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Wind Energy and Wind Turbine


Omveer singh
National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand Srinagar Garhwal- 246174, India

Abstract: - Utilization of wind energy is increasing rapidly at the present time. Continuous
evolution of renewable energy technologies is made to drive the world toward a more sustainable
and green energy demographics. This paper of wind energy and wind turbine describes the
appropriate cause of the wind generation and the reason due to which wind is flowing. Wind is
flowing to due to uneven heating and subsequent cooling of the earths crust accounted with
rotation of the earth. This also gives widely knowledge of the wind turbine as well as wind energy.
It describes over all process or mechanism of extract the energy from the environmental wind. The
devices which are used to extract the energy from the wind are introduced in this with its function
and working. Wind turbine is a mechanical device which is used to converting the kinetic energy
of wind into mechanical energy. A wind turbine mainly consists of a number of blades around a
rotor at different position such as vertical axis wind turbine and horizontal wind turbine.
Controlling mechanism are used for purpose of safe operation of wind turbines under extreme
wind conditions and increasing their life span certain mechanisms are deployed in order to protect
the turbines from going to breakdown which we shall refer to as Over Speed Protection
Mechanisms. Site selection of the wind turbine also plays an important role in the energy
generation by the wind turbine with the air density, swept area and wind velocity.

Introduction

Continuous evolution of renewable energy technologies is made to drive the world toward a more
sustainable and green energy demographics. Wind energy is also form of renewable energy that
produced daily by the sun. Wind is caused by uneven heating of the atmosphere. This uneven
heating of the atmosphere caused due to variation in earth surface, mountains, bodies of water,
rotation of the earth vegetation and all ant thing present on the surface of the earth, everything
influence wind flow pattern.[1-2] Data related to the wind energy given in 2011, total capacity of
wind energy of the world was 238 GW. China was the first country which produced about 31% or
114.763 GW wind energy of the worlds. Wind power account nearly 8.6% of Indias total power
generation capacity. [3] Wind energy is used to generate electricity by converting the kinetic energy
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of wind into mechanical power, for this purpose a device is used called wind turbine. Thus, wind
turbine is a mechanical device which is used to converting the kinetic into mechanical energy. A
wind turbine mainly consists a number of blades around a rotor at different position such as vertical
axis wind turbine and horizontal axis wind turbine etc. The rotor turns the drive shaft, which gives
mechanical energy. Further, this mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy by attaching
electric generator at wind turbine output. There are three factors that affect the amount of energy
of a turbine wind speed, air density and swept area.[4-5]

Wind turbine became more effective and attractive after increasing fossil fuel price and energy
cost day by day. Therefore wind turbine industry has seen to innovation and improvement in the
size and shape of wind turbine as well as wind turbine blade also. At the present time size of wind
turbine reaches over up to 160 meter in diameter with capacity 8MW. Further multi rotor system
is come in to existing and it was found that three blade turbine generate about 12% more energy
as compare two blade turbine. [6-7]To obtain more energy from a wind turbine there are two things,
one is investigating the aerodynamic performance of the wind turbine that is increasing the
aerodynamic efficiency of the wind turbine and other is developing efficient shape optimization
of blade. Blade shape optimization is multidiscipline process consists of aerodynamic, electric
structure and economics. [8] Wind turbine power production depends mainly on the incoming wind
velocity via kinematic energy flux. The wind turbines cause a pressure drop and decrease its
downstream axil flow velocity. Wind turbine power production also affect by roughness of blade
and thermal properties between land and water surface. It was found that about 2 mm roughness
in blade causes 5 percentages decrease in the wind turbine power production performance. [9]
Continuous innovation and changes in the construction of wind turbine day by day, vertical axis
wind turbine come in to existence after horizontal axis wind turbine. Vertical axis wind turbine
architecture exhibits several advantages such as, ability to withstand rapid change of wind
direction, insensitivity to yaw, and low noise emission due to low tip speed ratio. [10]

Wind turbine:-Wind turbine is a mechanical device which is used to converting the kinetic
energy of wind into mechanical energy. A wind turbine mainly consists of a number of blades
around a rotor at different position such as vertical axis wind turbine and horizontal axis wind
turbine etc. [11]
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Types of wind turbine

There are two types of wind turbine based on the position of the shaft of the turbine.

1. Horizontal axis wind turbine


2. Vertical axis wind turbine

1. Horizontal axis wind turbine: -The horizontal wind turbine is a turbine in which the axis
of the rotor's rotation is parallel to the wind stream and the ground. There are two kinds of
horizontal axis wind turbines: the upwind wind turbine and the downwind wind turbine. The
upwind turbine is a type of turbine in which the rotor faces the wind. Its basic advantage is that it
avoids the wind shade behind the tower. On the other hand, its basic drawback is that the rotor
needs to be rather inflexible, and placed at some distance from the tower. The downwind turbine
is a turbine in which the rotor is on the downwind side of the tower.[12] It has the theoretical
advantage that they may be built without a yaw mechanism, considering that their rotors and
nacelles have the suitable design that makes the nacelle follow the wind passively and more
flexible. Advantage of horizontal wind turbine is that turbine collects the maximum amount of
wind energy by allowing the angle of attack to be remotely adjusted and it is more stable and
minimum damaged due to pitch controlling. Pitch of the blade of these turbines can be adjusted
according to the wind. It allows the turbine to rotate with the optimum speed whereas disadvantage
is that it is difficult to operate near the ground. [13] Savonius wind turbines are a type of used for
converting the force of the wind into torque on a rotating shaft. The turbine consists of a number
of airfoils, usuallybut not alwaysvertically mounted on a rotating shaft or framework, either
ground stationed or tethered in airborne systems. [14]

2. Vertical axis wind turbine: - The vertical axis wind turbine in which the rotor of the
turbine rotates vertically around its axis instead of horizontally. Though it is not as efficient as a
horizontal axis wind turbine, it does offer benefits in low wind situations wherein horizontal wind
turbine have a hard time operating. It tends to be easier and safer to build, and it can be mounted
close to the ground and handle turbulence better than the horizontal axis wind turbine. Because its
maximum efficiency is only 30%, it is only usually just for private use. Darrieus Turbine is a
vertical axis wind turbine. [15] Advantage of the vertical axis wind turbine is that it can be placed
near the ground. There is no need of steering the wind turbine blades into direction of the wind
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because its blade always faced the wind direction. It required less maintenance and turbine does
not need to be pointed towards the wind in order to be effective. It is suitable suitable for areas
with extreme weather conditions like mountains whereas disadvantage is that its have about half
efficiency as compare of horizontal axis wind turbine.[16] The Darrieus wind turbine is a type
of vertical axis wind turbine used to generate electricity from the energy carried in the wind.
The turbine consists of a number of curved aero foil blades mounted on a vertical rotating shaft or
framework. The curvature of the blades allows the blade to be stressed only in tension at high
rotating speeds.[17]

Working of wind turbine: - A wind turbine generally consists of tower, blades, hub, rotor,
drive shaft, generator, gear box, pitch drive and yaw mechanism. In simple working of wind
turbine, A wind turbine works the opposite of a fan. In which wind energy is converted into
mechanical energy and further into electrical energy, wind turbines use wind to make electricity.
When wind attack on the blades than the turbines blade make to start rotate, due to this turbine
shaft also rotate. This shaft is coupled with the generator shat, which is starting to rotate when the
turbines shaft rotates and electricity is produced by the generator.[18]

Energy of wind turbine:- Wind turbines work by converting the kinetic energy in the wind
first into rotational kinetic energy in the turbine and then electrical energy that can be supplied.
Energy of wind turbine depends upon the wind velocity, swept area and air density.[19-21]

Kinetic energy of wind turbine is given by the expression

1
E= 2mV2

1
E= 2dAV3

Where

E is energy of wind turbine

V= velocity of wind
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The above given energy equation give whole kinetic energy of wind and whole energy is not
converted into the mechanical energy so a power coefficient(Cp) is added and value of Cp
generally lies between 35% -40%.

1
E= 2dACpV3

Controlling mechanism and safety system of wind energy:- Controlling mechanism


are used for purpose of safe operation of wind turbines under extreme wind conditions and
increasing their life span certain mechanisms are deployed in order to protect the turbines from
going to breakdown which we shall refer to as Over Speed Protection Mechanisms. These
mechanisms are not solely deployed to for their protection. One of the main purposes of such
mechanisms is also to harness the maximum power from the available wind energy at the moment.
Some of the prominent Over Speed Protection Mechanisms are briefly explained below.[22-24]

1. Yaw Mechanism: - Yawing mechanism is responsible for the orientation of the wind turbine
rotor toward the wind in the wind. In Yaw mechanism is the casing in which component like gear
box, generator and braking components are enclosed. The yaw system enables the nacelle to be
optimally positioned in the wind allowing it to be readjusted if the permitted deviation between
the wind direction and nacelle is exceeded.[25-26] Most of the small wind turbines use tail vane
for the purpose of positioning but in case of large wind turbines the nacelle movement is usually
monitored by computer and electronic. An anemometer is attached at the top end of the nacelle
which detects the speed and the direction of the wind at that moment.[27]

2. Pitch Control Mechanism: - Pitching in simple terms is the adjustment of blade angles of
wind turbine blades in order to harness optimum power from wind or to protect the turbine from
unexpected forces and power output caused by high speed wind. An advanced pitch control
mechanism allows the rotor blades angle of attack to be measured, monitored and controlled. With
the help of such features the rotor blades angle can be adjusted continuously so as to capture
optimum wind energy and the rotor blades can be automatically turned off if required. Basically,
there are two major types of pitch control mechanisms. Pitch control mechanism is required in
horizontal axis wind turbine only.[28-31]
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I. Active pitch control: - In active pitch control mechanism, the rotor blades turn around
their longitudinal axis by a computer controlled mechanism. This type of control mechanism
requires advanced technologies which combine principles of mechanical, electronics and
cybernetics.[31]
II. Passive pitch control: - In passive or stall pitch control mechanism, the rotor blades do
not rotate around their longitudinal axis. Instead, the rotor blades are aerodynamically
designed to create a stall and lower the rotation speed under high speed wind conditions.
These types of rotor blades require precise blade design and strong towers.[32]

3. Furling mechanism:- Furling is used for safety of the wind turbines as well as for optimum
power regulation. In this mechanism, the blades are turned away from the wind if the wind speed
crosses the safety limit of the system. Unlike pitching, where individual blade angles are monitored
and controlled, furling allows the whole set of blades to change its position as per the speed and
direction of the wind. Furling can also be of two types, viz. Horizontal Furling and Vertical Furling,
depending upon the curvature of movement of the rotor.[33]

4. Braking Mechanism: - Furling is another method used for safety of the wind turbines as
well as for optimum power regulation. In this mechanism, the blades are turned away from the
wind if the wind speed crosses the safety limit of the system. Unlike pitching, where individual
blade angles are monitored and controlled, furling allows the whole set of blades to change its
position as per the speed and direction of the wind. Furling can also be of two types, viz. Horizontal
Furling and Vertical Furling, depending upon the curvature of movement of the rotor. There are
two types of braking system.[34]

I. Aerodynamic braking system: - Modern wind turbines having the aerodynamic


braking system, which essentially consists in turning the rotor blades about 90 degrees along
or in turning the rotor blade tips 90 degrees. These systems are usually spring operated, in
order to work even in case of electrical power failure, and they are automatically activated if
the hydraulic system in the turbine loses pressure. The hydraulic system in the turbine is used
turn the blades or blade tips back in place once the dangerous situation is over. Experience
has proved that aerodynamic braking systems are extremely safe. They will stop the turbine
in a matter of a couple of rotations, at the most. In addition, they offer a very gentle way of
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breaking the turbine without any major stress, tear and wear on the tower and the machinery.
The normal way of stopping a modern turbine is therefore to use the aerodynamic braking
system.[35]
II. Mechanical braking system: - The mechanical brake is used as a backup system for the
aerodynamic braking system, and as a parking brake, once the turbine is stop. The Mechanical
brake is a disc brake placed on the gearbox high-speed shaft. The brake disc, made of steel, is
fixed to the shaft. The component that does the actual braking is called the brake caliper.
Likewise this is also a fail-safe system, hydraulic oil pressure is necessary to prevent the brake
unit from braking. Oil pressure be lacking, a powerful spring presses the brake blocks in
against the brake disc. Braking is a result of friction between the brake block and the disc.
Wind turbine brakes experience large stress forces, therefore it is necessary to use special
materials for brake blocks on large wind turbines. These are made of a special metal alloy,
able to function under high temperatures of up to700 degrees Centigrade. By comparison, the
temperature of the brakes on a exceed 300 degrees. Pitch controlled turbines rarely need to
activate the mechanical brake as the rotor cannot move very much once the rotor blades are
pitched 90 degrees. The Mechanical brake is a disc brake.[36]

5. Vibration Sensor: - At the present most as a controlling mechanism and safety device
vibration sensors are used, which was first installed in the Gedser wind turbine. It simply consists
of a ball resting on a ring. The ball is connected to a switch through a chain. If the turbine starts
shaking, the ball will fall off the ring and switch the turbine off. There are many other sensors in
the nacelle, e.g. electronic thermometers which check the oil temperature in the gearbox and the
temperature of the generator.[37]

6. Stall control:- There are two types of stall control which are used to control the speed of a
wind turbine.

I. Passive control: - Stall control is the simplest control technique for a wind turbine which
the blades are bolted onto the hub at a certain angle. The blades of the rotor are fashioned
such that when the wind speeds exceed a certain level, stalling takes place. That is, the lift
force on the rotor decreases causing the turbine to stall and restrain itself in the permissible
speed limit. Thus, at high wind speeds the turbine is protected. It is the simplest and a very
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robust technique of power control. The drawback faced is that the turbines operate at
efficiency lower than the rated value at low wind speeds. Also, variations in air density and
grid frequencies result in variations in the maximum steady-state power.[38-39]
II. Active control: - The active stall control, this system uses pitching to actively control the
stall of the blade. Thus, at low wind speeds, maximum efficiency is achieved by pitching the
blades as in a pitch controlled wind turbine. On the other hand, at high wind speeds the blades
are pitched slightly into the direction opposite to that of a pitch-controlled turbine to make
them go into a deeper stall.[40]

Conclusion: - On the base of above study we conclude that wind energy is a more sustainable
energy source at present time. Hence it is recommended that wind energy should be utilized on a
large scale as much as possible not only because it is pollution free but due to it being a renewable
energy source. Also, the effective utilization of wind energy can reduce the consumption of
conventional sources that cant be utilized again after once used like coal, oil, gases etc. Wind
turbine need to be established for utilization of wind energy at a site where wind is continuously
available for utilization.

Utilization of wind energy is also important since it provides energy which is much cheaper as
compared to others, only the installation cost being high. Once installed wind turbines can go on
to produce energy for years to come if the conditions permit.

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