups can live and develop in line with the aspirations (ideals)
for advanced, prosperous and happy according to the concept of their
worldview.

21
 Moreover, the definition of education itself is very much. Educational
thinkers disagree on the definition of education. However, this does not mean
that education is not a clear definition. Define diverse education and different is
actually making the wealth treasures in contemporary educational thinking
invaluable.
Some definitions about the education of education experts, among which
is the definition given by Prof. Langeveld. Education experts from the
Netherlands argues that education is a guidance given by adults to minors for
the purpose, namely maturity (Mahfud, 2011: 33). In line with that, Dewey
(Danim, 2010: 3) argues that education is a process of renewal experience. That
process could occur in the ordinary intercourse or association of adults with
children, who happen intentionally and institutionalized to generate social
sustainability. This process involves controlling and developing for minors and
the group in which he lives.The opinion was reinforced by Langeveld (as cited
in Danim, 2010: 4) who argues that education is any association, or relationship
educate happens between adults with children. In Act of the Republic of
Indonesia Number 20, Year 2003 on National Education System (Danim, 2010:
4) states that, "Education is a conscious and deliberate effort to create an
atmosphere of learning and the learning process so that learners are actively
developing the potential for him to have the spiritual power of religion, self-
control, personality, intelligence , noble character, and skills needed him,
society, nation, and the State. "
McDonald as cited in Danim (2010: 4) defines education as a process or
activity that is directed to change human behavior. Behavior is in the form of
any responses or actions of a person. While Rechey as cited in Danim (2010: 4)
suggests that the term education related to the extensive functionality of the
maintenance and improvement of life of a community, especially bringing the
younger generation to the new roles for the fulfillment of the obligations and
responsibilities in society. Education is a social activity or process that is

22
essential which allows young people to exist in the complexity of social life,
economic modernization, as well as the advancement of science and technology.
Horne as cited in Danim (2010: 3) defines education as a process of
adjustment that takes place continuously in the development of intellectual,
emotional, physical and human. In line with it, Brubacher as cited in Danim
(2010: 4) defines education as a process of basic human potential development
related to the moral, intellectual, and physical to reach the goal of life within
the framework of the social system. A similar opinion was expressed by Noor
Sham (as cited in Danim, 2010: 4) which defines education as an activity and
human effort to improve his personality to foster the potential personal, that is,
spiritual (thought, intention, taste, creativity, and kindness conscience) and
physical (senses and skills).
In addition, the definition of education is also expressed by Ki Hadjar
Dewantara in Taman Siswa first congress in 1930 he stated that education
generally means in its power to promote the growth of manners (inner strength,
character), mind (intellect), and the child's body. In the Taman Siswa should not
be separated parts of it so that we can advance the perfection of life, the life and
livelihood of our children who are students in harmony with their world
(Mahfud, 2011: 33).
According to Driyarkara as cited in Mahfud (2011: 33), education is an
effort to humanize the young man. Appointment human to human level, it is
called to educate. While in the Dictionary of Education (as cited in Mahfud,
2011: 34) pointed out that the definition of education is the process by which a
person develops the ability attitudes and other forms of behavior more in the
society where he lives, a social process in which people exposed to
environmental influences elected and controlled (especially those coming from
the school), so that he can obtain or has developed social skills and abilities of
individuals whose optimum (maximum). Crow and Crow define education as a
process that provides a wide range of activities suitable for the individual to

23
social life and to help continue the tradition and culture and social institutions
from generation to generation (Mahfud, 2011: 34).
Education in essence is the process of preparing the students towards
the future man responsible. The word "responsible" implies, that the students
are prepared to become a man who dare to do and dare also responsible for his
actions.
From the various definitions of education above, we can conclude that
education is a human process simultaneously. Education is a social process that
is built to explore and develop the basic human potential in order to become a
civilized human being. Education is the process of human interaction that is
carried by an adult subject to growing maturity on the subject minors to use the
existing potential and appropriate.
Educational activities include the production and distribution of
knowledge that occurs in both the institutional schemes as well as on the social
process in general. Education is a process of growth that adapts to the
environment. Education is a direction and guidance given to children in their
growth. Education is a conscious effort to create a situation or particular
situation desired by the community. Education is an establishment of character,
personality and abilities of children in towards maturity.
For Berg as cited in Danim (2010: 5), in the general public
understanding, education is only the delivery of knowledge, skills, and
information from teachers to students. According to him, this definition is not
adequate to describe what is really important about the existence of education
and being educated.
According to Berg, the proper definition of education is the process of
becoming an educated person. Being an educated person means a human
undergoing the process of improving the intellectual and development potential
for continuous and optimum.

24
 Educated human beings can see accurately, think clearly and act
effectively to achieve the goals himself in accordance with the choices and
aspirations. Education is a process of cognitive cartography, mapping
experience and find different optimal route. Therefore, the idea that education is
simply defined as the transmission of knowledge, skills, and information from
teachers to students is instantaneous.

b. Definition, Duties and Functions of College Education

1. Definition of College
According UU No. 20 tahun 2003 pasal 19 ayat 1:
yang dimaksud perguruan tinggi adalah merupakan jenjang pendidikan
setelah pendidikan menengah mencakup program pendidikan diploma, sarjana,
magister, spesialis, dan doktor yang diselenggarakan oleh perguruan tinggi .
In addition the college also has an idea of education at a higher level
than secondary education in education track. College here are university level,
which consists of a number of facilities that provide education, academic and /
or professional in a particular discipline (H. Basir Barthos, 1992: 25).

2. Duties College
According to R. Cony Semiawan (1998: 12) general stewardship of
higher education today gain weight because the new paradigm, such as
accountability, quality of education, autonomy and self-evaluation of higher
education required by a future that demands excellence actualization of man's
capacity optimally, which temporarily this is still "hidden" inside (hidden
excellence in personhood). The principles referred to above were confronted by
a variety of crucial issues in the development strategy. The new civilization
which is promised by the new 21st century requires the universities be able to
create college graduates to perform, so it can survive (survive) and developing
optimal actualization excellence. But basically the strategy to achieve these
goals are determined by the vision and wisdom (policy) decision makers in the

25
process of development of higher education in colleges concerned (head of the
college).
In particular the universities can be seen in PP No. 30 than 1990 about
College Education. In the general provisions of Pasal 1 ayat 2 : Perguruan
tinggi adalah satuan pendidikan yang menyelenggarakan pendidikan tinggi.
Furthermore, in the preamble to the Decree of the Minister of National
Education No. 603 / O / 2001 is declared the task of universities is:
berperan aktif dalam perbaikan dan pengembangan kualitas kehidupan
dan kebudayaan, pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, dan pengembangan
pengertian dan kerjasama internasional untuk mencapai kedamaian dunia dan
kesejahteraan lahir batin umat manusia berkelanjutan.
There explained that in addition given the job of organizing higher
education, the college also took on the task of development and improvement of
human resources, development of international cooperation, peace and
prosperity of the inner and outer world of mankind.

3. Functions College Education

Furthermore, according to Conny R. Semiawan (1998: 33) higher
education among other things, serve to prepare students to be human behavior,
values and norms prevailing system accordingly, thereby realizing full human
totality and independently according the way of life of the nation. In this study,
researchers wanted to highlight the authority of the decision makers in
universities relating directly within their discretion, determine the foreign policy
of cooperation distance higher education to examine the extent to which the role
of policy makers in universities in an effort to increase foreign cooperation.
Regarding the determination of the authority's policy, PP No. 30 1990 Bab I
Pasal 1 ayat 8 of the general provisions set up as follows:
Perangkat kewenangan tertinggi dalam penentuan kebijakan adalah pimpinan
perguruan tinggi sebagaimana ditetapkan di perguruan tinggi masing-
masing.

26
 The university leaders with authority tasked to develop its higher
education outside and inside based on certain guidelines which are called
statutes, contained in Chapter Bab I Pasal 1 ayat 7 of the general rules of the
college, which reads:
Statuta adalah suatu pedoman dasar penyelenggaraan kegiatan yang dipakai
sebagai acuan untuk merencanakan, mengembangkan program dan
penyelenggaraan kegiatan fungsional sesuai dengan tujuan perguruan tinggi
yang bersangkutan, berisi dasar yang dipakai sebagai rujukan pengembangan
peraturan umum, peraturan akademik dan prosedur operasional yang berlaku
di perguruan tinggi yang bersangkutan.
The statute, which serve as guidelines and barometer of success and
progress of the development of higher education from one of the efforts towards
development through foreign cooperation. It is not based on the obvious
reasons, but has been felt to be an urgent need. As Asosiasi Perguruan Tinggi
Agama Islam (APTAIS) suggested that the opening of foreign cooperation is a
strategic step to improve the quality PTAIS (Swara Dipertais, No.14 Th.II, 31
Agustus 2004).

3. Novel
a. Definition of Prose Fiction
As one of the literary, genre prose is frequently studied in the academic
environment. The term prose actually has embraced not only writing is an
artwork that is classified in the literature, but also includes several kinds of
writing in the course of work. It must be getting clear to add to the term prose
fiction. In other language, it is specialized in the form of imaginary and
aesthetic study.
The word "fiction is derived from the Latin fictio, fictum which means
"form, create, organize, create". Therefore, it can be analogous to that noun in
Indonesian fiction briefly "something formed, something produced, something
gained, something that is imagined (Tarigan, 1993: 120). Based on the above

27
understanding conclude that something is written by the author's imagination or
fiction writer as an expression that is in the mind.
Although it was created or planned by the author, it does not mean that
fiction does not contain a reality. Teeuw (1984: 258-249) says that the tradition
is not opposed to reality, but to expose a reality. The relationship between reality
and fiction is a dialect or neighborly relations, mimies not possible without the
creation, but the creation is not possible without mimieis.

The primary difference between fiction and nonfiction is located in the

destination of writing. The purpose and objectives of fiction and non-fiction is
like history, biography, news stories and travel stories, are reinventing
everything that happens in real time with other words it can be said that:

1. Narrative Nonfiction starts by saying: if all of these facts, then this is what
should occur.

2. Narrative fiction starts by saying: If all of these facts, then this is what will
occur.

May also be read that fiction is reality, while nonfiction is actuality

(Tarigan, 1993: 121-122).
According to Waluyo (2006:1) works of prose divided into three, namely
romance, novels and short stories (stories). Third literary is really not a great
deal different from just three adrift on the duration of the short story and the
differences into account. These three elements in common about builders.
Novels and short tales (also with roman) often attempted between people,
although of course it is theoretical (Nurgiyantoro, 2005: 9).
Based on the above opinion, the researchers can conclude that prose
fiction is derived from the Latin fictio, fictum which means "form, create,
organize, make". Prose fiction written by authors is the result of imagination or
the fiction of the writer as an expression that is in the mind. Although made or
planned by the author, it does not mean that fiction does not contain a reality.

28
The main difference between fiction and nonfiction is situated in the destination
of writing. In other words, reading fiction is reality, while nonfiction is actuality.

b. Definition of Novel
The term novel comes from the Latin novellas were later revealed to be
novels, which means new. The word was subsequently adapted into a terminus
in the English Novel. The new words are associated with the fact that the novel
is a kind of fiction that emerged later than the short stories and novels (Waluyo,
2002: 36).
Nurgiyantoro (1994:9) argues that the term novella and novelle contain
the same substance as the term Indonesia novellet (English: novellet), which
means a work of prose fiction moderately long, not overly long, but not too
little. In line with these opinions, Abrams (1999:190) stated that the designation
of novels in English and then in Indonesia comes from the Italian novella
(which in German: novelle). Literally novella means "a little new stuff, and then
interpreted as a short story in prose.
Etymologically, the word "novel" is inferred from the Novellus new
meaning. Thus, in fact, it is a novel kind of literature the most recent fiction.
Semi (1993: 32) states that the novel reveals a concentration of life in a tense
moment, and concentration of life that is more profound and subtle presented.
Tarigan (2003: 164) state that in "The American College Dictionary"
says that the novel is a prose fiction with a certain length, which include:
describing the character, movement and scene representative of real life events
with a groove or a complex situation. The novel is a form of literature that
would answer a utilitarian value to society readers. This has been revealed by
Goldmann (1977:79) defines a novel is a story about the search for degraded
authentic values in the world who also degraded authentic values in a world that
is too degraded, the search was carried out by a problematic hero. Thematic
traits seen in conditions of authentic values which, according to Goldmann
(1999:79) is a totality which implicitly appears in the novel, the values are
organized according to the fashion world as a entirety. On the base of that

29
definition further Goldmann novel grouping into three types: abstract idealism
novel, psychological novel (romance, despair), and novel education
(paedagogic).
Hudayat (2007: 74) says the novel is a theatrical performance of the
Earth itself, where humans, either as writers, proofreaders, and researchers can
write emotionality and intellect as a medium that is very appropriate in relation
to the nature of man as homo faber.
Established on the description above can be reasoned that the effect of
the novel is a new literary work that emerged after the short stories and novels.
Moderate length, not overly long, but not too little. The novel itself tells about
the spirit of society as a complex that it checks the values of society are social,
cultural, political, and pedagogy. The novel as a kind of representation of
people's lives have positive values that can be a lesson for every reader.
The novel is a form of literature that the most popular I the world. This
course of literature, most widely printed and most widely circulated widely in
society. General conditions of a novel are to be interesting, entertaining, and
convey a sense of atonement after the recital.
The novel as a work of fiction is built through some intrinsic elements,
among other themes, characterizations, plot, the message, and viewpoints.
Researchers in this work will throw illumination on the intrinsic elements that
exist in a novel, the composition, characterization, background, the message and
viewpoints. This is because these elements are very supportive in the research
literature, such as Teeuw (1984:20) who said that whoever is a priority for the
structural analysis of a literary researcher before he stepped on other things.
Based on the above opinion, researchers can conclude the novel comes
from a new meaning. The novel is a work of fiction prose rather long, not too
long, but not too little. The novel itself tells about the spirit of the community as
a complex that check the values of society are social, cultural, political, and
pedagogy. The novel as a kind of representation of people's lives have positive
values that could be a lesson for every reader. The novel as a work of fiction

30
built through some intrinsic elements, among other themes, characterizations,
plots, messages, and viewing angle. The novel is a literary form that is most
popular in the world. This of course literature, the most widely printed and most
widely circulated widely in the community. General conditions of a novel that
becomes an interesting, and entertaining.
1) Theme
According to Masri (2007: 94), the theme of the meaning contained by a
story. Meaning contained in a theme is nevertheless very coarse and yet need to
be made more detailed. The selection of the theme in a novel to be supported as
much as possible the story material so that the meaning of the story the reader
clearly unacceptable.
The fundamental idea is the estimation of a narrative which serves as
well as the base figure in describing fiction author who produced. Themes as the
principal meaning of a work of fiction deliberately hidden because it is this
which is offered to the reader. However, the theme is the overall meaning of a
story that supports and automatically it will be hidden behind the story that
supports it.
In line with the opinion above, Nurgiyantoro (2005: 68) states that the
theme is the kernel narrative so that the events in the narrative are entirely
focused on the idea. In summation, the theme also called an approximation, an
idea, a way of life author of the background for the conception of literary
works. Theme as meaning contained in the story. The theme is the idea of a
common base that supports a literary work and are contained in the text as
semampis structure and involving equations or difference.
Waluyo (2006: 9) says that to distinguish the theme of the message the
story is that the theme is objective, straightforward and specific, while the
message story is subjective, and general allegory. Objective means that all
readers should interpret the theme of a story with the same interpretation.
Mandate can be interpreted differently by the reader.

31
 Another opinion, Hartoko and Rahmanto (1985: 142) States that the
common theme is the basic idea that sustains a literary work that is contained in
the text as a semantic structure regarding the similarities and differences that
exist. These themes are filtered from several motifs that determine the presence
of a variety of events, conflicts, and certain situations. Based on some of the
opinion above, the researcher concludes that the theme is the idea or ideas
contained in a literary work are taken from the life of the existing repertoire.
Based on some of the opinion above, the researcher can conclude that
the common theme is the estimation that is objective. The themes raised from
problems that arise in life. The theme is the initial idea to build a story,
including the novel.

2) Personalities/Characterization
The term "character" refers to the person, the offender story. Disposition,
and character refer to the nature and attitude of the character, as translated by
the reader, it refers to the personal qualities of a leader. Personalities and
characterization often equated with the quality and disposition meanin refers to
the location of certain frames with a certain character in a narrative.
Intrinsic elements of the novel the other is the characterization.
Nurgiyantoro (2005: 165) states that the characterization is painting a clean
impression of someone who appears in a report. According to Djibran (2008:
58) characterizations include the shaping of identity, character, habits, and the
character is evidenced. Personalities are important in a story because without
figures tell a story will not melt. He will not be a news report, merely only the
description or narration.
Similar opinion, Waluyo 2002: 165) tells that the picture means the
direction the writer exposes his characters, the types of characters, character
relationships with other constituents in a story, the character of the characters
and how the author in describing the character names from that number.
Meanwhile, according to Abrams (999:32) characters are the people who appear

32
in a work of narrative or play, which is read by the reader possess a certain
moral qualities and tendencies as expressed in words and what is done in action.
According Sudjiman (988: 23) mentions characterizations is the
presentation of a character and the telling of the overall figure. Story character
traits portrayed through outer and inner as well as her character known by the
reader. Personalities are an important presence in a work of fiction or novels
because in that respect may be a work of fiction without characters as the main
ingredient is the type. A story character would not be possible without melting
down the floor and without figures would not be possible to move that
eventually shape the storyline.
Nurgiyantoro (2005: 176) states that in a story, each part suffers a
different purpose. Judging from the role or interest rate figure is divided into
two, namely 1) the main character, the character is displayed continuously or
most often told, and 2) an additional character, that is characters that appear
only once or a few times in a story. However, according to Nurgiyantoro (2005 :
181) indicates that the fibers can be distinguished between simple forms and
complex cases. Simple character is a character that only in appearance displays
certain character trait or complex or rounded while the image is a form that
holds a variety of properties and the character is told in detail.
Based on some of the above opinion, the researcher can conclude that
the characterization is the author's perspective portray characters in a report that
can suffice to express the message, plot, and compositions that exist in the
chronicle.

3) Background/ Setting
Background complementary element of literary works that is first
described, theme and character. The background is the blank space or time of
occurrence of an effect in a narrative. Background providing a footing in a
concrete and readable. It is important to make a realistic impression to the
readers, making a certain aura that appears to actually exist and happen.

33
 Semi (1993: 46) indicates that the ground / setting the environmental
occurrence of events, including the place and time in the narration. This intends
that it spreads over the background and time of the event. According to Abrams
(1999:284) background setting is too known as pivot off, conducting to the
definition of topographic point, time relations and social environment where the
occurrence of the outcomes depicted.
According to Nurgiyantoro (2005: 216) background as one of the
elements of fiction to be able to make a concrete footing and clear. It is
important to make a realistic feeling to the reader so as to produce a certain
ambiance that appears to actually exist and happen. Readers rate the truth,
accuracy, and actualization background narrated so that the reader feels more
familiar with the tale.
Sayuti (1997: 80) divides the background into three categories, namely,
setting the place, time, and social. Background place is related to geographical
problems, marking time with respect to historical problems, and social
background related to people's lives. Opinion Suminto Sayuti supported by
Nurgiyantoro (2005: 227) distinguishes background elements into three main
elements. The explanation of the three key elements is as follows:

4) Background Place
Background is pointing at the location of the event. Appoint a place that
used the public figure of a real post, for instance, the epithet of the city,
institutions or certain situations. The usage of a name must not run afoul with
the nature or geographical areas concerned, because each place setting has its
own typical features and traits.

5) Setting Time
Setting of time corresponding to when the incident came about.
Background is said to be in accordance with the evolutions that came. The
emphasis is more on the state of the time, for example, in the morning, noon, or

34
night. This inhibition can also be a time that has been common designation, for
example, sunset, dawn, or by means of engagement time at certain hours.

6) Social Background
Social background refers to a diversity of topics pertaining to the
conduct of social life in a peculiar spot. This includes problems habits, customs,
traditions, beliefs, worldview, a way of thinking, as well as things that include
spiritual background.
Background function according to Waluyo (2006: 28) is closely related
to elements other fiction, especially characterizations and characterization.
Background functions are to: a) reinforce the graphic symbol of the offender,
(2) puts pressure on the root of the story, (3) clarify the ideas presented, (4) a
metaphor for the psychological position of the perpetrator, (5) as the presenter
of the atmosphere (impression), and (6) strengthens the posture of the game.
According to Nurgiyantoro (2005: 216) background as one of the elements of
fiction to be able to present the narrative in a concrete footing and clear. It is
important to make a realistic feeling to the reader so as to produce a certain
ambiance that appears to actually exist and happen. Readers assess the validity,
accuracy and actualization background narrated so that the reader feels more
familiar with the story.
From some of the above opinion, the researcher can conclude that the
ground or setting is the environment or the setting of an outcome in a narration
that includes a place, time, and social that determine the nature or role of the
parts in it. The background also serves to clarify and reinforce the storyline of
the novel that gives a realistic impression to the reader.

7) Plot
The plot is an important part of the literature. Without a clear plot, the
arrangement of events contained in a work to be fucked, so the story becomes
distracting or unattractive because of vagueness plot settings.

35
 Setting the plot is setting the sequence of events forming a story. The
story begins with a specific event and ending with certain other events without
being tied to the timeline (Sudjiman,1988: 31). Outcomes in a plot can be
dressed according to the order in which (temporal) and can also be set with
regard causal relationship (causal).
According to Waluyo (2002: 147) plot covers seven stages, namely
exposition, inciting moment, ricing action, complication, climax, falling action,
and dnouement. Exposition means exposure early in the story. Inciting moment
means that the cases began to pass the problems introduced by the author to
then be evolved or amended. Ricing action means climbing conflict and
subsequent ongoing conflict escalation. Complication means increasingly
complicated conflict. Climax means the story reached the peak of the whole
story and all stories or previous events being held to highlight the climactic
moment. Falling action means that constructed the narrative of conflict declined
because it has hit its culmination. Dnouement means the completion of all the
problems that exist.
Another thought, the flow is said by Nurgiyantoro (2005: 153) is split
into some types of differences are grounded on the criteria of the order of time,
the criteria of the number, density criteria.

4. Sociology of Literature
Literally sociology comes from the Latin sources, meaning friends and
the Greek logos meaning science (Soekanto, 1991: 2004). So initially, sociology
means tell the story of a friend or friends (community).
Teeuw (1995: 46) states that the literature is derived from the root word
SAs (Sanskrit) which means directing, teaching, guidance, instructions and tra
sufixes that mean a tool, facilities. So literary lexical meaning a collection of
tools to teach, guide or book of expert educational activity, as silpasastra
(manuals architecture), kamasastra (guide romance). In the development of the
literary word is often combined with the prefix su to become susastra, which is
interpreted as the result of a good and beautiful creation.

36
 Literature is a construction of social club, so the emergence of a literary
work has a really close relationship with the social problems that come up at the
time. This intimates that the problems or social troubles are a strong influence
on the course of literature. Awaiting at the above facts, it can be reasoned that
the literature was not conducted in a social vacuum. There is a common thread
that links between literature, literary and society. Thither is a mutual
relationship between them. From this, the literature can be watched and studied
from a sociological point of view. Paradigm sociology of literature is rooted in
the historical backdrop of two symptoms, namely society and literature: literary
work in the residential district, in another language, on that point is no poetry
without society (Saparie: 2009). Sociology of literature, although not even
establish a shape analysis is considered satisfactory, start paying attention to the
work of art as an inbuilt piece of the residential area. The finish is obviously to
provide quality that is relative to both the symptoms, namely literature and
fellowship.
Although sociology and literature have certain differences but may
actually supply an account of the signification of a literary text.
Sociology of literature is one approach to parse literary works that
explore the relationship between the author and the public, the results in the
form of literature in society, relationship literary influence on the reader. This
approach to literature that consider the societal aspects of the so-called
sociology of literature by using text analysis to specify its structure, to then be
used to see more profoundly the social phenomenon that is beyond literature
(Damono, 2002: 3).
This literary sociology study prioritizes imaging analysis as a critique of
literature. The query is the narrative storytelling. The method employed in
sociological literature is the analytic thinking of literary works to determine the
literature, and then applied for a richer apprehension of social phenomena
beyond literature, Literary works that analyzed the fulcrum on which the written
narrative in the novel.

37
 Basic philosophical approach to sociology is the intrinsic relationship
between literature and society. Relationships are meant caused by: a) literary
works produced by the author, b) the author was himself a member of the
community, c) the authors exploit the wealth in society, d) the results of the
literary work are recovered by the community (Ratna,2012: 60).
Faruk (1994: 105) argues, a functional approach to the sociology of
literature is the question of what makes the people arrive together, how the base
or foundation of social order was upheld, and how individual actions that
contribute to the overall sound of the society it is conscious or not in literature
work. Functional approach to sociology, literature trying to learn the
institutionalization of social - institutionalization in the community and are
interconnected to each other so as to devise a social integration.
The research objective sociology of literature is to breed a complete
picture, complete, and thorough about the reciprocal relationship between
writers, literature, and society (Jabrohim, 2001: 159). Target sociology of
literature itself can be divide down into several key countries, including the
following : (a) the social context of the letters, (b) literature as a social mirror
(c) the social function of literature (abrohim, 2001:159).
Semi (1993: 75) says, the work steps in the approach to the sociology of
literature utilizing sociological approach, namely the first thing discussed was
about the figure of the author, social ego existing in the literature ; important
issues discussed on the philosophy espoused author, political ideology, social
status, education, and sociology; intrinsic aspects of literary works associated
with the interests of the community as well as the mission of literary works in
improving the standard of living ; reception, impression, and the public
response to literature about the didactic value of the moral element; the
influence of literature on the author and his readers (the public); thing that gets
assessment is values, ethical culture, and philosophy in the literature.

38
 According to Sudjiman (1991: 2) sociology of literature is the work of
critics and historians are particularly revealing its impact on the author of the
state of society, place of origin of the author, ideological, political, social,
economic condition of the author, as well as the intended audience. The
relationship between literature and society can be classified as follows:
a. Sociology authors, the issue of the status of social, ideological, political, and
other issues that concern the author.
b. Sociology of literature, which is charged on what is entailed in the literary
works, what its purpose, and the mandate of what you desire to read.
c. Sociology of literature and society, which questioned about the reader and
social influence on society (Welleck and Warren, 1995: 3).

The first classification relates to the sociological theory of literature

which brings up to the author as a target of study. The trouble here is related
social background, status authors, literary production process, and the political
theory of the author as seen from a miscellany of actions outside of literary
sources. Research sources can be deduced from the authors life story, or
extends to the office of origin or residence of the writer.
Second, a coarse approach to literature and society are studied literature
as a social document, as a process of social reality. As a social document of
literature used to trace the story of social enterprise. Everyone examines various
"world" in a literary work, but this research is less useful if the average hit that
literature is a mirror of life, a reproduction or a social document. Sociology of
literature through this approach puts a literary work as an object of study, in this
case the literary works studied by not forgetting those things which relate to the
problems faced so when using this approach the researcher does not have to
examine in detail about the author, just in general and related to problems in the
study course. Through a literary work can be seen a picture of the spirit of a
particular community or all sorts of problems in society, although the literature
does not accurately reflect the consequences at the time of the written literature,
but in the literature there are descriptions of a full life with all its social clubs.

39
 Third, sociology of literature and society. This approach relies on the
views and opinions of the public or readers to literature to be studied. This work
tests how the impact or influence of a literary work to a certain community
groups and the general public, or opposite.
The source in this study using a second classification is the overture of
the content of literary works. Doing study of the content of literary works, goals
and things that are entailed in the literature, and which deals with the problem
of sociology is to study the sociological aspects contained in the literature. For
example, examining social issues and social criticism, the authors found in
literature. Approach sociology of literature, particularly the second
classification is in conformity with the existing problems in this field. The
analysis in this study carried out on social issues and social criticism contained
in the author's novel "RIZ" by Mochamad Nur Arifin.

C. Theoretical Framework
The description of this study can be stated in the following form. Before
doing this research, the author reads the novel "RIZ" by Mochamad Nur Arifin.
The following measure is to conduct a research study by examining the
problems in the novel, after noticing problems in the novel "RIZ" by Mochamad
Nur Arifin, the authors define the theory that will be applied to analyze the
novel.

40
 RIZ
NOVEL

Structural Theory

Theory Criticsm

Intrinsic element
analysis includes :
Definition of Novel
1. Theme
2. Personalities
3. Background
4. Plot

Sociology of literature

Conclusion

Figure 2.1. Theoritical Framework

41
 42

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD

In this chapter, the writer would like to describe about research method,
which consists of research design, object of the research, data and data source,
technique of collecting data, and technique of data analysis.
A. Research Design
The type of this research is a descriptive qualitative research. According
to Ratna (2013: 46), a qualitative research method utilizes ways of
interpretation by presenting it in the form of descriptions, in the form of written
words and behaviors that can be observed. The writer of this research, by
conducting a qualitative descriptive research, wants to understand a social
problem in the form of middle class people view on education reflected on
"RIZ" by Mochamad Nur Arifin.
The research included in the category of libraries and digital research,
the research data collection is done by reading, study, understand, and analyze
the novel "RIZ" by Mochamad Nur Arifin, accessing sites on the internet, as
well as from documents in connection with the discussion of this project.
The writer will use sociology of literature as the approach in this
research. According to Ratna as cited in Rokhmansyah (2014: 48), sociology of
literature is a branch of literary study that examines the relationships between
literary works and their social contexts. Sociology of literature trying to find a
quality of interdependence between literature and society. It compared and
analyzed based on the theories described in Chapter II.

B. Object of the Research

There are two object in this study, material object and formal object.
Material object of this study is novel "RIZ" written by Mochamad Nur Arifin
and formal object is critisism expressed in the novel.
C. Data and Data Source
1. Data
The information employed in this field are all words, idiomatic
expressions, sentences, paragraphs reveal the game, characters, setting, social
problems and social criticism contained in the novel "RIZ" by Mochamad Nur
Arifin.
1) Sources of Data
The writer used study document taken from library to collect the
information. The source of data are divided into primary and secondary source.
a. Primary source
lt is source of data related to the object of the research. The main data
source is essential sources derived from the script or the research object, RIZ
Novel written by Mochamad Nur Arifin.

b. Secondary source
It is a data source, which is used to support and complete the main data.
The data are required from any kinds of scripts and relevant materials such as
books of literature theories, value and education.

D. Technique of Data Collection

This study used data collection techniques as follows:
Literature, a data collection techniques uses written sources. This
technique is executed by searching, collecting, recording and studying the
whole language, idiomatic expressions, sentences, and paragraphs that revealed
the troubles of the main character and the problems that happen in the world of
college education located in the novel "RIz" by Mochamad Nur Arifin as well
as books, articles or reports relating to the aim of research.

43
E. Technique of Data Analysis
The main data in the study are novel "RIZ" by Mochamad Nur Arifin.
Data analysis techniques in this study using interactive model.
The data that appears in the form of words is not a series of numbers.
The data collected in a variety of ways further processed with recording, typing,
editing, or rather wrote and arranged in the expanded text. Analysis of the data
above is done in three steps, namely:
l. Data Reduction
Data reduction is intended in the electoral process, focusing on
simplification, abstract, and transformation of raw data that emerged from the
notes written in the field. As is known, continuous data reduction. During the
project that lasted qualitative orientation (Miles and Huberman,1992: 16). In
this study, no further data were analyzed by using a sociological approach to
literature as the core discussion. In this study, no further data were analyzed by
using a sociological approach to literature as the core discussion.

2. Presentation of Data
Presentation of data as a set of structured information that gives the
possibility of drawing conclusions and taking action. By appearing at the
presentations will be able to see what is going on and what to do, further
analyze or take action based on the understanding gathered from these
representations (Miles and Huberman, 1992: 16).
This phase starts with reading and classify data based on the description
of the data, then introduced using the approach of sociology of literature. The
gathered data are identified, placed, and sorted. The data are grouped by
classification was presented by characteristics data. And so drew a description
of each stage to facilitate reading.

44
3. Withdrawal Conclusion
After data collection, the next attack is cleared to draw conclusions and
verification based on all matters contained in the reduction and data display.
This procedure is called interactive modelling. Conclusion formulates what has
been obtained from the reduction or data collection activities.

45
 46

CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, the author's present theoretical justification of the

theories It has been proposed at the end of the study. The study was expected to
generate an assessment of the value of research results. This study was provided
analysis of the theory of criticism of education, according to Jurgen Habermas,
which is reflected in the novel "RIZ.
A. Criticism of college education
Education is one of the important things that must be considered.
Education basically gives us the knowledge of how to behave, speak politely,
and learn the development of science that can eventually be used in society. In
addition to having a definite goal, education also has an important role to
support our daily lives. However, in the world of education sometimes there are
things that are not in accordance with the nature of education itself. So in the
world of education sometimes conflict between teachers or educators with
students. So with this the author will present a critical analysis of the world of
education in universities based on the theory of Jurgen Habermas;
1. Criticism over rationalization in education

Those who can understand the purpose and function of education must
realize that education is important. Inside Novel "RIZ" shows the reality of
education in college. In this section, the author discusses the theory of
rationality. The rationality used in this critique is Value Rationality.
Characteristic is the person acting with this ratio attaches to his rational
commitment to the value he lives in person. This ratio creates a change without
oppression, repression and without deprivation of liberty, because this ratio does
not exclude ethical and moral values and possible balanced communication
without coercion and domination. As reflected in the dialogue in Novel "RIZ".
 a. Page 44/224
"Turn off your cigarette," said Somat to the Oman who was smoking in the
back, Oman shocked, he did not expect it to be addressed to him. Almost two
years no one dared to repeat his activities with his clove cigarettes Oman
glared for a moment, trying to rebel lecturers Looked so authoritative. He
turned off his cigarette with a loud nag. "Waste your cigarette out of the class!
Mr. Somat said with authority. Wow, how cool! Really authoritative. Oman rose
from his seat with aggravating aggravation. Still growling and fighting eyes, he
paced out of the classroom and dumped the rubbish in the garbage with the
pain that was even restrained. All eyes stared at the convicted movement of the
Oman with the incredibly unpretentious man's words. Soon the Oman entered
the schoolroom with a font that seemed to coagulate with a rebellious feel.
Strange. I was just amazed. I believe this human race is really disciplined. All
students think the same. (RIZ: 44)
He should be an example for the students and lecturers who are fond of
smoking. This male lecturer is appropriately promoted to vice rector, dean or
even a minister. The eye is sure of that. A few seconds walk, when Oman has
returned to his place with his burning emotions, suddenly Mr. Somat brought
out a red box from his pants pocket. With cold expression, he unfolded the box.
He got a peg from the red corner. Oman's blood is boiling 100 degrees Celsius
and as if all of his hair stands aroused by a magnet of emotion. The lecturer
took the match from his pouch and started to get off his cigarette slowly. He
began smoking cigarettes and released cigarette smoke in a round form. The
pupils looked at each other and then stared at a strange creature named Somat.
He's so crazy. ( RIZ: 45)
In this novel is stated that in a course of instruction is forbidden to
smoke, here is told how Mr. Somat admonish the Oman smoking in the class
with a firm, but behind it all it turns out Mr. Somat instead doing the same thing
by bringing a pack of cigarettes and smoking in the schoolroom. This activity is
in telephone circuit with the rationality of value, Mr. Somat's actions to

47
reprimand the Oman is the right measure. But this then becomes incompatible
with the rationality of values when Mr. Somat does the same thing in the
schoolroom.
b. Page 94/244
I did not answer that. I sat beside Widodo. The nigger was getting more morose
in the room. I immediately roll my eyes to the TV screen. I suspect it's an
interesting TV show. Or maybe a nightly review. I was very wrong. Yes, I've
been a great misunderstanding. The one in front of me turned out to be a
pornographic film featuring a naked woman without a single dress. ( RIZ: 94)
A surprising fact, when the next generation of this nation with the status
of students perform an action that is not commendable, where it is still within
the scope of education called KKN. This activity is contrary to the value of
rationality in the moral aspect of social club.
1. Criticism of Ideology in education
In the creation of education in that respect is the ideological value of an
instruction. Education basically can not be told apart from political theory. The
ideology of an educator is to provide knowledge, science education that he has
two students. But in this novel, there is a difference in the value of educational
ideology as reflected in the following dialog;

a. Page 47/244
"Do you require me to tell you how to make extra income is very good?" He
said smiling broadly.
The pupils looked at each other and thrown once more.
"If you want to earn a large additional income, you can join me in this MLM
business or Multi Level Marketing MLM is not just any MLM, it's from
Bangladesh." Yoga and Muji are enthusiastic about the lecturer's presentation.
"What will we generate if I join the MLM, mister?" Yoga asked.
"Good question if you join and be able to sell its wares in the form of herbs
Of course, you will receive a great bonus. "Mr. Fatt replied. ( RIZ: 47)

48
 The above dialogue tells how a lecturer or educator, provides a skill that
has zero to do with the form that he wielded. This indicates an unprofessionality
of a lecturer with his work or can be said the lecturer's ideology has changed,
which should be a lecturer, he is lecturing about subjects he handled not an
MLM business.

b. Page 49/244
"This student from where, Jis?" I asked Rajis.
"This new student is a transferred student from an English course institute
D-2, Riz. "Rajiz replied.
"Why did they get here all of a sudden?" I asked.
"I hear, this is because thanks to the entrance hall of our lecturer to the
institute, ordinary, to hunt
As many students, acquaintances. "Said Antok who sat beside me.
I was stabbed with a scowl.
"Is this strange to you, Riz?" Asked Rajiz.
"Yes, this is really unusual to me. How can it not be weird? Scholars graduated
from an informal course institution can extend their education to a formal
University by continuing to proceed to the following semester. Awesome. Next
thing in the fifth semester. "I stated. ( RIZ: 49)

In the above dialog, there is a divergence in the world scheme of

instruction. Informal education can join formal education without moving
through the process that should be. Much, this natural process has deviated from
the ideology of an instruction. Because basically the formal and informal
education sector is two different things. In the above dialogue is told the process
of entry of students from informal institutions to formal institutions aims to
increase the number of students who are at the University. This is performed so
that the income sector of a University of the contribution or student semester
money increases, the more students the greater the revenue of a university.

49
 c. Page 197-198/244
"A few days ago, there was a serious problem that happened between the
lecturers, this problem is related to the division of duties as your supervisor,
some lecturers will not accept the division of tasks that have been working for
one and a half months."
This woman stopped her for a second. No students interrupted.
"I'm certain you already read what I mean, do not you?"
The students look at each other.
"Please explain clearly, bu"
"It's okay, the problem is actually with money, some lecturers are jealous of me
because a lot of students are choosing me as a lecturer, thereby trying to get as
much money from this mentoring program." (RIZ: 197-198)
The dialogue above, tells about the example of the unprofessionality of a
lecturer, how can a lecturer have a material orientation or pursue personal gain
in the name of his profession as an educator. Supervising lecturers who should
provide thesis guidance in a professional and independent without any frills, it
is still a blank space to seek personal benefits that are material. The ideology of
an education becomes tarnished by the existence of such events.

50
 51

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

In this chapter, the writer discuss about conclusion and suggestion from
the explanation of the analysis presented in the previous chapter.
A. Conclusion
Established on the data analysis obtained by the author in this novel
"RIZ", it can be reasoned that higher education in the campus environment,
there are two criticisms that are divided into criticism of rationality and political
theory.
Criticism of rationality in higher education itself is more pointed to
problems that are beyond the intellect of education. This critique does not rule
out ethical and moral values and allows for balanced communication without
coercion and domination. In educational circles should an educator and student
should not commit acts that violate the ethical, moral, and norms that exist.
Because the educational environment should be the home to form personality
traits that uphold ethical, moral, and norm values.
The criticism of ideology in higher education discussed in this novel is
more aimed to the deviant acts done by the educators, where this action can be
pronounced to have come out of the educational ideology itself. In this novel,
there are some examples of professors' unprofessional behavior, where an
educator should be a professional actor in his job as an educator. The
unprofessionality of educators has deviated from the value of educational
ideology where an educator should provide education that he mastered to his
students as a form of transfer of knowledge, not the contrary educators make
workers and students as objects to look for materiality.

B. Suggestion
Grounded along the outcomes of this novel study "RIZ", the writers offer some
suggestions, namely:
1. Literature is one media that can distinguish the conditions and troubles in a
fellowship, so readers and viewers must be adept at realizing the contents and
messages conveyed by the generator.
2. Character education can be created by professional action from the
education personnel and educators.
3. Campus environment and educational environment should be used as a spot
to get a more qualified self character.
4. High educational graduates are expected to be a superior person than
somebody who never took higher education.

52
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