Name: Albano, Andoni L.

Date performed: 08/02/16

Subject/Sched: EE517NL Thursday 4:30-7:30 Date submitted: 08/16/16

University of San Carlos

EE/ECE Department

EE 517
Illumination Engineering Design

Experiment No. 4

Lighting Systems and Luminaire

Title

I. Objectives:

To be able to apply the principles of lighting systems and luminaire and understand
its effect when applied.
To determine the different kinds of luminaires and their parts.
To determine the Light output ratio of a given luminaire.
To determine the effect of shielding/diffusion components and reflectors in a
luminaire.

II. Theory:

Lighting system

A lighting system is defined as an array of luminaires having a characteristic lighting

distribution. Nearly all lighting systems do so either by passing an electrical current through an
element that heats until it glows, or through gases until they become excited and produce light
energy. A typical lighting system is comprised of one or more of these light sources, called
the lamps. Fluorescent, HID and low-pressure sodium lamps operate with ballast, a device that
starts the lamp and regulates its operation. Lamps and ballasts in turn are part of the luminaire,
or light fixture, which houses the system and includes other components that distribute the light in
a controlled pattern.

Luminaires

As defined by the National Electrical Code (NEC), a luminaire is a complete lighting unit
consisting of a light source such as a lamp or lamps, together with the parts designed to position
the light source and connect it to the power supply. It may also include parts to protect the light
source or the ballast or to distribute the light. A lamp holder itself is not a luminaire.Light sources
are placed in an enclosure to address the problems in the distribution of light.It generally consists
of some or all of the following parts:

1. Lamps and lamp holders or socket

2. Ballasts to start and operate the lamps
3. Shielding/diffusion components (lens, diffuser, louver, or the like) to shield the
lamps from the eyes at normal viewing angles, reduce discomfort and disability glare,
and to distribute light evenly
4. Housings to contain the above elements as well as electrical components, such as
wiring connections.
5. Reflectors to direct the light. The reflectance of a reflector depends on the type of
material used. Commonly used materials for constructing reflectors are enamelled
steel, anodised aluminium, stainless steel, silver, aluminised plastic and the silver foil
on a glass (mirror). The design of reflector to be used depends on the location where it
will be used. Some types of reflectors are:

Dichroic Reflectors. These reflectors are filter out radiant heat emitted by the
light source. These are commonly used in interior coatings of floodlight or
spotlights.
Circular Reflectors. These reflectors increase light intensity redirected by a
lens system. These are commonly used in projection systems and studio
spotlights.

Fig. a Fig. b
In figure a, lamp is placed near the focal point, as a result, light comes out the
reflector in parallel. In figure b, lamp is placed on the centre, light is reflected
back through the lamp creating an optical gain. To prevent overheating, lamp is
placed slightly off centre. This design gives a spread light design.

Parabolic Reflectors. These designs produce a parallel beam of light if the

lamp is placed near the focal point. These are used in floodlights for interior
lighting.

Elliptical Reflectors. The light that is emitted is reflected through the second
focal point provided the lamp is at the other focus. These are used in down
lights.
 Parabolic Reflector Elliptical Reflector

Diffuse Reflectors. Directs light in general directions. There is no sharp beam

control. The light will be broad. A typical fluorescent luminaire is an example.
Diffuse Reflector

These components affect the overall output of a luminaire. Luminaires are grouped by the
mounting type and location where it is installed: Ceiling-Mounted, Suspended, Recessed,
Architectural, Wall-Mounted, Furniture- or Cabinet-integrated, Plug-In, and Exterior.

Types of Luminaires

Luminaires designed for general illumination of large areas constitute the majority of
lighting installations and the majority of the energy consumed for lighting. These lighting systems
consist of a luminaire layout pattern that provides uniform lighting throughout the space.
 Open Direct Luminaires
Open direct systems do not employ shielding at all. These
systems include surface- and pendant mounted strip
fluorescent fixtures and suspended open industrial and
commercial luminaires. Unless equipped with reflectors, these
systems radiate light in all directions. Open direct lighting
systems are often very efficient, with high CU values, but they
may cause visual discomfort and disability glare.

Shielded Direct Lighting Systems

Shielded systems use some form of lens, louver, or baffle to

prevent direct viewing of the lamps at normal angles of view.
Surface and suspended luminaire types include industrial HID
down lights, baffled industrial fluorescent luminaires,
fluorescent wrap-around lens luminaires, and commercial
fluorescent lens luminaires. Recessed systems include HID
down lights and a wide range of fluorescent troffers using
lenses, louvers, or baffles to control glare.

Parabolic Louvered Recessed Troffers

An increasingly popular commercial general lighting fixture is

the recessed parabolic troffer, which uses specular parabolic
louvers to control the luminaires light distribution, providing
sharp cut-off glare control. Depending on the spacing between
the louvers, these luminaries can be classified as large-cell and
small-cell parabolic luminaires. Large-cell luminaires are
generally more efficient, with relatively high CU values, while
smaller cells can offer better glare control. Many standard sizes
are available, including 2x 4, 2x 2, 1x 4 The extent of glare
control depends on the specific louver design.

Standard Lensed Troffers

Standard lensed troffers typically have higher efficiency and CU values than parabolic
louvered troffers, but provide less precise glare control. Many lens types can be used (i.e., patterned
prismatic, batwing, linear batwing, and polarizing), though final photometric performance also
depends on a number of other factors such as reflector type, number of lamps, lamp type, and
ballast type.

Indirect Lighting Systems

 Lighting systems that radiate light up to a reflecting ceiling
are called indirect lighting systems. These systems
generally employ luminaires suspended from the ceiling,
though cove lights and lights mounted to walls and furniture
can also be used. Indirect lighting systems using well-
designed and properly spaced luminaires can provide
excellent illumination, uniformity, and freedom from glare.
Their success depends on maintaining a high ceiling
reflectance in combination with nearly uniform brightness.
In this way, a maximum amount of light is reflected down to the work plane, yet light patterns are
less likely to create reflected glare in VDT screens.

Cove Lighting System

Other new designs in indirect lighting luminaires,

especially for cove and coffer installations, increase the
effectiveness of traditional strip lights and eliminate
socket shadows.

Direct/Indirect Lighting Systems

These systems combine the benefits of both traditional

direct lighting and indirect lighting systems. Combing the
high CU of direct illumination with the uniformity and
glare control of indirect lighting can be an ideal solution
for many spaces. The appropriate balance of direct and
indirect light is dependent on the nature of individual
applications

Recessed Low-Wattage HID Down lights

New HID down lights, equipped with high-CRI compact

metal halide and white high pressure sodium lamps, can
replace traditional incandescent down lights in high-
quality and/or low-ceiling spaces, thereby achieving
significant energy savings and extended lamp life.
Track-Mounted Lighting

Several interesting recent designs in track luminaires

using compact fluorescent and lowwattage
HID lamps offer significant energy savings over standard
incandescent track luminaires Track lighting systems
provide flexibility in design and make it possible to
accommodate changing displays.

Task Lights

Task lights work in conjunction with general lighting

systems to meet diverse needs of individual occupants for
specific visual tasks. Compact fluorescent lamp
technology has special relevance for task lighting
applications. In VDT applications where high levels of
ambient light often interfere with visibility, task lighting
may be especially important for non-VDT tasks,
particularly when those visual tasks are difficult to
perform because of low contrast, high speed, and/or
worker age.

Low-Wattage HID and Compact Fluorescent Wall-Mounted Luminaires

Many traditional applications for incandescent wall-

mounted sconces and brackets can be replaced with
similar-appearing luminaires designed specifically for
compact fluorescent or HID lamps.

Compact Fluorescent Pendants and Chandeliers

Luminaire designs continue to evolve for compact

fluorescent decorative chandeliers and pendants
used in applications once limited to traditional
incandescent fixtures.
Luminaires do a lot of functions in a lighting system. Some of these functions include the
following:

Connection of lamp electricity supply to lamp.

Contains control circuitry for lamp
Heat dissipation from lamp (almost all lamps emit more heat energy than light). The lamp
must be integrated with the luminaire.
Reflection and redirection of light to work areas
Techniques to eliminate glare diffusion and baffles.
Protecting the lamp from the environment (e.g. outdoors)
Providing a decorative appearance.

Due to these functions, luminaire is an integrated unit. Installation of lamps depends on

the reflectors, diffusers and other components used. Types of luminaires to be installed depend
on the application.

Light Output Ratio (LOR)

Light output ratio of luminaire (LOR) is a photometric quantity that takes into account for the
loss of light energy both inside and by transmission through light fittings. It is a ratio of the
luminous flux emitted by the luminaire and the luminous flux emitted by the lamp. Light Output
Ratio is given by the formula

Flux output of the luminaire

LOR = x 100
Flux output of the lamp
**1 lux=1lumen/m2
LOR is also the sum of the upward light output ratio and downward light output ratio.

LOR = ULOR + DLOR

Light energy absorbed in the luminaire = 100 LOR

Upward light output ratio (ULOR) is the ratio of the upward flux output of the luminaire and
the flux output of the lamp.

Upward flux output of the luminaire

ULOR = x 100
Flux output of the lamp

Downward light output ratio (DLOR) is the ratio of the downward flux output of the luminaire
and the flux output of the lamp.

Downward flux output of the luminaire

DLOR = x 100
Flux output of the lamp

Luminaires can be classified according to the distribution of light based on flux fractions as shown
in Figure 2 where upward flux fraction (UFF) and downward flux fraction (DFF) are used as a
basis of comparison. Flux fraction refers to the ratio of a light output ratio in a direction (ULOR
or DLOR) and the light output ratio of the luminaire (LOR). The ratio of Upward Light Output
Ratio (ULOR) to the Light Output Ratio (LOR) is known as the Upward Flux Fraction (UFF).
Downward Flux Fraction (DFF) is the ratio of Downward Light Output Ratio (DLOR) to the Light
Output Ratio (LOR).

DLOR ULOR
DFF = UFF =
LOR LOR

Flux Fraction Ratio (FFR) is the ratio of the flux fraction directed upward (UFF) to the flux
fraction directed downward (DFF). FFR is a photometric data that shows the ratio of distribution
of light output.
UFF
FFR =
DFF

Figure 2. A simple classification of luminaires according to their distribution

The more direct the light designation is, the lesser the value of flux fraction ratio (FFR). The
more indirect the light designation is, the greater the value of the flux fraction ratio (FFR).

III. Materials

Switch Tape measure

Fluorescent
Connecting Lamp Shielding
Ballast
wires. Reflectors
Starter
Lux meter Refractors
IV. Procedures

Part 1: Basic Parts of a Lighting System and luminaire.

1.) Construct the circuit shown in Figure 3 without the Starter. Be sure to connect the
wires properly to prevent unnecessary problems. The lighting system must be
controlled by one switch (S1) only.

Figure 3.

2.) After constructing, supply the circuit with AC 220V. Turn the switch on.
What happened? ______Energized_____________________.

3.) Switch off the supply and now place the Starter. Turn on the voltage supply and the
switch on. What happened? Why? ___Minimal light when touched____________.

4.) Construct the circuit in Figure 4. In this time, the lighting system is now controlled by
two switches (S1 & S2).
 Figure 4.

5.) After constructing, switch the voltage source on. Switch S1 on. Did it turn the lamp
on? __No____ Switch S2 on. Did it turn the lamp on? __Yes___ Now, Switch either
S1 or S2 off. What happened to the lamp? __turned on_____.

Part 2: Identify the Types of Luminaires and their parts.

1.) Go to the Rigney Hall and list down all the types of luminaires that you can see.
Record them in Table 1.

2.) After listing the types of luminaires, determine the parts and the number of
fluorescent/bulb in a particular luminaire. Record them in Table 1.

V. Data and Results

TABLE 1.

Types of Luminaires Parts Number of

Fluorescent/Bulb
20 W Fluorescent lamp 120 pcs.

120 W Par Lamps 3 pcs.

25 W Incandescent Lamps 4 pcs.

Figure 5. Fluorescent Parts

 Figure 6. Par lamp parts

Figure 7. Incandescent lamp parts

VI Questions

1.) Explain the operation of a fluorescent lamp.

When the lamp is turned on, current goes to a part of minimum resistance, beyond the
starter switch. The current, which also goes through the circuit, heats up the filament in the
electrode, which is found both ends of the tube. Boiling off electrons happens from the
metal surface, which sends them to the gas tube and ionizes the gas. The mercury vapor is
excited and generates radiant energy, particularly in the ultraviolet range. Radiant energy
causes the phosphor coating inside the tube, ultraviolet is then converted to visible light.

2.) Differentiate reflector, refractor and light diffuser.

Reflector it can be used by means of increasing the size of a particular light source.
Refractor bending of light when a light goes through a border between two media.
Light diffuser - spreads light to produce a comfortable light.

3.) Relate LOR to the efficiency of the luminaire.

Higher ratio expresses higher efficiency. Efficiency of the luminaire depends mainly on
the LOR which is calculated as the luminous flux of the luminaire to the sum of the
luminous flux of its overall light source. The ratio expresses the how strong the luminaire
is designed and displays how much light disappears.

4.) A lighted candle is placed inside a glass vessel. Is the setup a luminaire? Support your
answer.

Yes because a luminaire is a system wherein it could produce or distribute light.

Conclusion:

Luminaire efficiency should be given importance because it can determine the performance of
a lamp. If the efficiency of the luminaire is low then the whole lighting system overall efficiency
would also be low thus it would be favourable to consider the luminaire efficiency. By considering
the luminaires efficiency then you would also considered the factors affecting its efficiency and
that is its shape, reflectance, and the number of lamps found in a luminaire. Luminaire efficiency
includes the entire luminaire, which also includes the light source and light ballast. In this
experiment the parts of fluorescent lamp was earned and most of the objectives were accomplished.
Overall, the experiment was a success.