The Indo-European wordlists.

These are the parallel wordlists of 24 Indo-European (IE) languages used in Ringe,
Warnow, and Taylor 2002. The first section (through page 42) is a 207-word version of the
Swadesh 200-word list with five of the characters (day and the 1st- and 2nd-person pro-
nouns) split into two characters each. The second section (numbered 301 to 421) is a list of
120 other basic words and words which appear to be culturally significant in many ancient
IE languages, plus the noun tear, which exhibits an interesting and potentially significant
phonological irregularity.
In a number of cases the meaning given in the Swadesh lists is ambiguous or vague.
We have specified the meanings more precisely as follows. Note that items separated by
semicolons in the right-hand column of this table are separated by semicolons in the word-
lists; apparent synonyms in the wordlists are separated by commas.
character notes on the meaning
10 belly external; internal (in that order, when the distinction is made)
19 breathe breathe in; breathe out (in that order, when the distinction is made)
28a day period of daylight
38 earth most general term available
94 lie stative
114 old of things (rather than people), if a distinction is made
116 other of more than two
117 person human being (most general term)
118 pierce by stabbing (or the like)
125 right correct
131 round spherical (rather than circular), if a distinction is made
144 sit stative
145 skin human: inner skin; outer skin (in that order, when the distinction is
made)
158 stand stative
171 thick dimension (not density)
172 thin dimension (not density)
173 think ratiocinate (not opine)
187 wash body or body parts; clothes (in that order, when the distinction is
made)
303 ask ask questions (rather than request)
313 bow weapon for shooting
 2

character notes on the meaning

318 brother-in-law husbands brother
336 father-in-law husbands father
371mother-in-law husbands mother
379 ox draft bovine (usually castrated)
395 sister-in-law husbands sister
401 stay stay in a place (not continue to exist)
Lexemes are listed as far as possible in comparable citation forms, as follows.
Verbs are given in the present indicative 3sg. active unless that form does not exist (e.g. in
the case of deponents and perfecta tantum) or does not express the relevant meaning (e.g.
when the meaning in the list is expressed by a passive). If the present system of a verb is
suppletive, forms representing the other stems are given in parentheses. Suppletive non-
present stems are not usually given because they introduce too much additional polymor-
phism into the database. Nouns are normally given in the nominative singular; numerals are
normally given in the masculine nominative (if inflected), and other nominals that express
gender are normally given in the masculine nominative singular.
If the usual citation form of a word is not attested and cannot be inferred with confi-
dence (because the grammar of the language in question is too poorly known), another form
of the word is given with an identification of its grammatical category in parentheses. For
further grammatical information, as well as for the spelling conventions of each language,
the standard grammars of the languages should be consulted.
In the Old Prussian wordlist, E marks items from the Elbing vocabulary and
G items from the vocabulary of Simon Grunau; unmarked items are from the cate-
chisms.
There are numerous gaps and uncertainties in the lists for the more poorly attested
ancient languages. Occasionally related words, or forms from closely related dialects, are
adduced (with appropriate identification) in an attempt to extract as much information as
possible from marginally adequate data.
 3

Hittite Armenian Greek

all (pl.) h5mantes amenekhean pntew
and -Ca ~ -ya ew ka
animal suppalas anasown zion
ashes h3s, h3ss- moxir tfra
fi at a p
fl back (nn.) iskis thikownkh nton
bad id3lus har kakw
bark (nn.) keew floiw
because kuit zi ti
belly ; sarhuwanz phor; orovayn gastr
big sallis mec gaw
bird suwais (?) thhown rniw
bite w3ki xacan dknei
black hanzanas, dankuis seaw law
fi blood 2shar ariwn aa
fl blow [wind] parai nh pne
bone hast3i oskr ston
breast [wmns] t2tan stin astw
breathe phh pne
burn (intr.) ur3ni ayri kaetai
child h3ssas manowk paw
claw kaddu (?) magil nuj
cloud alp3s amp nfow
cold ekunanz chowrt cuxrw
fi come u2zzi gay prosrxetai (-inai)
fl count kappuezzi thow riye
cut ku2rzi hatan tnei
day [ hrs] s1waz awr ra
a day s1waz tiw ra
die aki meani poynskei
dig paddai br, phor rttei, skptei
dirty iskunanz atei =uparw, axhrw
dog (kuwas ?) own kvn
drink ekuzi mp pnei
dry h3tanz hor, gaws, chamakh jhrw
fi dull alpanz bowth blw
fl dust phoi kniw
ear ist3man ownkn ow
earth t2kan erkir g
eat 2zzi owt syei
egg jow in
eye s3kuwa (pl.) akn fyalw
fall mauszi ankani pptei
far (adv.) duw3n hei akrn, prrv
fat (nn.) sakan arp dhw
 4

Albanian Tocharian B Vedic Sanskrit

all (pl.) gjith poc vv2
and e, dhe p ca
animal kafsh, shtaz luwo pas
ashes hi taur, tweye (?) sas
fi at te, ne -ne
fl back (nn.) kurriz, shpin sark p#hm
bad keq yolo, pakw3re p3ps
bark (nn.) shklboz enmetre (?) tvk
because sepse kuce, mkte h
belly bark k3tso udram
big madh orotstse mahn
bird zog salamo luwo v@s
bite kafshon dati
black zi erkent- k#s
fi blood gjak yasar s#k
fl blow [wind] fryn pina vti
bone kock 3y (pl. 3sta) sthi
breast [wmns] gji, sis pcane (du.) stnas
breathe merr frym an3; sat3 niti
burn (intr.) digjet tsaktr, plketr dahyt2
child kalama, ilimi amake kum3rs, us
claw thua nakhs
cloud re tarkr nbhas, m2ghs
cold ftoht kroce 1ts
fi come vjen knma 2ti, gacchati
fl count njeh tr
cut pret karsna, latkana k#ntti
day [ hrs] dit kau dyus
a day dit kau har
die vdes sruketr mriyt2
dig grmon rapana khnati
dirty ndyr, flliqur sal, kraketstse
dog qen ku v
drink pi yok pbati
dry that as3re kas
fi dull m3lle (?)
fl dust pluhur tweye, taur r2s
ear vesh klautso kras
earth dhe ke ks
eat ha uwa tti
egg vez (aam)
eye sy ek ki
fall bie kloyotr pdyat2
far (adv.) larg lau, lauke d5r@
fat (nn.) dhjam alype p!vas, m@das
 5

Avestan Old Ch. Slavonic Lithuanian

all (pl.) vispe vsi vis
and a i i
animal ivot g!volis
ashes 3triim popel pelena
fi at pri pri
fl back (nn.) part4 (xribt) ngara
bad ak4, a4 zl blgas
bark (nn.) iev%
because z1 ponjee, jelma, ide ns, tod%l, kadngi
belly udarm rvo pivas; skivis
big maza, mas- velij, velik ddelis
bird v1 pta, ptica paktis
bite das- gryzet, *kosajet knda
black s3m4, sii3uua- rn jodas
fi blood vohuni krv krajas
fl blow [wind] v3iti vjet, duet pia
bone as, ast- kost kulas
breast [wmns] ft3n4 ss, ssc kr5ts
breathe an- dyxajet kvpoja
burn (intr.) daiiete gorit dga
child aprn3iiuk4 dt vakas
claw (nail) srauu4 (pl.) nogt ngas
cloud ma2m, arm, snao4 oblak debess
cold aot4, sart4 studen ltas
fi come 3 asaiti, 3 a2iti pridet, gredet atena
fl count itet skaiioja
cut krntaiti set, ret keta, r$ia
day [ hrs] aiiar dn dien
a day azan- dn dien
die miriiete (u)mret mrta
dig kanaiti kopajet, ryjet ksa
dirty 3hit4 neist puvinas, stertas
dog sp3 ps u
drink v
x araiti pijet gria
dry huk4 sux sasas
fi dull top atpes, bkas
fl dust pasnu prax dlks
ear gao4 uxo auss
earth z zemlja m
eat v
x araiti jast vlgo
egg (j)ajce kiaunis
eye ama oko aks
fall pataiti padet kreta
far (adv.) d5ra2 dalee tol
fat (nn.) p1uu4, 3z5iti tuk riebala, tauka
 6

Old English Old Irish Latin

all (pl.) ealle uili omn2s
and and ocus et
animal d2or anmandae animal
ashes asce laith cinis
fi at t oc ad
fl back (nn.) hrycg, bc cl, druimm tergum
bad yfel olc malus
bark (nn.) rinde crocenn cortex
because for6 e are quod
belly wamb br venter
big micel mr magnus
bird fugol n avis
bite b1tt mordet
black sweart, blc dub 3ter
fi blood bl4d fuil sanguis
fl blow [wind] w7we stid flat
bone b3n cnim os
breast [wmns] br2ost cch mamma
breathe ora, 2a dobeir anl sp1rat
burn (intr.) birn loscair 3rdet
child bearn, cild lelap puer
claw cl2aw ingen unguis
cloud wolcen nl n5b2s
cold ceald ar fr1gidus
fi come cym dott (dotagat) venit
fl count r1m, tele rmid numerat
cut scir, sn1 tescaid secat
day [ hrs] dg lae, laithe di2s
a day dg lae, laithe di2s
die stierf atbaill moritur
dig grf, dilf claidid fodit
dirty f5l, horig salach sordidus
dog hund c canis
drink drinc ibid bibit
dry dr6ge trim siccus
fi dull 3stynt mel hebes
fl dust d5st laithred pulvis
ear 2are clas auris
earth eore talam terra
eat itt ithid edit
egg 7g og 4vom
eye 2age sil oculus
fall fiel dotuit cadit
far (adv.) feor in chin procul
fat (nn.) smeoru blonac adeps
 7

Luvian Lycian Tocharian A

all (pl.) p5natinzi, tanimminzi huwedri, punemedezi po, puk
and -ha -ke, se ka
animal huitarsa lu
ashes tor, twe (?)
fi at -a
fl back (nn.)
bad 3dduw3lis omske, umpar
bark (nn.)
because kuiza kucne, kuyalte
belly k3ts
big urazzas tsopats (pl. 3we)
bird salat lu
bite
black dakku1s, marw3y- arkant-
fi blood 3sharsa ys3r
fl blow [wind] piw3
bone h3ssa 3y
breast [wmns] t1tan p (du.)
breathe wrs
burn (intr.) tskntr
child nimuwizas tideimi om
claw
cloud trkr
cold kura
fi come aw1ti kumn
fl count
cut kuwarti, karsti krn3, l3tk3
day [ hrs] halli ko
a day halli ko
die *walati lati wlltr
dig rpec (pl.)
dirty (kr3ke, nn.)
dog zuwanis ku
drink 5tti yok
dry 3sar
fi dull
fl dust pas5riyas (?) twe, tor
ear tumm3n klots
earth tiyammis tka
eat azti w3
egg
eye t3w1s tawa (coll.) ak
fall klawatr
far (adv.) lo, lok
fat (nn.) lyp
 8

Old Persian Old Prussian Latvian

all (pl.) vis3 wissay visi
and ut3, -3 bhe n
animal sw1rins (?; apl.), alne (E) dzvnieks
ashes pelanne (E) plni
fi at pr2i pe
fl back (nn.) rikisnan (E) mugura
bad gasta wargan (?; acc.) slikts, nelabs
bark (nn.) saxtis (E) miza
because beggi tdl ka, tpc ka
belly weders (E) vders
big deb1kan (acc.) lils
bird pippalins (apl.), pepelis (E) putns
bite k
black kirsnan (E) mens
fi blood krawia asins
fl blow [wind] p
bone kaulan kals
breast [wmns] kraclan (E) pups, krts
breathe dva, ep
burn (intr.) deg
child malnijks, maldenikis (E) b8rns
claw nags
cloud wupyan (E) mknis, padebesis
cold salta (G) aksts, sats
fi come 3itiy, 3-am- per2it nk
fl count skita
cut *kart- (?) gri
day [ hrs] raua deinan (acc.) dena
a day raua dena
die mariyataiy aul3ut (inf.) mist
dig kantiy rk
dirty netrs
dog sunis (E) suns
drink po5t, p5ton (inf.) dzer
dry uka saus3 (acc.) suss
fi dull neass, truls
fl dust pli, putekli
ear gaua 3usins (apl.) uss
earth b5mi semm2 zeme
eat 1st (inf.), wolgeit (iptv., G) d
egg paute (pl., G) la
eye ama ackis (pl.) acs
fall kr5t (inf.) krt
far (adv.) d5raiy tlu
fat (nn.) ta<u>kis, instran, mynsis (all E) tuki
 9

Gothic Old Norse Old High German

all (pl.) allai allir alle
and jah ok inti
animal dius dr tior
ashes azg4 aska asca
fi at at at zi, az
fl back (nn.) bak rucki
bad ubils illr, vndr ubil
bark (nn.) borkr rinta
because unt2 fyrir v at bi diu wanta
belly wamba kvir, vomb wamba, b5h
big mikils strr, mikill mihhil
bird fugls fugl fugal
bite beiti btr b1zit
black swarts svartr swarz
fi blood bl4 bl bluot
fl blow [wind] waii blss bl3sit, w3it
bone bein bein
breast [wmns] brusts brjst brust
breathe ani andar 3tum4t
burn (intr.) brinni brennr brinnit
child barn barn kind
claw kl cl3wa
cloud milhma sk wolcan
cold kalds kaldr calt
fi come qimi kmr quimit
fl count garaji telr zelit
cut maiti skerr, snr, meitr sn1dit
day [ hrs] dags dagr tag
a day dags dagr tag
die gaswilti, gadauni deyr stirbit, touwit
dig grabi grefr grebit
dirty unhrains, unwahans saurigr, hreinn uns5biri, unreini
dog hunds hundr hunt
drink drigki drekkr trinkit
dry arsus urr trocchan, durri
fi dull sljr sl2o
fl dust mulda, stubjus dust stuppi, stoub, melm
ear aus4 eyra 4ra
earth ara jor erda
eat matji, iti etr izzit
egg egg ei
eye aug4 auga ouga
fall driusi fellr fellit
far (adv.) farra fjarri, langt fer(ro)
fat (nn.) smjor feizti
 10

Welsh Oscan Umbrian

all (pl.) i gyd sllus
and a ~ ag nm et
animal anifail
ashes lludw
fi at yn az -afl, -kum
fl back (nn.) cefn
bad drwg mallom (acc.)
bark (nn.) rhysgl
because achos, am fod, oherwydd i
belly bol(a), tor
big mawr (maimas, sup. fem. gen.) (mestru, comp. fem.)
bird aderyn avif (acc. pl.)
bite cnoi
black du atru (nt. acc. pl.)
fi blood gwaed
fl blow [wind] chwythu
bone asgwrn
breast [wmns] bron
breathe anadlu
burn (intr.) llosgi
child plentyn
claw crafanc
cloud cwmwl
cold oer
fi come d(yf)od cebnust (fut. pf.) benust (fut. pf.)
fl count cyfrif
cut torri lamatir (?; pf. subj. pass.) -sekatu (iptv.)
day [ hrs] diwrnod zicolom (acc.), ikle (loc.) tiel (?)
a day dydd
die marw
dig palu, cloddio
dirty brwnt, budr
dog ci
drink yfed pibisus (?; fut. pf. sg.?)
dry sych
fi dull pl
fl dust llwch
ear clust
earth daear teras (gen.)
eat bwyta edum (inf.)
egg wy
eye llygad
fall cwympo, syrthio
far (adv.) ymhell
fat (nn.) bloneg, braster aflepes (?; abl. pl.)
 11

Hittite Armenian Greek

fi father attas hayr patr
fl fear (vb.) n3hi erknhi fobetai, ddoike
feather phetowr ptern
few t2pawes sakawkh lgoi
fight hullezzi martnhi, paterazmi xetai
fi fire pahhur howr pr
fi fish parhus (?) jowkn xyw
fi five hing pnte
fi float loay ple
fi flow 3rszi heani =e
fifi flower alil caik nyow
fifl fly (vb.) pittai thhi ptetai
fi fog kammaras mg xlh
fi foot patas otn pow
fi four meyawes horkh tttarew
fl freeze (intr.) ek3izzi sai, pai pgnutai
fl fruit sesan ptow lon, pra
fl full suus li plrhw
fl give p3i tay ddvsi
fl good 3ssus bari gayw
flfi grass w2lku xot pa
flfl green hahlawanz kanah xlvrw
fl guts garates nderkh, aikh ntera
fl hair [head] tetanas her trxew
fl hand kissar jen xer
he -as na (obl. atn)
head harsar glowx kefal
hear istamaszi ls koei
heart k2r, kard- sirt karda
heavy suw3rus, nakkis canr barw
fi here k3 ast ntaya
fl hit walhzi harkan tptei
hold harzi, pl. harkanzi owni xei
horn kar3war eewr kraw
how m3hhan orps pw
hunt huwarniskezzi orsay yhri, kunhgete
husband pis2nas ayr nr
I 5k es g
a me (acc.) ammuk is
ice ekan san krstallow
if takku ethe e
fi in andan (adv.) i n
fl kill ku2nzi spanan poktenei
knee g2nu cownr gnu
know [facts] s3kki git ode
 12

Albanian Tocharian B Vedic Sanskrit

fi father at p3cer pit
fl fear (vb.) friket, druan pr3ska bibhya
feather pend paruwa (pl.) parm
few pak totka lp3s
fight lufton wit3re (pret. pl.) ydhyati
fi fire zjarr puwar agns
fi fish peshk laks mtsyas
fi five pes pi pca
fi float plevat plu prvat2
fi flow rrjedh re srvati, krati
fifi flower lule py3pyo ppam
fifl fly (vb.) fluturon plu ptati
fi fog mjegull mih-
fi foot kmb paiyye pt
fi four katr twer catvras
fl freeze (intr.) ngrin
fl fruit pem oko phlam
fl full plot ite p5rs
fl give jep ai dd3ti
fl good mir kartse (krent-) vsus
flfi grass bar atiyai (obl.) tam
flfl green gjelbr motartstse hritas
fl guts zorr 3ntrm
fl hair [head] flok matsi k@as
fl hand dor ar hstas
he ai su s
head kok 3ce ras
hear dgjon klyau #$ti
heart zemr arace hrdi
heavy rnd kramartse gurs
fi here ktu tane ih
fl hit godit karn hnti
hold mban dh3ryati
horn bri kror1yai (obl.) gam
how qysh, si mkte kath
hunt gjuan er1tsi (inf.) m#gyat2
husband burr petso ptis, bhrt3
I un ahm
a me (acc.) mua mm
ice akull hims
if n, po krui, ente yt
fi in n -ne
fl kill vret kau hnti
knee gju keni (du.) jnu
know [facts] di aitr, krsana v@da
 13

Avestan Old Ch. Slavonic Lithuanian

fi father pita otc t$vas
fl fear (vb.) bi3iia bojitse bjo
feather parnm pero plnksna
few kamna- mali maa
fight prtaite, y5iiieiti borjet, prit se kovja, kunasi
fi fire 3tar ogn ugns
fi fish masii4 ryba uvs
fi five pana pet penk
fi float plovet plakia, pl7duriuoja
fi flow 3raiti, raoaiti teet tka
fifi flower cvt, cvtc gl%
fifl fly (vb.) frauuaite (pataiti, Daevic) poletit lkia
fi fog dunma mgla migl
fi foot p3a (du.) noga kja
fi four a3r4 etyre ketur
fl freeze (intr.) mrznet ldo, pala
fl fruit ovot vasius
fl full prn4 ispln plnas
fl give da3iti dast doda
fl good vahu dobr gras
flfi grass trava ol%
flfl green zelen lias
fl guts jelito viduria
fl hair [head] vars4 vlas plukas
fl hand zast4 roka rank
he h4 on, je- js
head sar4 glava galv
hear surunaoiti slyit gidi
heart zrd- srdce irds
heavy gouru- tek sunks
fi here ia sde i
fl hit ainti udarit ma, daia, (itika)
hold d3raiieiti drit lako
horn sruiie (du.) rog rgas
how 5 kako kap
hunt lovit medija
husband paiti mo v!ras
I azm az
a me (acc.) mam mene man
ice a2xm led ldas
if yat ate, ali jigu
fi in v
fl kill ainti ubijet mua, do
knee nu- kolno klis
know [facts] va2a, zan3iti vst, znajet no, pasta
 14

Old English Old Irish Latin

fi father fder athair pater
fl fear (vb.) fyrht, forhta adgathar timet
feather feer cleitte penna
few f2awe ath, athad pauc1
fight fieht, w1g fichid pugnat
fi fire f6r tene, daig ignis
fi fish fisc asc piscis
fi five f1f cic qu1nque
fi float fl1ett, flota snad fluitat
fi flow fl2w rethid fluit
fifi flower bl4stma blth, scoth fl4s
fifl fly (vb.) fl1eg foluathar volat
fi fog mist co nebula
fi foot f4t traig p2s
fi four f2ower cethair quattuor
fl freeze (intr.) fr1est gelat
fl fruit ofett torad p4mum
fl full full ln pl2nus
fl give gif dobeir dat
fl good g4d maith bonus
flfi grass grs fr gr3men
flfl green gr2ne aine viridis
fl guts guttas, earm intest1na
fl hair [head] h7r folt capillus
fl hand hand lm manus
he h2 is
head h2afod cenn caput
hear h1er rocluinethar audit
heart heorte cride cor
heavy sw7r, hefig tromm gravis
fi here h2r sund h1c
fl hit slieh, b2att benaid, balid ferit
hold hielt congaib tenet
horn horn adarc corn5
how h5 ca cruth qu1 (qu4 mod4)
hunt hunta adclaid v2n3tur
husband wer fer mar1tus
I ic m ego
a me (acc.) m2 -m- m2
ice 1s aig glaci2s
if gif ma- s1
fi in in i in
fl kill slieh marbaid interficit
knee cn2ow gln gen5
know [facts] w3t rofitir scit
 15

Luvian Lycian Tocharian A

fi father t3tis tedi (?) p3car
fl fear (vb.) kuwaya- praskatr
feather
few tsru
fight zxxati
fi fire p3h5r por
fi fish
fi five p
fi float
fi flow 3rsi(ya)- tsn3ntr- (?; pl.)
fifi flower py3pi
fifl fly (vb.) plawar (pret. pl.)
fi fog
fi foot pat3s (p3tas?) pede pe
fi four m3winzi twar
fl freeze (intr.)
fl fruit alattarsa oko
fl full ypic
fl give piyai pije, pibiti e
fl good w3sus k3su (krant-)
flfi grass zuhri 3ti
flfl green hahhaluwantis motarci (fem.)
fl guts wekic (?)
fl hair [head] tapp3nis 3ku
fl hand 1ssaris izre tsar
he -as, ap3s -, ebn (acc.) sm
head harmahis lap
hear t5mmantitti klyotr (pass.)
heart z3rza 3ric
heavy suw3rus, kuwanzus kr3mrts
fi here z3wi(n) ebei ta
fl hit d5piti tubidi krnsm3 (ptc.)
hold
horn zurni (HL) kror (?)
how mnt
hunt
husband zitis sidi pats
I (a)mu mu n, fem. uk
a me (acc.) (a)mu emu (dat.) n, fem. uk
ice
if m3n kuprene
fi in 3nta te -a
fl kill ko
knee kanwe (du.)
know [facts] un(a)i- kn3na, krsn3
 16

Old Persian Old Prussian Latvian

fi father pit3 t3was tvs
fl fear (vb.) tarsatiy bia bstas, bads
feather spava
few kamn3 mazi
fight -antiy 5lint (inf.) cns (kajas ?)
fi fire *3i- panno (E) uguns
fi fish suckans (apl.), suckis (E) zivs
fi five [pi2ncts fith] peci
fi float plud
fi flow danu(va)- tek, plst
fifi flower puke, zids
fifl fly (vb.) laas (skren ?)
fi fog kupsins (E) migla
fi foot p3da nage (E) kja
fi four [kettwirts th] etri
fl freeze (intr.) sast
fl fruit aglis
fl full pilnan (acc.) pins
fl give dad3tiy d3st dd
fl good *vahu-, naiba (?) labs labs
flfi grass schokis (E) zle
flfl green saligan (E) zal
fl guts grobis (E) zafina
fl hair [head] scebelis (E) mats
fl hand dasta r3nkan (acc.) rka
he hauv(am) t3ns vin
head gall5, glawo (E) gava
hear xnautiy (?) k1rdeiti (iptv.) dzrd
heart s1ran (acc.), seyr (E) sifids
heavy smags
fi here id3 schai, schien te, et
fl hit antiy kyrteis (iptv., G) sit
hold d3rayatiy l3iku tur
horn ragis (E) rags
how [kai, rel.] k
hunt [medies hunter E] med
husband wijrs vrs
I adam as, es es
a me (acc.) m3m mien mani
ice ladis (E) ledus
if yadiy ickai ja
fi in 2n
fl kill avaantiy gallintwei (inf.) nnv, ngalina
knee klupstis (E) celis
know [facts] d3n3tiy (xn3-) waist (inf.) zina
 17

Gothic Old Norse Old High German

fi father atta fair fater
fl fear (vb.) 4g, farhtei hrisk forhtit
feather fjor federa
few fawai fir f4he, luzzile
fight weihi bersk, vegr fihtit
fi fire f4n eldr fiur
fi fish fisks fiskr fisc
fi five fimf fimm fimf
fi float fltr fliuzit, sweb2t
fi flow rinni rennr, fltr fliuzit, rinnit
fifi flower bl4mans (acc. pl.) blm, blmstr bluomo
fifl fly (vb.) flgr fliugit
fi fog oka nebul
fi foot f4tus ftr fuoz
fi four fidw4r fjrir fior
fl freeze (intr.) friusi frss friusit
fl fruit akran aldin obaz
fl full fulls fullr fol
fl give gibi gefr gibit
fl good g4s gr guot
flfi grass hawi gras gras
flfl green grnn gruoni
fl guts armr, gorn darm
fl hair [head] tagl, skuft hr, skopt h3r, fahs
fl hand handus hond hant
he is hann er
head haubi hofu houbit
hear hausei heyrir h4rit
heart hart4 hjarta herza
heavy karus ungr, hofugr sw3ri, hef1g
fi here h2r hr hier
fl hit slahi, stauti, bliggwi slr, lstr, berr, drepr slehit
hold habai heldr hab2t
horn harn horn horn
how aiwa hv, hversu wuo / wio
hunt veiir jag4t, weid(en)4t
husband aba verr gomman
I ik ek ih
a me (acc.) mik mik mih
ice ss 1s
if jabai ef oba, ibu
fi in in in
fl kill usqimi, afdauei, afslahi deyir, drepr (ar)slehit, git4tit
knee kniu kn cneo
know [facts] wait veit weiz
 18

Welsh Oscan Umbrian

fi father tad patir patre (dat.)
fl fear (vb.) ofni
feather pluen
few ychydig
fight ymladd
fi fire tn pir, pur-
fi fish pysgodyn
fi five pump *pmpe *pumpe
fi float nofio
fi flow llifo
fifi flower blodeuyn *fluus- (?)
fifl fly (vb.) ehedeg
fi fog niwl
fi foot troed ped (?; gen. pl.) pefli (abl.)
fi four pedwar pettiur petur-
fl freeze (intr.) rhewi, fferru
fl fruit ffrwyth
fl full llawn plener (abl. pl.)
fl give rho(dd)i didet [Vestinian] tefla, dirsa (subj.)
fl good da (ualaemom, sup. nt.) cubrar (gen. fem.)
flfi grass glaswellt
flfl green glas
fl guts coluddion arvia
fl hair [head] gwallt (coll.), blewyn
fl hand llaw manim (acc.) manf (acc. pl.)
he (f)e izic erek
head pen
hear clywed
heart calon
heavy trwm
fi here yma
fl hit taro
hold dal tenitu (iptv.)
horn corn
how (pa) sut
hunt hela
husband gr
I (f)i v
a me (acc.) mi, (f)i mehe (dat.)
ice rhew, i
if os, pe sva sve
fi in yn -en -en
fl kill lladd
knee pen-lin
know [facts] gwybod, pres. sg. yr
 19

Hittite Armenian Greek

lake lulis (?) li, covak lnh
laugh halwammar (noun) cicai geli
leaf hurpastas terew fllon
left(hand) jax, aheak risterw
leg egdu srownkh sklow
lie [recline] kitta kay edeal ketai
fi live (vb.) huiszi keay zi
fl liver lissi leard par
long dalukis erkayn akrw
louse oil fyer
man [male] pis2nas ayr nr
many m2kkies bazowmkh pollo
meat mis kraw
moon armas lowsin selnh
mother annas mayr thr
mountain lean row
fi mouth ais, iss- beran sta
fl name l3man anown noa
narrow hatkus anjowk, ne stenw
near (adv.) manninkuwanz (adj.) mawt, merj ggw, plhson
neck (kuttar ?) paranoch axn
new n2was nor kainw
night ispanz gier nj
nose tititan ownhkh =w
not natta oh o
old miyahwanz hin palaiw
fi one 3s mi ew
fl other damais ayl llow
person antuhsas mard nyrvpow
pierce isk3ri xoh, mx kente
play duskzi, hinganiskezzi xaay pazei
pull huettiezzi khar, jg lkei
push suwezzi m ye
rain (nn.) h2us anjrew etw
red mitas karmir ruyrw
right(hand) kunnas a dejiw
fi right 3ra owi ryw
fl river hapas get potaw
road palsas anaparh, awi dw
root s5rkas armat =za
rope ishimas paran, malowx, ton, howan klvw, sprton
rotten harranz nexeal saprw
round bolorak strogglow
rub peszi ph trbei
salt a lw
 20

Albanian Tocharian B Vedic Sanskrit

lake liqen lyam sras, hrads
laugh qesh ker- hsati
leaf gjethe pilta parm
left(hand) majt, mngjr w3lyai (adv.) savys
leg kmb ck3ckai (obl.) jgh3
lie [recline] rri shtrir lya @t2
fi live (vb.) jeton, rron ai j!vati
fl liver mli wstarye yk#t
long gjat prkare d1rghs
louse morr preri (pl.) (?) (y5k3)
man [male] burr ekwe n
many shum m3ka bahvas
meat mish misa ms, m3sm
moon hn mee ms
mother mm m3cer mt3
mountain mal ale girs
fi mouth goj koy s
fl name emr em nma
narrow ngusht ahs
near (adv.) afr akartte, ysape, etsuwai antik@
neck qaf gr1v
new ri uwe nvas, nvyas
night nat yiye kap- (nk, RVx)
nose hund meli ns3
not nuk, s m3 n
old vjetr (ktsaitstse ?) snas
fi one nj e @kas
fl other tjetr alyek anys
person njeri aumo mnus
pierce ther, deprton tsop nthiti, vdhyati
play luan k3m kr!ati
pull heq slaktr krati
push shtyn ntkana tudti, nudti
rain (nn.) shi swese varm
red kuq ratre r$hitas
right(hand) djatht saiwai (adv.) dkias
fi right drejt #ts, #js
fl river lum cake nad!, sndhus
road rrug yt3rye pnth3s, dhv3
root rrnj witsako m%lam
rope litar, trkuz rjjus, dma
rotten kalbur 3mpau p%tis
round rrumbullak (vartulas)
rub frkon lyuwetr, kantanatr (gharati)
salt krip salyiye (lavaam)
 21

Avestan Old Ch. Slavonic Lithuanian

lake vairi jezero eras
laugh smjet se jukiasi
leaf varka- list lpas
left(hand) haoii4 uj kairs
leg paitit3nm goln kja
lie [recline] sa2te leit gli
fi live (vb.) uuaiti ivet g!vas yr
fl liver y3kar jetro kpenos
long dar4 dlg lgas
louse utl%
man [male] n3, v1r4 mo v!ras
many parauu4 mnog dag(el)
meat meso ms
moon m luna, msec mnlis
mother m3ta mati mtina
mountain gairi gora klnas
fi mouth h- usta burn
fl name n3ma ime vadas
narrow ozk siaras
near (adv.) asne bliz art
neck manaori, gr1uua vyja, ija kklas
new nauu4 nov najas
night xap- not nakts
nose nha nos nsis
not n4it ne n
old han4 vetx snas
fi one a2uu4 jedin venas
fl other ainii4 drug, in ktas
person maii4, maii3k4 lovk mogs (pl. mns)
pierce bodet prveria, smegia, prduria
play (igrajet) adia
pull anaiiete vlet trukia
push stmia
rain (nn.) v3r- dd liets
red raoiit4 rmn raudnas
right(hand) dain4 desn dinas
fi right ruu4 pravdn teiss
fl river raot4, rauua rka p
road pant, aa pot klias
root varai koren akns
rope vrv viv, viis
rotten p5t4 gnil supves
round skarn4 (o)krugl apvals
rub tret trna
salt sol drusk
 22

Old English Old Irish Latin

lake mere, s7 loch lacus
laugh hlieh tibid r1det
leaf l2af duille folium
left(hand) winestra cl sinister
leg scanca coss cr5s
lie [recline] lig laigid iacet
fi live (vb.) liofa is bo v1vit
fl liver lifer a iecur
long lang fota longus
louse l5s ml p2diculus
man [male] wer fer vir
many fela, manige ili mult1
meat fl7sc fuil car4
moon m4na sce l5na
mother m4dor mthair m3ter
mountain beorg slab m4ns
fi mouth m5 giun 4s
fl name nama ainm n4men
narrow nearu, enge cel, cumung angustus
near (adv.) n2ah i n-ocus prope
neck heals brgae collum
new n1owe nue novos
night niht adaig nox
nose nosu srn n3sus
not ne n n4n
old eald sen vetus
fi one 3n en 5nus
fl other 4er aile alius
person mann duine hom4
pierce prica sidid pungit, fodit
play plega imbeir, cluchigidir l5dit
pull t1eh, drg srengaid trahit
push sc6f tr5dit
rain (nn.) regn flechud, bren pluvia
red r2ad rad, derg ruber
right(hand) sw1ra dess dexter
fi right riht cert, cir r2ctus
fl river 2a aub fl5men
road weg, str7t slige, bthar via
root wyrttruma frm r3d1x
rope r3p, s3l, streng sanem, tt, loman f5nis
rotten f5l morgthae putridus
round sinwealt cruind rotundus
rub gn1tt conmeil fricat
salt sealt salann sal
 23

Luvian Lycian Tocharian A

lake lym
laugh kar-
leaf plt
left(hand) ipalis 3lyi
leg p3rtas (?)
lie [recline] z1yari sijni lalku (?; pret. ptc.)
fi live (vb.) o
fl liver
long 3rr3yis prkr
louse
man [male] z1tis ok, 3tl
many m3k
meat w3l
moon *armas arma ma
mother 3nnis ni m3car
mountain *ariyattis ul
fi mouth 3ssa koy-
fl name atamanza (?) adma (pl.) om
narrow
near (adv.) k3tse
neck kuk
new n3wis u
night we
nose mala
not n3wa ne m3
old ktsets (?)
fi one sas
fl other kbi (acc.) 3lak
person z1tis nape
pierce tsop
play
pull tskn3
push ntk3- (?)
rain (nn.) swase
red rtr
right(hand) isarwilis p3ci
fi right
fl river h3pis
road harwas yt3r
root tsm3r
rope sparp
rotten
round
rub k5s3ti
salt s3le
 24

Old Persian Old Prussian Latvian

lake assaran (E) ezers
laugh smejas
leaf lapa
left(hand) kriss
leg nage (E) kja
lie [recline] gul
fi live (vb.) 1vatiy giwa dzv
fl liver <j>agno (E) aknas
long darga [ilgi, adv.] gar
louse uts
man [male] *nar- wijrs vrs
many parava dadzi
meat mens3 gala
moon *m3ha- (?) menig (E) mness
mother *m3t3 m5ti mte
mountain kaufa grabis (E) kans
fi mouth austo (E) mute
fl name n3m3 emmens v9rds
narrow urs
near (adv.) anaiy tuvu
neck winsus (E) kakls
new nawans jans
night xap- nacktien (loc.?) nakts
nose n3h(a)- nozy (E) deguns
not naiy ni ne
old urs (?) vecs
fi one aiva ains vins
fl other aniya kittans (apl.) cits
person martiya smunents, smonenawi<n>s (E) clvks
pierce [boadis puncture wound (E)] dur
play rtaljas, spljas
pull vlk
push stumj, bda
rain (nn.) aglo (E) litus
red urminan (acc.), wormyan (E) safikans
right(hand) tickray (fem. dat.) labas
fi right r3sta tickars (?) parezs
fl river rauta ape (E) upe
road *pai- [pintis path (E)] cel
root sagnis (E) sakne
rope wirbe (E) vrve, tava
rotten sapuvis, satrunjis
round apal
rub befi
salt sali (G) s9ls
 25

Gothic Old Norse Old High German

lake (mari)saiws vatn s2o
laugh hlahji hlr lehhit
leaf laufs (lauf)bla blat, loub
left(hand) hleiduma vinstri winistar
leg leggr, ftr bein
lie [recline] ligi liggr ligit
fi live (vb.) libai lifir leb2t
fl liver lifr lebara
long laggs langr lang
louse ls ()l5s
man [male] war, guma karl(mar) man
many managai, filu margir manage, filu
meat mims kjot fleisc
moon m2na tungl m3no
mother aiei mir muoter
mountain farguni fjall berg
fi mouth muns munnr mund
fl name nam4 nafn namo
narrow aggwus, rahans rongr, ongr engi
near (adv.) n2(a) nr n3h
neck hals hals, svri hals
new niujis nr niuwi
night nahts ntt naht
nose nasar nasa
not ni eigi ni
old farneis forn alt, firni
fi one ains einn ein
fl other anar annarr ander
person manna mar man, mennisco
pierce stingr (ana)stihhit
play leikr spil4t
pull atinsi dregr, togar dinsit, ziuhit
push afskiubi skfir sciubit
rain (nn.) rign regn regan
red raus raur r4t
right(hand) tahswa hgri zeso
fi right garahts rttr reht
fl river aa, fl4dus aha, fluz
road wigs vegr, gata weg
root warts rt wurzala
rope reip, taug, strengr, sma seil, strang, stric
rotten f5ls finn f5l
round svalr sinwelb
rub bnaui gnr r1bit, gn1tit
salt salt salt salz
 26

Welsh Oscan Umbrian

lake llyn
laugh chwerthin
leaf deilen
left(hand) chwith, aswy nertrak (fem. abl.) nertru (abl.)
leg coes
lie [recline] gorwedd
fi live (vb.) byw
fl liver afu
long hir, maith
louse lleuen
man [male] gr
many llawer
meat cig
moon lleuad, lloer
mother mam maatres (gen.) matrer (gen.)
mountain mynydd
fi mouth genau, ceg
fl name enw numnes (gen.) numem, nome
narrow cul, cyfyng
near (adv.) yn agos (nessimas sup. fem. pl.) (nesimei sup. adv.)
neck mwnwgl, gwddf
new newydd
night nos
nose trwyn
not d- d(d)im (< nid ), na nei neip
old hen
fi one un
fl other arall allo (fem.)
person dyn humuns (pl.) homonus (dat. pl.)
pierce gwanu
play chwarae
pull tynnu
push gwthio
rain (nn.) glaw anafrss (?; dat. pl.)
red coch, rhudd rufru, rofu (acc. pl.)
right(hand) de(au) destrst d. est destram (fem. acc.)
fi right iawn, cywir mersto (acc.), rehte (adv.)
fl river afon
road ffordd v via (abl.)
root gwreiddyn
rope rhaff
rotten pwdr
round crwn
rub rhwbio
salt halen salu (acc.)
 27

Hittite Armenian Greek

sand awaz ow
fi say t2zzi, pl. taranzi as lgei
fl scratch arrirrai kher kni
sea arunas cov ylatta
see auszi tesan ri
seed warwalan sermn spra
sew kar =ptei
sharp alpus sowr, chich jw, tow
short manninkuwanz kar braxw
sing ishamai erg idei
sit 2sa nsti kyhstai
fi skin morth xra, dra
fl sky n2pis erkinkh oranw
sleep seszi nn kayedei
small kappis phokhr ikrw
smell (intr.) hototi zei
fi smoke tuhhuwais cowx kapnw
fi smooth mius harth leow
fi snake awj fiw
fi snow (nn.) jiwn xin
fi some (pl.) kuiesqa okh nioi
fifi spit (vb.) allappahhi thkhan ptei
fifl split iskallai herjow, chelow sxzei
fi squeeze sai kham pizei
fi stand arta kay sthke
fi star hast2rz ast str
fl stick pahhis (?) bir, in =bdow, bakthra
fl stone passus khar, vm lyow
fl straight owi eyw
fl suck u(n)hzi cc, di yhlzei
fl sun istanus arew liow
flfi swell suwattari aytnow, ownow ode
flfl swim loay ne, nxetai
fl tail (sisai ?) towtn, jet or, krkow
fl that ap3s ayn kenow
fl there apiya and ke
they -e nokha (obl. atow)
thick stowar paxw
thin maklanz anawsr leptw
think xorhi frontzei
this k3s ays otow
fi thou z1k dow s
fia thee (acc.) tuk khez s
fl three t2ries erekh trew
throw pessiezzi, 5ssiezzi nkenow, arkan bllei, =ptei
 28

Albanian Tocharian B Vedic Sanskrit

sand rr warac (obl.) skat3s
fi say thot we vvakti, brv1ti
fl scratch grvish, kruan kuti, kati
sea det samudtr samudrs
see sheh lk3 pyati
seed far s3rm, kt3lye b!jam
sew qep s!vyati
sharp mpreht m3tre, akwatse t1ks
short shkurtr (hrasvas)
sing kndon piya gyati
sit rri ndenjur am, 3 st2
fi skin lkur ewe; yetse tvk
fl sky qiell iprer dyus
sleep fle klntsa ssti
small vogl lykake, totka rbhas
smell (intr.) lshon er, kundrmon war gandhs (nn.)
fi smoke tym dh5ms
fi smooth lmuar mare laks
fi snake gjarpr ar3klo, auk his
fi snow (nn.) bor (*ic, cf. adj. icatstse) hims
fi some (pl.) disa, ca emi k@ cit
fifi spit (vb.) pshtyn pitke (nn.) h!vati
fifl split an kautana bhintti
fi squeeze shtrngon klupn3tr, nuska p1yati
fi stand rri m kmb kaltr thati
fi star yll cirye star-
fl stick shkop, shufr ak3tai (obl.) das
fl stone gur krwee m3
fl straight drejt #js
fl suck thith dhyati
fl sun diell kau svr, s%ryas
flfi swell njtet staukkanatr vyati
flfl swim noton n3 prvat2
fl tail bisht @pas
fl that ai su, samp s
fl there aty, atje tane, omp ttra
they ata cey t@
thick trash sth5rs, bahuls
thin holl tans
think mndon plskana mnyat2, d!dh2ti
this ky se aym
fi thou ti tuwe tvm
fia thee (acc.) ty ci tvm
fl three tre trey tryas
throw hedh kar, sal kipti, syati
 29

Avestan Old Ch. Slavonic Lithuanian

sand psk sm%lis, smilts
fi say mraoiti, aoxte reet, povst sko, tria
fl scratch struet ibr$ia, dreskia
sea zraii4 morje j6ra
see va2naiti vidit mto
seed taoxma, irm sme s$kla
sew ijet siva
sharp tir4 ostr atrs
short mrzu- kratk trupas
sing pojet dainoja
sit 3ste sdit s$di
fi skin suri koa da
fl sky asma (diiau-, Daevic) nebo dangs
sleep xvafsaiti spit miga
small kasu mal mas
smell (intr.) vonjajet kvpia
fi smoke dym d6mai
fi smooth gladk gldnas, gluds
fi snake ai zmija gyvt
fi snow (nn.) vafra- sng snigas
fi some (pl.) jeteri, nkyji ka kuri
fifi spit (vb.) sp3ma- (nn.) pljujet spiuna
fifl split dardairii3t (opt.) (cpit) sklia
fi squeeze ttit suspudia
fi stand hitaiti stojit stvi
fi star st3r4 (pl.) zvzda vaigd
fl stick lazd
fl stone asma kamy akmu
fl straight rzu prav tiess
fl suck sset nda, iupia
fl sun huuar slnce sul
flfi swell sispimn4 (ptc.) tna, brnksta
flfl swim plovet plakia, plako
fl tail duma- opa (oes, oib) uodeg
fl that h4 t, on, je- ts
fl there tu te
they t2 oni, je- ji
thick debel stras
thin tnk plnas
think mainiiete myslit galvja, d5mja
this a2m s, ov s
fi thou t5m ty t
fia thee (acc.) am tebe tan
fl three r3ii4 trje tr@s
throw ahiieiti, spaiieiti metet, vret mta
 30

Old English Old Irish Latin

sand sand ganem har2na
fi say sg asbeir d1cit
fl scratch plicge, scrip scrpaid scabit
sea s7 muir, fairrge mare
see sieh adc videt
seed s7d sl s2men
sew s1wa aigid suit
sharp scearp, hws gr, eth ac5tus
short scort gerr, cumair, berr brevis
sing sing canaid canit
sit sitt saidid sedet
fi skin h6d cnes cutis
fl sky heofon nem caelum
sleep sl7p contuili dormit
small l6tel, sml bec parvos
smell (intr.) stinc bolad (nn.) olet
fi smoke r2oc, smoca d f5mus
fi smooth sm2e rid l2vis
fi snake wyrm, ndre, snaca nathir anguis
fi snow (nn.) sn3w snechte nix
fi some (pl.) sume araile aliqu1
fifi spit (vb.) sp7tt, spitt saile (nn.) spuit
fifl split cl1ef dlongid findit, scindit
fi squeeze ring fiscid premit
fi stand stent doairisethar stat
fi star steorra rtglu st2lla
fl stick sticca, stf slatt baculum
fl stone st3n lie, cloch lapis
fl straight riht driuch r2ctus
fl suck s6c, s6g denait (pl.), sigid s5git
fl sun sunne gran s4l
flfi swell swil attaid tumet
flfl swim swim snad nat
fl tail tgl err cauda
fl that s2 sin ille
fl there 7r tall ibi
they h1e e1
thick icce tiug, remor crassus
thin ynne tanae, sim tenuis
think (ge)enc, hyg imrdi, smainid c4gitat
this 2s so hic
fi thou 5 t t5
fia thee (acc.) 2 -t- t2
fl three r1e tr tr2s
throw wierp foceird, sred, dolici iacit
 31

Luvian Lycian Tocharian A

sand w3ry3c
fi say 3ssatti (?) trk
fl scratch
sea alasammis (?) s3mudtr
see man3ti lk3
seed warwalan s3rm, kt3lyi
sew
sharp
short mannakunas
sing piy3- (?)
sit asti m
fi skin ; yats
fl sky tappassa eprer
sleep klisn3
small lykly, tsru
smell (intr.) wr
fi smoke
fi smooth
fi snake 3ral
fi snow (nn.)
fi some (pl.) ome
fifi spit (vb.) tapp3tti
fifl split kotna
fi squeeze wisiti
fi stand t3i sttati klytr
fi star re (pl.)
fl stick winal top
fl stone p3re
fl straight
fl suck
fl sun tiwaz ko
flfi swell
flfl swim
fl tail
fl that ap3s sm
fl there tma
they -ata, apinzi - (acc.), ebtte (dat.) cem
thick
thin
think maliti pltsk3
this z3s ebe ss
fi thou t1 tu
fia thee (acc.) t5 cu
fl three tarris tri tre
throw worta- (pret.)
 32

Old Persian Old Prussian Latvian

sand sixdo (E) smlts
fi say 3tiy (ah-) gerdawi (sg.) tic, saka
fl scratch kasa, ka
sea draya i5rin (loc.?), <j>uriay (E) jra
see vainatiy widdai (pret.) redz
seed semen (E) skla
sew uj
sharp tigra ass
short 1nsan (acc.) ss
sing gr1mons (pret. ptc.) dzid
sit syndens (ptc.) sd, se
fi skin keuto (E) da
fl sky asm3 dangan (acc.), dangus (E) debess
sleep meicte (inf., G) gul
small likuts mazs
smell (intr.) , smifid
fi smoke dumis (E) dmi
fi smooth gludens
fi snake angis (E) ska
fi snow (nn.) snaygis (E) snegs
fi some (pl.) *kaiiy (?) dai
fifi spit (vb.) splaj, splada
fifl split skada, kel
fi squeeze spi
fi stand st3- stall3 stv
fi star lauxnos (pl., E) zvigzne
fl stick laxde (?; E) spikis, nja
fl stone as3, aanga- stabis (E) akmens
fl straight tisns, tes
fl suck z
fl sun saule (E) sale
flfi swell pmpst, tkst
flfl swim ped
fl tail aste
fl that ava stas tas
fl there avad3 stwen tr
they tennei vini
thick bezs, resns
thin tivs
think maniyataiy pom1rit (?; inf.) dm
this iyam, hauv schis is
fi thou tuvam to5 tu
fia thee (acc.) uv3m tien tevi
fl three *i- [t1rts rd] trs
throw ahiyatiy [metis (nn., E)] met, svi
 33

Gothic Old Norse Old High German

sand malma sandr sant
fi say qii segir, kver quidit, sag2t
fl scratch skefr crazz4t
sea marei haf, sr / sjr meri, s2o
see sai sr sihit
seed fraiw fr / frj s3mo
sew siuji saumar n3it
sharp ass hvass, skarpr scarf, was
short skammr kurz, skemmi
sing siggwi syngr, gelr singit
sit siti sitr sizzit
fi skin fill h, skinn h5t, fel
fl sky himins himinn himil
sleep sl2pi sfr sl3fit
small leitils ltill, smr luzzil, smal
smell (intr.) efr stinkit
fi smoke reykr rouh
fi smooth slahts slttr sleht, eban
fi snake warms, (?) nadrs ormr, nar n3tra, wurm
fi snow (nn.) snaiws snr / snjr sn2o
fi some (pl.) sumai sumir sume
fifi spit (vb.) speiwi hrkir, sptir sp1wit
fifl split klfr kliubit, speltit
fi squeeze reihi ryngr drucchit
fi stand standi stendr stentit, st2t
fi star starn4 stjarna sterro
fl stick hrugga kefli gerta, ruota
fl stone stains steinn stein
fl straight rahts rttr, beinn reht
fl suck sgr s5git
fl sun sauil, sunn4 sl sunna
flfi swell svellr, rtnar swillit
flfl swim svimmr swimmit
fl tail hali zagal
fl that sa s der
fl there ar ar d3r
they eis eir sie
thick ykkr dicchi
thin unnr dunni
think hugji, fraji hugsar, hyggr denkit
this sa sj, essi dese
fi thou 5 d5
fia thee (acc.) uk ik dih
fl three reis rr dr1
throw warpi verpr, kastar wirfit
 34

Welsh Oscan Umbrian

sand tywod
fi say dweud (dywedyd) dekum (inf.) deitu (iptv.)
fl scratch crafu
sea mr
see gwel(e)d uirseto (ptc. nt.)
seed hedyn
sew gwno
sharp llym, miniog
short byr, cwta
sing canu kanetu (iptv.)
sit eistedd sersitu (iptv.)
fi skin croen
fl sky wybren
sleep cysgu, huno
small bach, bychan malaks (?; acc. pl.)
smell (intr.) arogli
fi smoke mwg
fi smooth llyfn
fi snake neidr, sarff
fi snow (nn.) eira
fi some (pl.) rhai
fifi spit (vb.) poeri
fifl split hollti
fi squeeze gwasgu
fi stand sefyll stat stahitu (iptv.)
fi star seren
fl stick ffon, gwialen percam (?; acc.)
fl stone carreg, maen vapefle (abl.)
fl straight union
fl suck sugno, dyfnu
fl sun haul
flfi swell chwyddo
flfl swim nofio
fl tail cynffon
fl that hynny lleis (gen.) uru (abl.), ulu (adv.)
fl there yna ifei (?) ife, ef, eruk
they nhw iusc eaf (fem. acc.)
thick tew
thin tenau
think meddwl
this hyn ekk (nt.) eso (fem.)
fi thou ti tiium
fia thee (acc.) ti, di tiu, tiom
fl three tri trs trif (acc.)
throw taflu
 35

Hittite Armenian Greek

tie ishai, hamanki kap de
tongue lalas lezow gltta
tooth gagas atamn dow
tree t3ru ca dndron
turn (intr.) wehzi, n2a danay trpetai, strfetai
two d3n (adv.) erkow do
vomit orcay e
fi walk iyatta ri peripate
fl warm 3nz erm yerw
wash 3rri, warpzi lowanay loei, nzei; plnei
water w3tar owr dvr
we w2s mekh ew
a us (acc.) anz3s mez w
wet hurniyanz xonaw grw, noterw
what kuit zi t
when kuwapi erb pte
where kuwapi owr po
white harkis spitak leukw
fi who kuis o tw
fl wide palhis layn erw
wife kuwanz kin gun
wind (nn.) huwanz hom neow
wing partawar, pattar thew ptruj
wipe 3nssi n pottei
with katti- handerj sn
woman kuwanz kin gun
woods tiessar anta, mayri lh
worm ordn sklhj
fi ye sum2s dowkh ew
fia you (acc.) sum3s jez w
fl year w1z am, tari tow, niautw
yellow hahlawanz dein janyw
 36

Albanian Tocharian B Vedic Sanskrit

tie lidh anmstr, badhnti, syti,
krka nhyati, dyti
tongue gjuh kantwo jihv
tooth dhmb keme dn
tree dru st3m v#ks
turn (intr.) sillet, kthehet kluttaktr, sporttotr vrtat2, v#kt@
two dy wi dv
vomit villet akai yama vmiti
fi walk ecn ya gcchati
fl warm ngroht emalle us
wash lan laikanatr n@n2kti
water uj war vr (ud()n-)
we ne wes vaym
a us (acc.) ne wes asmn
wet lagt, njom *kar1tstse 3rdrs
what kuse kd, km
when kur ente kad
where ku kv, ktra
white bardh 3rkwi rjunas, v2ts
fi who kush kuse ks
fl wide gjer aurtstse p#ths, urs
wife grua ana ptn1, j3y, jn1
wind (nn.) er yente vtas, v3ys
wing flet paks, parm
wipe fshin lyy3str mri
with me le smt, sah
woman grua klyiye jn1
woods pyll wartto, kar3 vnam
worm krimb yel kmis
fi ye ju yes y5ym
fia you (acc.) ju yes yumn
fl year vit pikul vatsars
yellow verdh tute hris
 37

Avestan Old Ch. Slavonic Lithuanian

tie hi3iia (pf.), bandaiieiti sveet, povrzet ra
tongue hizuua jezyk lievis
tooth dant3n4 (pl.), d3t3- zob dants
tree vana drvo, dob mdis
turn (intr.) uruuisiieiti obratit se veiasi
two duua dva d
vomit vam- bljujet vmia
fi walk asaiti idet, xodit ena
fl warm garm4, tapt4 topl itas
wash snaiieiti, na2niaiti myjet mazgja
water 3f voda vandu
we va2m my ms
a us (acc.) ahma nas ms
wet napt4 mokr lpias
what kat to ks
when kaa kogda kad
where k5, kura kde ku
white spa2ta-, auru4 bl bltas
fi who k4 kto ks
fl wide pru, paan4 irok plats
wife n3iri, n3ir1ka ena mon
wind (nn.) v3t4 vtr v$jas
wing parnm krilo spanas
wipe tret losto
with mat, haa s s
woman aini, n3iri, str1 ena mteris
woods razurm ls mkas
worm rv kirml%
fi ye y5m vy j7s
fia you (acc.) v4 (encl.) vas js
fl year y3r lto mtai
yellow zairi, zairit4 lt geltnas
 38

Old English Old Irish Latin

tie bint, t1g conrig, naiscid, cenglaid ligat
tongue tunge tengae lingua
tooth t4 dt d2ns
tree tr2ow crann arbor
turn (intr.) went sd vertitur
two tw2gen du duo
vomit sp1w sced vomit
fi walk gange, g7 cingid, tit (tagait) ambulat
fl warm wearm t tepidus
wash wieh, wsc nigid lavat
water wter uisce aqua
we w2 sn n4s
a us (acc.) 5s -n- n4s
wet w7t, f5ht fliuch 5midus
what hwt cid quid
when hwonne cuin quand4
where hw7r cairm ubi
white hw1t find, bn albus
fi who hw3 ca quis
fl wide br3d, w1d lethan l3tus
wife w1f, cw2n ben, stig uxor
wind (nn.) wind geth ventus
wing fieru ette, scath 3la
wipe w1pa terget
with mid co cum
woman w1f ben mulier
woods weald, wudu caill, fid, ross silva
worm wyrm cruim vermis
fi ye g2 s v4s
fia you (acc.) 2ow -b- v4s
fl year g2ar bladain annus
yellow geolu buide fl3vos
 39

Luvian Lycian Tocharian A

tie hishiti, h3piti krk-
tongue l3lis kntu
tooth kam
tree t3m
turn (intr.) kuwal1ti (?) sparcwatr
two kbi wu
vomit
fi walk y
fl warm s3t
wash 1lh3ti, l3hunti lik
water w3rsa wr
we was
a us (acc.) 3nza was
wet wipo
what ku1 ti kus
when kuwati nt3, kupre
where kuwar(i) (?) teli t3
white 3rki
fi who kuis ti kus
fl wide wrts
wife lada
wind (nn.) want
wing aruti
wipe ammassiti ly3sec (pl.)
with ese la
woman wanattis, w3nas kuli
woods wrt, k3r3
worm walyi (pl.)
fi ye yas
fia you (acc.) 5nza(s) yas
fl year ussis uhi pkul
yellow hahhaluwantis
 40

Old Persian Old Prussian Latvian

tie band- perr2ist (inf.) sen
tongue haz3na- insuwis (E) mle
tooth dantis (E) zbs
tree garian (E) kks
turn (intr.) vartataiy wartinna v8r, gre
two *duva- dwai divi
vomit wimbmis (form??; G) vemj
fi walk it, stag
fl warm slts
wash [aum5snan (nn.)] mazg
water 3pi unds, wundan (E) dens
we vayam mes ms
a us (acc.) mans (dat. no5mas) ms
wet slapj
what ka kas
when kadan kad
where quei kr
white gaylis (E) bats
fi who ka kas kas
fl wide plats
wife gennan (acc.), genno (E) siva
wind (nn.) wetro (E) vj
wing sp9rns
wipe slaka
with had3 sen ar
woman gennan (acc.), genno (E) sivite
woods median (E) mes
worm [slayx earthworm (E)] t9rps
fi ye io5s js
fia you (acc.) wans js
fl year ard- mettan (E) gads
yellow gelatynan (E) dzetens
 41

Gothic Old Norse Old High German

tie bindi bindr bintit
tongue tugg4 tunga zunga
tooth tunus tonn zan
tree bagms tr boum
turn (intr.) wandei hverfr, snr wentit, k2rit
two twai tveir zw2ne
vomit spr sp1wit
fi walk gaggi gengr gengit, g2t
fl warm warms varmr warm
wash wahi vr waskit
water wat4 vatn wazzar
we weis vr wir
a us (acc.) uns(is) oss unsih
wet nats vtr naz, f5hti
what a hvat waz
when an hvenr wanne
where ar hvar w3r
white eits hvtr w1z
fi who as hverr wer
fl wide brais vr, breir breit, w1t
wife q2ns kona quena, gimahha
wind (nn.) winds vindr wint
wing vngr federah
wipe biswarbi swirbit
with mi me mit
woman qin4 kona w1b
woods vir, mork, skgr wald, holz
worm maa ormr, makr wurm
fi ye j5s r ir
fia you (acc.) izwis yr iuwih
fl year j2r, an(s?), atani r j3r
yellow gulr gelo
 42

Welsh Oscan Umbrian

tie rhwymo, clymu
tongue tafod fangvam (acc.)
tooth dant dunte[s] (abl. pl.?)
tree coeden, pren
turn (intr.) troi couertu (iptv.), vurtus (fut. pf.)
two dau dur
vomit chwydu, cyfogi
fi walk cerdded amboltu (iptv.)
fl warm cynnes
wash golchi vutu (iptv.)
water dr aapam (acc.) utur, un-
we ni
a us (acc.) ni
wet gwlyb
what (pa) beth pd pifle
when pryd (< pa bryd)
where ble (< pa le) puf pufe
white gwyn, can alfu (pl. nt.)
fi who pwy ps pisi
fl wide llydan
wife gwraig
wind (nn.) gwynt
wing asgell, adain
wipe sychu
with gyda com com
woman menyw, gwraig usurs (?; acc. pl.)
woods coedwig, gw#dd
worm pryf, abwydyn
fi ye chwi uus [Paelignian]
fia you (acc.) chwi
fl year blwyddyn akene (loc.) acnu (acc.)
yellow melyn
 43

Hittite Armenian Greek

arm ishunau (?) bazowk braxvn
arrow n3tas net ostw, blow, tjeua
ask punuszi harchan rvti
autumn z2nanz aown fyinpvron
fi be awake arriezzi (h)sk, arthown kay grgore (pf.)
fl ax ates, summittanz tapar jnh, plekuw
axle jvn
be 2szi , kay st
bear (nn.) hartaggas ar rktow
beard zamankur mawrowk h pgvn
bee meow litta
be born hassanz 2szi cnani ggnetai
bow (nn.) aen tjon
branch alkistas kor, ost kldow
fi break (tr.) duwarnizzi bekan, phr katarrgnusi, katgnusi
fl bronze pinj xalkw
brother negnas ebayr delfw
brother-in-law gaenas taygr dar
bull chowl, zowarak tarow
buy w3si gn netai
carry p2dai, udai ber, kr frei
cattle (pl.) arak h bew
collect (tr.) liszi, tarupzi oov, khae sullgei
comb (nn.) sandr ktew
fi cook (vb.) zanu- hasowchan pttei
fl cow kov bow
darkness dankuyatar xawar, mowth sktow
daughter dowstr yugthr
daughter-in-law (gaenas ?) now, harsn nuw
door arasas (-is ?) dowrk h yra
drive (tr.) pennai, 5nnai, nannai lanei
duck lahanz ntta
eight owth kt
elbow armowk(n) gkn
fi eyebrow ineras yawnkh frw
fl father-in-law gaenas (s)kesrayr, aner penyerw
field [plowed] A. terippi art, and, agaak grw
finger kalulupas matn dktulow
fly (nn.) mi, an ua
follow 3ppanda paizzi z-het (z-kni) gnay petai, kolouye
free arawas azat leyerow
furrow alaj
go paizzi erthay, gnay rxetai (nai)
goat ayc xaira
fi gold oski xrusw
 44

Albanian Tocharian B Vedic Sanskrit

arm krah pokai (obl.) b3hs
arrow shigjet prere, tsai us, rus
ask pyet prek p#cchti
autumn vjesht art
fi be awake sht i zgjuar 3ksau nes j3gra (pf.)
fl ax spat peret paras
axle bosht em kas
be sht nes (ey), msketr sti
bear (nn.) ari kas
beard mjekr mru
bee blet kroke mkas (pl.)
be born lindet tnmastr jyat2
bow (nn.) (h)ark wntalyi (obl.) (?) dhnva
branch deg kar3k kh3, vay
fi break (tr.) thyen kautana bhankti
fl bronze bronc, tunxh l4hm (yas ?)
brother vlla procer bhrt3
brother-in-law kunat d2v
bull ka kauure uk, v#abhs
buy blen krn3str kr1ti
carry bart, on par bhrati
cattle (pl.) gjedha kewi, oksai gvas
collect (tr.) mbledh kraupna, k3ratsi (inf.) sm / pri cin4ti
comb (nn.) krehr seri (?) kkatas
fi cook (vb.) gatuan pak pcati
fl cow lop keu gus, va
darkness errsir, terr orkame tmas
daughter bij tk3cer duhit
daughter-in-law nuse snu
door der twere dvr3 (du.)
drive (tr.) nget kaltr jati
duck ros
eight tet okt a
elbow brryl aratns
fi eyebrow vetull prw3ne (du.) bhr%s
fl father-in-law vjehr(r) vuras
field [plowed] ar mie urvr3, k@tram
finger gisht pr3ri agris
fly (nn.) miz tanaulyka (pl.) mkik3 (?)
follow ndjek koloktr scat2
free lir sv3dh!nas
furrow braz, hulli s!t3
go vete, shkon ya @ti, gcchati
goat dhi (*3s, cf. adj. aiye) ajs
fi gold ar, flori yasa hrayam
 45

Avestan Old Ch. Slavonic Lithuanian

arm b3z3u myca rank
arrow iu strla strl%, v@lyia
ask prsaiti vprosit klusia
autumn jesen rudu
fi be awake a3ra (pf.) bdit nemiga, bda
fl ax ta4 skyra (brady) kivis
axle os as
be asti jest yr (es-)
bear (nn.) ar4 medvd lok@s, mek
beard brada barzd
bee bela bt, bits
be born zaiiete radajet gmsta
bow (nn.) anuuar lok lakas
branch fraspar4, frauu3x- vtv, vja ak
fi break (tr.) sandaiieiti lomit luia
fl bronze aii4 (?) md brnza
brother br3ta brat(r) brlis
brother-in-law dver vgeris, svinis
bull uxa byk blius
buy kupit peka
carry baraiti nosit na
cattle (pl.) g3uu4 *govedo (nuta) galvjai
collect (tr.) hanaiieiti sberet reka
comb (nn.) greben, esl, esalo kos
fi cook (vb.) paaiti varit vrda
fl cow g3u krava krv
darkness tm4 tma, mrak tams
daughter dua dt dukt%
daughter-in-law snxa mart
door duuar dvr drys
drive (tr.) azaiti enet vro, gna
duck oty ntis
eight ata osm atuon
elbow arn4 lakt alk6n
fi eyebrow bruuat- brv atakiai
fl father-in-law v
x asur4 svekr ovis
field [plowed] karu vrt, vrtograd dirv, lakas
finger rzu prst pitas
fly (nn.) maxi mxa mus%
follow haaite v sld idet ska
free svobod lasvas, liosas
furrow kar4 brazda vag
go a2iti, asaiti idet ena
goat koza ok
fi gold zaranim zlato uksas
 46

Old English Old Irish Latin

arm earm lm, de bracchium
arrow earh saiget sagitta
ask frign, 3sca immcomairc, iarmifoig rogat
autumn hrfest fogamar autumnus
fi be awake waca vigilat
fl ax cs bail, tag sec5ris
axle eax fertas axis
be is (bi, b2on/wesan) is, at (biid) est (fu-)
bear (nn.) bera math ursus
beard beard fsc barba
bee b2o bech apis
be born wier geboren gainithir n3scitur
bow (nn.) boga fidbocc arcus
branch b4g, telga, twig creb, gc, gscae r3mus
fi break (tr.) bric brisid, conboing frangit, rumpit
fl bronze 3r umae aes
brother br4or brthair fr3ter
brother-in-law t3cor cliamain l2vir
bull fearr tarb taurus
buy byg crenaid emit
carry bir beirid fert
cattle (pl.) hr1eru, n2at bo bov2s
collect (tr.) gadera, samna, lis doinla, doecmalla colligit
comb (nn.) camb cr pecten
fi cook (vb.) gegearwa fono coquit
fl cow c5 b vacca
darkness 2ostru temel, dorchae tenebrae
daughter dohtor ingen f1lia
daughter-in-law snoru nurus
door duru dorus foris, i3nua, 4stium
drive (tr.) dr1f adaig agit
duck ened lachu anas
eight eahta ocht oct4
elbow elnboga uilenn cubitus
fi eyebrow ofarbr5 br, forbr supercilium
fl father-in-law sw2or cliamain socer
field [plowed] cer gort arvom
finger finger mr digitus
fly (nn.) fl2oge cuil musca
follow folga sechithir sequitur
free fr2o ser l1ber
furrow furh etarche sulcus
go g7, fr, gange tit (tagat) it
goat g3t gabor capra
fi gold gold r aurum
 47

Luvian Lycian Tocharian A

arm poke
arrow pr
ask prak
autumn ypsant (?)
fi be awake w3wru na
fl ax porat
axle
be 3sti esi na (e), mskatr
bear (nn.)
beard
bee kroe
be born tmntr
bow (nn.) acl
branch karke
fi break (tr.) m3lh5ti, tatarhti kotna
fl bronze
brother n3nais nni pracar
brother-in-law
bull kayur
buy ije
carry patzati (?) prtr
cattle (pl.) kowi
collect (tr.) kropna
comb (nn.)
fi cook (vb.) pk
fl cow w3w1s wawa ko
darkness orkm
daughter duttariyatis kbatra ck3car
daughter-in-law
door
drive (tr.) paprai
duck
eight aitta okt
elbow
fi eyebrow kuwannanis prw3
fl father-in-law
field [plowed] mii (?*)
finger pr3r
fly (nn.)
follow skn3m3 (?; ptc.)
free (arawa freedom)
furrow
go 1ti y
goat 3s
fi gold ws
 48

Old Persian Old Prussian Latvian

arm irmo (E) rka
arrow buta
ask parsatiy jat, vac, prasa
autumn assanis (E) rudens
fi be awake bud2 ir nmd
fl ax isuv3 (?) bile (E) crvis
axle assis (E) ass
be astiy est ir (esmu)
bear (nn.) clokis (E) lcis
beard bordus (E) b9rda
bee bitte (E) bite
be born gemmons (pret. ptc.) pedzem, pedzmst
bow (nn.) *anuvan-, *vaa- lks (stps ?)
branch wipis (E) zars
fi break (tr.) l1mauts (pret.) la
fl bronze bronza
brother br3t3 br3ti brlis
brother-in-law svanis
bull *ara(n)- (?) lonix (E) bulis
buy p8rk
carry baratiy p1dai nes
cattle (pl.) pecku (sg.) lilpi
collect (tr.) senr1nka krj, lasa, pulcina
comb (nn.) coysnis (E) keme
fi cook (vb.) vra, vr
fl cow *gav- klente (E) gvs
darkness tmsa
daughter duckti meta
daughter-in-law m3rtin (acc.) vedekla
door duvar- wartin (acc.), warto (E) drvis
drive (tr.) gunnimai (pl.) dzen
duck antis (E) ple
eight [asmus th] astni
elbow alkunis (E) lkonis
fi eyebrow wubri (?; E) uzacs
fl father-in-law tisties (E) vratvs, sivastvs
field [plowed] laucks, samye<n> (E) trums, laks
finger pirsten (E) prksts
fly (nn.) muso (E) mua
follow r1piaiti (iptv. pl.) sek
free pow1rps brvs
furrow redo (E) vaga
go aitiy 2it it
goat wosee (E) kaza
fi gold daraniyam ausin (acc.), ausis (E) zlts
 49

Gothic Old Norse Old High German

arm arms armleggr, handleggr, hond arm
arrow arazna or str3la
ask frahni spyrr, frttir fr3g2t, eisc4t
autumn asans haust herbist
fi be awake ()wakai vakir wahh2t
fl ax aqizi x acchus, barta
axle oxull ahsa
be ist (wisan) er (vera) is (bim, wesan)
bear (nn.) bjorn bero
beard skegg bart
bee bfluga b1na, bini
be born gabarada er borinn ist giboran
bow (nn.) bogi bogo
branch asts grein, kvistr ast, zwelga, zw1g
fi break (tr.) briki brtr brihhit
fl bronze ais eir 2r
brother br4ar brir bruoder
brother-in-law mgr sw3gur
bull jrr, graungr, boli far
buy bugji kaupir coufit
carry bari berr tregit
cattle (pl.) naut(f) rindir
collect (tr.) (ga)lisi samnar, less lisit, saman4t
comb (nn.) kambr camb
fi cook (vb.) matbr cohh4t
fl cow kr kuo
darkness riqis myrkr finstarnessi, tunkal1
daughter dahtar dttir tohter
daughter-in-law br5s snor, mgkona snura
door dar(4ns), hards dyrr, hur turi
drive (tr.) dreibi, draibei rekr, keyrir tr1bit
duck ond anut
eight ahtau tta ahto
elbow olnbogi elinbogo
fi eyebrow brn br3wa
fl father-in-law swahra verfair, mgr swehur
field [plowed] akrs akr acchar
finger figgrs fingr fingar
fly (nn.) fluga flioga
follow laistei fylgir folg2t
free freis frjls fr1
furrow furuh
go gaggi, galeii gengr, ferr, lr gengit, g2t, ferit
goat gaits geit ziga, geiz
fi gold gul gull gold
 50

Welsh Oscan Umbrian

arm braich
arrow saeth
ask gofyn, holi ehueltu (?; iptv.)
autumn hydref
fi be awake bod (mae) ar ddi-hun
fl ax bwyall
axle echel
be bod, pres. sg. mae, yw est (fut. fust) est (fut. fust)
bear (nn.) arth
beard barf
bee gwenynen
be born geni cnatois (ptc. dat. pl.) [Pael.]
bow (nn.) bwa
branch cangen, cainc
fi break (tr.) torri
fl bronze efydd (aizniv adj. nt. pl.) (ahesnes adj. abl. pl.)
brother brawd fratrm (gen. pl.) frater (pl.)
brother-in-law brawd-yng-nghyfraith
bull tarw tauro (acc. ) turuf, toru (acc. pl.)
buy prynu emmens (pf. pl.) emantur (?; pass. pl. subj.)
carry cario, cludo feret (pl.) [Marruc.] fertu, portatu (iptv.)
cattle (pl.) gwartheg buf (acc.)
collect (tr.) casglu, cynnull
comb (nn.) crib *peten (?)
fi cook (vb.) coginio
fl cow buwch
darkness tywyllwch
daughter merch futr
daughter-in-law m.-y.-ngh., gwaudd
door drws
drive (tr.) gyrru aituta (iptv. pl.)
duck hwyad
eight wyth
elbow penelin
fi eyebrow ael
fl father-in-law tad-yng-nghyfraith
field [plowed] cae, maes arvam (acc.), ager
finger bys
fly (nn.) gwybedyn, cylionen
follow dilyn
free rhydd loufir [Paelignian]
furrow rhych, cwys
go myn(e)d eite (iptv. pl.) [Pael.] etu (iptv.)
goat gafr kaprum (acc.)
fi gold aur
 51

Hittite Armenian Greek

fl goose xn
grain (coll.) halkis h
c orean stow
grind mallezzi aay le
half (adj.) taksan ks isuw
fi have harzi, pl. harkanzi owni xei
fi hide (vb.) munnaezzi, sannai h h h
t ak owc an, cack krptei
fi honey milit mer li
fi horse ji ppow
fi house p2r, parn- town oka
fifi hundred hariwr katn
fifl jaw cnawt gnyow
fi join hapzi zowg sunptei
fi king hassus arkhay, thagawor basilew
fi knot hamboyc h a
fl lamb gan, bowc rn
fl lead (vb.) n3i var, ac, tani gei, getai
fl leave (tr.) d3lai lkhan, thoow lepei
fl lick lipzi, lilipai lizow lexei
fl lift karpiezzi banay arei
flfi light (nn.) lalukkimas loys fw
flfl lip puris owrthn xelow
fl livestock suppales eramak ktnh, boskata
fl make i2zzi an, gorc poie
fl middle (adj.) istarniyas m (noun) sow
milk kathn gla
mother-in-law (gaenas ?) h h
(s)kesowr, zok an penyer
mouse kaperz mowkn w
nail [of finger] sankuwais eowngn nuj
naked nekumanz merk gunw
fi navel falw
fl nine inn nna
now kinun ard nn
orphan kurimmas orb rfanw
ox ezn bow
pig xoz w, xorow
plow (vb.) t2ripzi jl ro
pour l3hui, suhhai, lelhuntaezzi heow xe
put d3i dn tyhsi
remember karta siya- yi, mtaber nhtai
fi roof suhha- yark, tanik h tgow, stgh, rof
fl row (vb.) lanei
send uppai, piezzi h
aak , y ppei
seven *siptan ewthn pt
shadow hovani, stower ski
sheep iyanz, *pikkus ? ohxar prbaton
 52

Albanian Tocharian B Vedic Sanskrit

fl goose pat hass
grain (coll.) bereqet, drith 3tre, ys3re yvas, dh3ns
grind bluan waltsana pini
half (adj.) gjysm yw3rtsa ardhs
fi have ka
fi hide (vb.) fsheh tukstr g%hati
fi honey mjalt mit, caut3 mdhu
fi horse kal yakwe vas
fi house shtpi ost dmas, g#hs
fifi hundred qind kante atm
fifl jaw nofull wicuko hnus
fi join bashkon, lidh tsuw yunkti
fi king mbret walo (l3nt-) rj3, r
fi knot komb, nyj granths
fl lamb qengj r3, ra-
fl lead (vb.) prin, udhheq 3 nyati
fl leave (tr.) l 3r rikti, jh3ti
fl lick lpin r@hi
fl lift ngre musn3tr, tal t sth3payati
flfi light (nn.) drit lyuke, lkutsaua rk, bhs, jy$tis
flfl lip buz lymine (du.) $has
fl livestock bagti pas
fl make bn yama k#$ti
fl middle (adj.) mesm ywark3e mdhyas
milk qumsht malkwer pyas, k1rm
mother-in-law vjehr(r) var%s
mouse mi mac1tsi (pl.) m%s
nail [of finger] thua mekwa (pl.) nakhs
naked lakuriq nagns
fi navel krthiz kele nbhis
fl nine nnt u nva
now tani, tash ake, tompok n%, n5nm
orphan jetim
ox ka okso gus
pig derr, thi suwo s5kars
plow (vb.) lron rapana krati, k#ti
pour derdh ku sicti
put v ta / t3 ddh3ti
remember mban mend epiyac kll3str smrati
fi roof ati, pullaz im, raktsi chads
fl row (vb.) vozit
send drgon lyewetr pr iyati
seven shtat ukt sapt
shadow hi(j)e skiyo ch3y
sheep dele aiyye, eye vis
 53

Avestan Old Ch. Slavonic Lithuanian

fl goose *gos ass
grain (coll.) yauu4 ito gr5da, java
grind meljet mla
half (adj.) na2m4 pol (nn.) ps- (pref.)
fi have imat tri
fi hide (vb.) guzaite skryjet slpia
fi honey *pa2na- med meds
fi horse asp4 konj arkl@s
fi house nm3nm dom btas
fifi hundred satm sto itas
fifl jaw *z3nu- eljust ndas
fi join yuninti (pl.) setajet sujngia
fi king xaii4 csar (kral) karlius
fi knot (ozl) mzgas
fl lamb agne, agnc rikas, avin%lis
fl lead (vb.) naiieiti, v3aiieiti vedet vda
fl leave (tr.) paiti.irinaxti ostavit palika
fl lick ra2zaite (pl.) liet lao
fl lift us.grn3iti vz-dvignet, -neset, -met klia
flfi light (nn.) rao4 svt vies
flfl lip aot4 ustna l6pa
fl livestock pasu skot g!voliai, band
fl make krnaoiti tvorit (dlajet) dro
fl middle (adj.) maiii4, mam4 srdnj vidurnis
milk paii4, xuu1s mlko penas
mother-in-law svekry ov, an!ta
mouse mys pel%
nail [of finger] sruua nogt ngas
naked man4 nag nogas
fi navel n3f4 pop(k) bmba
fl nine nauua devet devyn
now n5, n5rm nyn daba
orphan sir, sirota nalitis
ox g3u vol jutis
pig h5 svinija kial
plow (vb.) karaiti orjet ria
pour hinaiti ljet pla, leja
put da3iti kladet, po-loit, -stavit dda, stto
remember paitimareite po-mnet, -mnit atsmena
fi roof krov, strxa stgas
fl row (vb.) grebet ria
send slajet siuia
seven hapta sedm septyn
shadow *saii3- sn, stn e$lis
sheep anumaii4 ovca avs
 54

Old English Old Irish Latin

fl goose g4s gd 3nser
grain (coll.) corn ith, arbor fr5mentum
grind grint meilid molit
half (adj.) healf leth- d1midius
fi have hf tithai habet
fi hide (vb.) h6tt, hele, bed1egle ceilid, folugai c2lat, occulit, abdit
fi honey hunig mil mel
fi horse hors ech equos
fi house h5s tech domus
fifi hundred hund ct centum
fifl jaw c2ace, ceafl m3la
fi join f2g adcomla iungit
fi king cyning r r2x
fi knot cnotta snaidm n4dus
fl lamb lamb an agnus
fl lead (vb.) l7tt feidid d5cit
fl leave (tr.) l7tt licid, foacaib relinquit
fl lick licca ligid lingit
fl lift hef conocaib tollit
flfi light (nn.) l2oht soilse l5x, l5men
flfl lip lippa, weler bl labrum, labium
fl livestock feoh indile, crod pecus
fl make wyrc, maca dogn facit
fl middle (adj.) midd, middel mednach medius
milk meolc blicht lac
mother-in-law sweger socrus
mouse m5s luch m5s
nail [of finger] ngl ingen unguis
naked nacod nocht n5dus
fi navel nafola imbliu umbil1cus
fl nine nigon no novem
now n5 indorsa nunc
orphan st2opcild dlechtae orbus
ox oxa dam b4s
pig sw1n mucc s5s, porcus
plow (vb.) ere airid arat
pour g1ett doessim fundit
put sett, leg foceird (cuirethar) p4nit
remember geman cuimnigidir meminit
fi roof c, hr4f tugae t2ctum
fl row (vb.) r2w rd r2migat
send sent fodid mittit
seven seofon secht septem
shadow sceadu, sc5wa scth umbra
sheep sc2ap cera ovis
 55

Luvian Lycian Tocharian A

fl goose
grain (coll.) ws3r
grind
half (adj.)
fi have
fi hide (vb.) tpuk
fi honey malli
fi horse azzuwas (?) esbe yuk
fi house parnanza *prn... wat
fifi hundred knt
fifl jaw anwe (du.)
fi join tsw3
fi king handawatis (?) xtawati wl (l3nt-)
fi knot
fl lamb
fl lead (vb.) nan3i 3
fl leave (tr.) 3r
fl lick
fl lift wallitti musn3tr
flfi light (nn.) lk, lukone
flfl lip lyme (du.)
fl livestock
fl make 3ti adi ya (pl. ypec)
fl middle (adj.) yw3rck3 (adv.)
milk malke
mother-in-law
mouse
nail [of finger] maku (pl.)
naked
fi navel
fl nine nutta u
now n3nun t3prk
orphan
ox opsi (pl.)
pig
plow (vb.) p3tar (pret. pl.)
pour lil5wai ku
put duwai tadi, tuweti t3
remember opy3c kll3
fi roof
fl row (vb.)
send harwannitti lawa (subj.)
seven pt
shadow
sheep h3w1s xawa o (coll.)
 56

Old Persian Old Prussian Latvian

fl goose sansy (E) zss
grain (coll.) arrien (acc.), syrne (E) labba, grads
grind mal
half (adj.) puse
fi have turei
fi hide (vb.) apagaudayatiy auklipts (pret. ptc.) slpj, nglab
fi honey meddo (E) medus
fi horse asa camnet (G) zifigs
fi house *m3na- buttan mja, nams
fifi hundred smt(s)
fifl jaw klis
fi join send3uns (pret. ptc.) savin
fi king x3yaiya konagis (E) karalis, knin
fi knot mezgls
fl lamb eristian (E) jrs
fl lead (vb.) nayatiy wedd2 (pret.) ved
fl leave (tr.) atstj, pamet
fl lick liza
fl lift erl3ngi cel
flfi light (nn.) gisma
flfl lip warsus (E) lpa
fl livestock gai3 lpi
fl make kunautiy, dad3tiy tickinnimai (pl.) dara
fl middle (adj.) vidjs
milk dadan (E) pins
mother-in-law vramte, sivasmte
mouse pele
nail [of finger] nagutis (E) nags
naked kals, pliks
fi navel nabis (E) naba
fl nine *nav3 [new1nts th] devini
now n5ram t2nti palak, patlaban
orphan brenis
ox kurwan (acc.), curwis (E) v8rsis
pig swintian (E) cka
plow (vb.) [artoys plowman (E)] ar
pour pralieiton (pret. ptc.) lej
put dad3tiy saddinna lek
remember atminas
fi roof stogis (E) jmts
fl row (vb.) ar, ir
send *aiayatiy pertengginnons (pret. ptc.) sta, rada
seven [septmas th] septini
shadow na, pavnis
sheep camstian (E) ita
 57

Gothic Old Norse Old High German

fl goose gs gans
grain (coll.) karn korn corn
grind mali melr melit
half (adj.) halfs hlfr halb
fi have habai, aih hefir, hab2t
fi hide (vb.) filhi felr, hylr, leynir gibirgit, hilit
fi honey mili hunang honag
fi horse (as?) hross, hestr ros
fi house gards, razn hs h5s
fifi hundred tahunt2hund hundra zehanzug
fifl jaw kjoptr kinnibahho
fi join gawidi samlagar, samtengir fuogit, spennit
fi king iudans konungr kuning
fi knot kntr cnopf
fl lamb wirus, lamb lamb lamb
fl lead (vb.) tiuhi leiir leitit
fl leave (tr.) l2ti, bileii ltr, skilr eptir, leifir l3zit
fl lick bilaig4 sleikir lecch4t
fl lift hafji hefr, lyptir, reisir hefit
flfi light (nn.) liuha ljs lioht
flfl lip waril4m (dat. pl.) vorr leffur, lefs
fl livestock (kvik)f fihu
fl make tauji, warkei grir tuot, wirkit, mahh4t
fl middle (adj.) midjis mir mitti(l)
milk miluks mjolk miluh
mother-in-law swahr4 vermir, mgkona swigar
mouse ms m5s
nail [of finger] nagl nagal
naked naqas nkvir nacchot
fi navel nafli nabalo
fl nine niun nu niun
now nu n n5
orphan widuwarna fourlauss weiso
ox ahsus, ahsa oxi ohso
pig swein svn sw1n
plow (vb.) arji err erit
pour giuti hellir giuzit
put (ga)satji, (ga)lagji setr, leggr sezzit, legit, stelit
remember gaman, andagkei sik man, minnisk gihugit
fi roof hr4t ak dah
fl row (vb.) rr
send sandei sendir sentit
seven sibun sjau sibun
shadow skadus skuggi scato, sc5wo
sheep lamb saur sc3f
 58

Welsh Oscan Umbrian

fl goose gydd
grain (coll.) #d
grind malu kumaltu, comoltu (iptv.)
half (adj.) hanner
fi have hipid (pf. subj.) habetu (iptv.)
fi hide (vb.) cuddio, celu
fi honey ml
fi horse ceffyl, march
fi house t# trbm (acc.)
fifi hundred cant
fifl jaw gn, cern
fi join cydio, cysylltu
fi king brenin
fi knot clwm
fl lamb oen
fl lead (vb.) arwain, tywys
fl leave (tr.) gadael
fl lick llyfu
fl lift c(yf)odi sumtu (iptv.)
flfi light (nn.) golau
flfl lip gwefus
fl livestock da pequo (acc.)
fl make (gw)neud fakiiad (subj.) faia (subj.)
fl middle (adj.) canol, perfedd mefia (fem. loc.)
milk llaeth
mother-in-law mam-yng-nghyfraith
mouse llygoden
nail [of finger] ewin
naked noeth
fi navel bogail
fl nine naw nuvis (adv.)
now nawr (< yn awr)
orphan amddifad
ox ych, eidion
pig mochyn sim (acc.), porca (acc. pl.)
plow (vb.) aredig
pour tywallt
put gosod, dodi prffed (perf.) perstu (iptv.)
remember cofio memnim (inf.)
fi roof to
fl row (vb.) rhwyfo
send danfon
seven saith
shadow cysgod
sheep dafad uvef, oui (acc. pl.)
 59

Hittite Armenian Greek

ship naw naw, ploon
shoulder palta(na)s, kuttar ows ow
silver arcath rgurow
sister negas khoyr delf
fi sister-in-law (gaenas ?) nr glvw
fl six vech j
son pullas ? ordi, owstr uw
son-in-law kusas phesay gabrw
spin malkiezzi niwth ni, klyei
spring [season] hameshanz garown r
stay 3szi mnay, kay nei
steal t3iezzi goanay klptei
summer aman yrow
sweat (vb.) allaniezzi khrtni dri
fi sweet malittus anoy, khachr glukw
fl ten tasn dka
thousand hazar xlioi
twenty khsan ekosi
udder oyar, astw
wasp brt sfj
wear [clothes] w2sta zgecheal fore
weave ankan fanei
wheel h5rkis aniw troxw
widow kurimmas ayri xra
fi winter gimmanz jmen xein
fl wolf wetnas gayl lkow
wood t3ru phayt jlon, lh
wool hulana- bowrd rion
yoke iukan lowc zugn
young ammiyanz nor, mata now
tear [noun] ishahru artawsr dkru
 60

Albanian Tocharian B Vedic Sanskrit

ship anije olyi (obl.), kolmai (obl.) nus
shoulder sup 3ntse sas
silver ergjnd kante rajatm
sister motr er svs3
fi sister-in-law kunat nn3nd3
fl six gjasht kas
son bir soy s5ns, putrs
son-in-law dhndr jm3t3
spin tjerr k#tti
spring [season] prndver vasants
stay rri (ndenjur), qndron wsa, woloktr, thati, vsati
kaltr
steal vjedh karkatsi (inf.), klyp1tsi (inf.) muti
summer ver m3ye (adj.) gr1ms
sweat (vb.) drsin sy3tsi (inf.) siv@da (pf.)
fi sweet mbl sw3re madhurs
fl ten dhjet ak da
thousand mij yaltse sahsram
twenty njzet ik viats
udder gji, mjelm %dhar
wasp arz, grer
wear [clothes] mban yitr (ipf.), par vst2
weave ven, end w3patsi (inf.) vyati
wheel rrot yerkwantai (obl.) cakrm
widow ve vidhv3
fi winter dimr imprai (obl.) hm3, h2mants
fl wolf ujk vkas
wood dru or dru
wool lesh yok %r3
yoke zgjedh pyorye yugm
young ri maiwe yv3
tear [noun] lot akr5na (pl.) ru
 61

Avestan Old Ch. Slavonic Lithuanian

ship *n3uu- ladij lavas
shoulder dao, supti ramo, plete pet@s
silver rzatm srebro sidbras
sister xvaha sestra sesu
fi sister-in-law zlva svin, ma
fl six xuua est e
son pur4 (hunu, Daevic) syn s5ns
son-in-law z3m3ta zet ntas
spin predet vepia
spring [season] zarma2m, vahar vesna pavsaris
stay ostanet se lika
steal trfiieiti kradet vgia
summer ham- etva, lto vsara
sweat (vb.) xv1saiti potit se prakaitoja
fi sweet sladk salds
fl ten dasa deset dimt
thousand hazarm tysota t6kstantis
twenty v1saiti dva deseti dvdeimt
udder temu
wasp *vaa- (?) vapsv
wear [clothes] vaste nosit d%vi, vikia
weave tet udia
wheel axr4 kolo rtas
widow viauua vdova nal%
fi winter zii, aiig3m4 zima iem
fl wolf vhrk4 vlk vikas
wood d3uru drva mdis, mlkos
wool varna vlna vlnos
yoke igo (jarm) jngas
young yauua (*yuua) jun junas
tear [noun] asru- slza ara
 62

Old English Old Irish Latin

ship scip nau, long n3vis
shoulder eaxl, sculdor galu, formnae umerus
silver siolfor airget argentum
sister sweostor sur soror
fi sister-in-law gl4s
fl six siex s sex
son sunu macc f1lius
son-in-law 3um cliamain gener
spin spin snd net
spring [season] lencten errach v2r
stay b1tt anaid manet
steal stil gataid f5r3tur
summer sumor sam aest3s
sweat (vb.) sw7tt allas (nn.) s5dat
fi sweet sw2te milis dulcis
fl ten t1en deich decem
thousand 5sund mle m1lle
twenty twentig fiche v1gint1
udder 5der uth 5ber
wasp wfs vespa
wear [clothes] were gerit
weave wif figid texit
wheel hw2ol roth, droch rota
widow widuwe fedb vidua
fi winter winter gemred hiems
fl wolf wulf fel lupus
wood tr2ow, wudu fid lignum, m3teri2s
wool wull olann l3na
yoke geoc cuing iugum
young geong oac iuvenis
tear [noun] t2ar dr lacrima
 63

Luvian Lycian Tocharian A

ship olyi, kolm
shoulder es
silver nkic
sister *n3nas(a)ris ar
fi sister-in-law
fl six k
son nimuwizas tideimi se
son-in-law
spin
spring [season] yus3r
stay sakatr, klytr
steal krn3
summer me
sweat (vb.)
fi sweet mitgaimis sw3r
fl ten k
thousand wlts
twenty kbistta (?) wiki
udder
wasp
wear [clothes] wassatari ws-
weave wpatr
wheel wrknt
widow
fi winter rme
fl wolf ulipnis
wood t3ru or
wool *hulanis
yoke
young wir
tear [noun] 3kr
 64

Old Persian Old Prussian Latvian

ship *n3v- kuis
shoulder pette (E) plecs
silver ardatam sirablan (acc.), siraplis (E) sudrabs
sister swestro (E) msa
fi sister-in-law svane
fl six [wuschts flth] sei
son pua so5ns dls
son-in-law znts
spin v8rpj
spring [season] *v3hara- pavasaris
stay pol1nka palek
steal r3nctwei (inf.) zg
summer dagis (E) vasara
sweat (vb.) [prak3isnan (nn.)] svst
fi sweet sads
fl ten dessimpts desmit
thousand t5simtons (apl.) tksto
twenty divdesmit
udder tesmenis
wasp wobse (E) lapsene
wear [clothes] ns, vak
weave [tuckoris weaver (E)] a
wheel kelan (E) ritenis, rats
widow widdew5 atratne
fi winter semo (E) zema
fl wolf *varka- wilkis (E) vlks
wood d3ruv malko (G) kks
wool vina
yoke jgs
young maldai (pl.) jans
tear [noun] asara
 65

Gothic Old Norse Old High German

ship skip skip skef
shoulder amsans (acc. pl.) oxl scultira, ahsala
silver silubr silfr silabar
sister swistar systir swester
fi sister-in-law mgkona geswige
fl six sahs sex sehs
son sunus sonr sun
son-in-law m2gs mgr eidum
spin spinni spinnr spinnit
spring [season] vr lenzo
stay wisi dvelsk bil1bit
steal hlifi, stili stelr stilit
summer asans sumar sumar
sweat (vb.) sveitisk swizzit
fi sweet str suozi
fl ten tahun tu tehan
thousand 5sundi sund d5sunt
twenty twai tigjus tuttugu zweinzug
udder jgr 5tar
wasp
wear [clothes] wasji hefir w3tit sih
weave vefr wibit
wheel hvl / hjl rad
widow widuw4 ekkja wituwa
fi winter wintrus vetr wintar
fl wolf wulfs ulfr, vargr wolf
wood triu tr, vir holz, witu
wool wulla ull wolla
yoke jukuzi ok joh
young juggs ungr jung
tear [noun] tagr tr zahar
 66

Welsh Oscan Umbrian

ship llong
shoulder ysgwydd uze, onse (loc.)
silver arian aragetud (abl.)
sister chwaer
fi sister-in-law chwaer-yng-ngh.
fl six chwech
son mab puklum (acc.)
son-in-law mab-yng-ngh., daw
spin nyddu
spring [season] gwanwyn
stay aros
steal lladrata
summer haf
sweat (vb.) chwysu
fi sweet melys
fl ten deg desen-
thousand mil
twenty ugain
udder pwrs
wasp cacynen, picwnen
wear [clothes] gwisgo
weave gwau
wheel olwyn, rhod anei (?; loc.)
widow gweddw
fi winter gaeaf
fl wolf blaidd
wood pren, coed
wool gwln
yoke iau
young ifanc iouie (acc. pl.)
tear [noun] deigryn