5.1. Solutions HW

CyberEd Study Guide
Solutions

CyberEd Teacher Study Guide: Solutions
The following National Science Education Standards specifically relate to this study
guide:
STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS AND THEIR CHEMICAL

REACTIONS
o Chemical reactions occur all around us, for example in health care,
cooking, cosmetics, and automobiles. Complex chemical reactions
involving carbon-based molecules take place constantly in every cell in
our bodies.
o Solids, liquids, and gases differ in the distances and angles between
molecules or atoms and therefore the energy that binds them together.
In solids the structure is nearly rigid; in liquids molecules or atoms
move around each other but do not move apart; and in gases
molecules or atoms move almost independently of each other and are
mostly far apart.
Table of Contents
Introduction to Solutions .................................................................................................. 3

Types of Solutions ........................................................................................................... 4
How Solutions Form ........................................................................................................ 6
The Dissolving Rate ........................................................................................................ 8
Molarity and Molality........................................................................................................ 9
Mole Fractions ............................................................................................................... 12
Percent Solutions and Solution Dilution ........................................................................ 14
Vapor Pressure Reduction ............................................................................................ 17
Boiling Point Elevation................................................................................................... 19
Freezing Point Depression ............................................................................................ 21
Osmotic Pressure .......................................................................................................... 23
Determining Molar Mass ............................................................................................... 25
Page 1 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.

Resources Referenced in this Study Guide
Software Programs
CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Solutions
Quizzes & Tests

All quizzes and tests referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching
Resources section of the CyberEd Oasis website.
Lab Activities
All lab activities referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching
Resources section of the CyberEd Oasis website.
Web Links
All web links referenced in this Study Guide can be located in the Teaching Resources
section of the CyberEd Oasis website.

Introduction to Solutions
Introduction to Solutions
Now load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Solutions
View scenes 1 4 and complete the exercise below.
Examine the basic concepts of mixtures and solutions.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scenes 1 3
1. Mixed-Up Meal: this graphic shows a
heterogeneous cookie and a homogeneous
soda. Explain mixtures and solutions.
Scene 4
2. Solving Dissolving: this
picture shows that Kool-Aid
and vitamin C tablets will
dissolve in water, and that
vitamin C will not dissolve in
vegetable oil. Explain these
results in terms of solute,
solvent and solubility.

Types of Solutions
Types of Solutions
View scenes 5 - 9 and complete the exercise below.
Examine solutions in gas, solid, or liquid form.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 5
1. Solution States: this illustration
shows a solid, a gas and two
liquids combined in solution.
How do states of matter
change when substances
combine in solution? Explain
how a solution is classified by
its state of matter.
Scene 6
2. Vinegar and Oil: this picture shows how
vinegar and water mix (to make the
Easter egg dye) but oil and water do not.
Explain the terms miscible and
immiscible, providing examples.

Scenes 7 8
3. Mixed Metals: these pictures show various solid
solutions. Explain the solutions called alloys,
providing examples.
Scene 9
3. Provide examples from Scene 9 that demonstrate how gas solutions have
properties different from the properties of the individual gas solutes.

How Solutions Form
How Solutions Form

Examine the process of a solute dissolving into a solvent.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scenes 10 11
1. Solids under Attack: this
graphic shows how
solids dissolve into a
liquid solution. Describe
this process by the
numbers using table salt
as an example. What
happens when the
solute is a molecular
compound rather than
an ionic compound?

Scenes 12 13
2. Givers and Takers:
these pictures show
a reaction that is
exothermic and a
reaction that is
endothermic.
Consult the chart in
Scene 12 to fill in the
table below. Under
the appropriate
column indicate
whether heat energy is required or released for each process listed, and whether
the process is endothermic or exothermic. (Some cells should be marked not
applicable.) In the bottom two rows of the table, check the appropriate column to
indicate whether the overall reaction is endothermic or exothermic.
Process Endothermic Exothermic

Breaking the attractive forces holding the
1
solute together so it will dissolve
Breaking the attractive forces holding the
2
solvent together, making room for solute
Forming attractions between solute and
3
solvent particles
Overall reaction when energy of processes
1 and 2 exceed energy of process 3
Overall reaction when energy of process
3 exceeds energy of processes 1 and 2
3. Provide some everyday examples of exothermic and endothermic reactions.

The Dissolving Rate
The Dissolving Rate

Learn the factors that affect the dissolving rate.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scenes 14 16
1. Triple Time: the three factors
affecting how quickly a solute
dissolves are all shown in this
illustration. In the table explain why
each factor affects the dissolving
rate.
Factor Why it affects the dissolving rate

Temperature
Stirring
Surface area

Molarity and Molality
Molarity and Molality

Examine ways to calculate concentration.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scenes 17 19
1. Essential Fluids: these pictures show tea with
inexact amounts of sweetener in both the
unsaturated and saturated state, alongside an
I.V. bag stating the precise amounts of
ingredients in solution. Describe the following
concepts: concentration, solutions that are
unsaturated, saturated and supersaturated,
and Molarity.

Scenes 20 21
2. Moles from Atoms: this chart shows the
steps in calculating the molar mass of a
substance from its chemical formula. Given
a stated number of grams of specified
solute and a stated quantity of liters of
solution, describe in general how the
Molarity of a solution is determined. Then
provide a specific example of a Molarity
calculation. In what manner should a
solution of desired Molarity be mixed?

Scenes 22 23
3. Explain molality and how it is calculated. Provide a specific example.
4. You are provided quantities of solute and solvent and have to measure them
yourself. There are no volumetric flasks in the lab, though you do have a gram
scale. What measure of concentration should you use?

Mole Fractions
Mole Fractions
Learn to calculate concentrations.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 24
1. The Chi Way: this graphic shows how to
calculate mole fractions. Explain how
mole fractions are used to express
concentration in solutions.
Scenes 25 27
2. Molar Mass Again: this chart shows the
calculation of molar mass for sodium acetate.
Find the mole fraction of 53.00 grams of
sodium acetate mixed into 100.00 mL of water.

Solutions
Please load the CyberEd Chemistry Course Title: Solutions
Complete Interactive Lesson # 2.
Practice calculating different concentrations.
Interactive
Lesson

Percent Solutions and Solution Dilution
Percent Solutions and Solution Dilution

Learn a fourth way to calculate concentration, using percent of partial
Multimedia volume by total volume and percent of partial mass by total volume.
Presentation You will also learn how to dilute solutions.
Scene 28
1. Which Percent? This graphic shows two
liquids on the top shelf that are ready for
mixing, and on the bottom shelf a liquid and a
solid to be mixed. Describe in each case the
method for making a percent solution.

Scene 31
2. Solution Dilution: this graphic
shows how adding solvent
affects concentration. What
remains the same and what
changes?
Scenes 32 33
3. Too Complicated? This graphic shows the hard way to solve a dilution problem.
Either explain the steps in the illustration or describe a much easier way to arrive
at the same result.

Solutions
Now dilute a solution.
Interactive
Lesson
Solutions
Now prepare a diluted solution.
Interactive
Lesson

Vapor Pressure Reduction
Vapor Pressure Reduction

Learn the effects of solute molality on solvent vapor pressure.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 34
1. Colligative Group: this graphic shows the
four colligative properties. Explain what is
meant by the colligative properties of
solutions
Scene 35
2. Explain how vapor pressure arises in a closed container of liquid solvent.
Scene 36
3. What is a nonvolatile solute? What happens to the vapor pressure of a solvent
when a nonvolatile solute such as sugar or salt is added to it?

Scene 37
4. Superiority in Numbers: this graphic shows the property of solutes that determines
the amount of vapor pressure reduction. Explain this principle, referring to the
graphic.
Solutions
Review terminology.
Interactive
Lesson
Solutions
Review vapor pressure.
Interactive
Lesson

Boiling Point Elevation
Boiling Point Elevation

Learn how the boiling point affects the molality of solute.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 38
1. Ready for Tea: this picture shows water
coming to a boil. Explain what happens when
water is heated to its boiling point. Define
boiling point.
Scene 39
2. Curve Shift: this phase
diagram shows how a
decrease in vapor
pressure in an aqueous
solution elevates the
boiling point. Interpret this
diagram in detail.

Scenes 40 41
3. Toil to Boil: this graphic shows the steps to follow when calculating the boiling
point of a solution at sea level atmospheric pressure. Explain Kb. Provide a step
by step explanation for the calculation of the boiling point for a solution containing
5.49 moles of the engine coolant, ethylene glycol in 1400 grams of water.

Freezing Point Depression
Freezing Point Depression

Learn how the freezing point affects the molality of solute.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 42
1. Frozen Solid: this illustration shows the lowering of the freezing point for a specific
concentration of solute. Define freezing point. When does water freeze? Describe
how the addition of a nonvolatile solute lowers the freezing point of a solvent.

Scenes 43 44
2. Deeper Freeze: this
graphic shows the
method for calculating
the freezing point of a
solution. Explain Kf.
Calculate the freezing
point of a solution
containing 150.00
grams of the antifreeze,
ethylene glycol in 0.75 kilograms of water.
Scene 45
3. Liberated Liquid: this phase
diagram shows how solute
molality affects the
temperature range in which
a solution remains a liquid.
Explain how this happens.
Solutions
Learn the affects of molality of solute.
Interactive
Lesson

Osmotic Pressure
Osmotic Pressure
Examine osmosis and osmotic pressure.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 46
1. Generalize the demonstration given in Scene 46 to explain the conditions under
which osmosis occurs. How is osmotic pressure designated?
Scene 47
2. Extract from the specific demonstration provided in Scene 47 a general description
of osmotic pressure and how it is measured.

Scene 48
3. Squeezing Water: this illustration shows how a reverse
osmosis filter works. Explain the process in detail.
4. Thinking Further: In osmosis why is there a net flow of water toward lower water
concentration? Hint: A more detailed explanation accounts for the net flow in terms
of collisions between particles on each side of the membrane. As solute particles
are more massive than water molecules, they absorb most the energy in collisions
with water molecules.
Solutions
Review osmosis and osmotic pressure.
Interactive
Lesson

Determining Molar Mass
Determining Molar Mass

Determine the molar mass of an unknown substance.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scenes 49 52
1. How to be a Chemistry Whiz: this graphic outlines the process for determining the
molar mass of an unknown substance by using the colligative property, boiling
point elevation. Fill in the table below, supplying quantities for the initial known
values and the experimentally determined values.
Initial known values quantity
mass of solute
Kb value for solvent
mass of solvent
Experimentally measured values quantity
increase in boiling point, Delta Tb

2. Why is it necessary to rearrange the expressions defining Delta Tb and m?
3. State in order of calculation the three unknown values that must be calculated
using the known and experimentally measured values. Supply the mathematical
expression for calculating each. Indicate the calculated value.
Unknown value Expression for calculation Calculated value
1. =
2. =
3. =
Scene 53, Review (difficult)

4. You are given the mass of a substance in grams. What else do you need to know
in order to convert the mass into moles?
5. In the following table, each answer will be one of four different ways to measure
concentration: Molarity, molality, mole fractions, and percent solutions. Indicate the
units of the answer.
Assignment Measure of
Concentration
You are given the mass of a known solute and the mass of
solvent. Which measure of concentration can you calculate?
You are given the moles of an unknown solute and the
volume of solution. Which measure of concentration can you
calculate?
You are given the mass of an unknown solute and the volume
of solution. Which measure of concentration can you
calculate?
You are given the moles of unknown solute and unknown
solvent. Which measure of concentration can you calculate?
You are given the volume of solute and the volume of
solution. Which measure of concentration can you calculate?
You must calculate freezing point depression and boiling point
elevation. Which measure of concentration do you use?
You need to calculate the number of solute particles in a liter
of solution. Which measure of concentration do you use?
You need to calculate the ratio of solute particles to solvent
particles. Which measure of concentration do you use?
You need to make an eye drop solution that will deliver a
certain dosage of solute by mass. Which measure of
concentration do you use?

Solutions
Now prepare a solution.
Interactive
Lesson
Solutions
Practice calculating different concentrations.
Interactive
Lesson
Comprehensive Exam: Solutions

Please take the exam provided by your teacher.
Test

5.1. Solutions HW

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CyberEd Study Guide

STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS AND THEIR CHEMICAL

Introduction to Solutions .................................................................................................. 3

Page 1 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.

Resources Referenced in this Study Guide

Quizzes & Tests

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How Solutions Form

How Solutions Form

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Process Endothermic Exothermic

3. Provide some everyday examples of exothermic and endothermic reactions.

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The Dissolving Rate

The Dissolving Rate

Factor Why it affects the dissolving rate

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Molarity and Molality

Molarity and Molality

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Percent Solutions and Solution Dilution

Percent Solutions and Solution Dilution

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Vapor Pressure Reduction

Vapor Pressure Reduction

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Boiling Point Elevation

Boiling Point Elevation

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Freezing Point Depression

Freezing Point Depression

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Determining Molar Mass

Determining Molar Mass

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2. Why is it necessary to rearrange the expressions defining Delta Tb and m?

Scene 53, Review (difficult)

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Comprehensive Exam: Solutions

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