Introduction.

Chromosomes and cellular

reproduction.
Gametogenesis
 DNA, genes and chromosomes
Transmission of genetic information
Expression of genetic information
Sources of genetic variation
 The subdisciplines of genetics
Basic and aplied research
Genetic databases and maps
Organisms for genetics research
 Genetics is the science of heredity.
The subject matter of genetics
includes the molecular nature, the
ways in which genes control life
functions and distribution of genes
in population.
 1900 year birth of genetics rules of genetics-
rediscovering of Mendel law (H. De Vries
(Olandija), C.Correns (Vokietija), E.Tschermak
(Austrija)).
1865 year Mendel laws.
 1911 1919 year T.H.Morgan, C.B.Bridges,
A.M. Sturtevant
Chromosomal theory
 1944 year DNA genetic material (Avery,
MacLeod, McCarty).
1953 year secondary structure of DNA
(Watson and Crick, Franklin, Wilkins).
1959 year chromosomal disease Down,
Patau and Edwards syndromes
 1985 year PCR (Mullis, Saiki).
1997 year Dolly cloning (Wilmut).
1988 m.-2003 m.HUGO project
Future sequencing of individual
genomes with next generation
sequencer and personalized
medicine
Mutation c.3224dupA;p.Tyr1075fsX
 Sequencing of all egzons of all gene egzom
 Meiosis I Meiosis II
Prophase I Prophase II
Metaphase I Metaphase II
Anaphase I Anaphase II
Telophase I Telophase II
Leptonema
Zygonema
Pachynema
Diplonema
Diakinesis