ANALYSIS OF PREDOMINANCE OF PHYSICAL

PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOMETRIC
PSYCOLOGICAL AND OVERALL
PLAYING ABILITY AMONG
WOMEN BASKET BALL
PLAYERS

An Abstract of the Thesis submitted to the Bharathiar University, Coimbatore

in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the award of the Degree of

DOCTOR OFPHILOSOPHY
IN
PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Submitted by
M. SATHYA

Under the guidance of

Dr. A. MAHABOOBJAN, Ph.D.,

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

BHARATHIAR UNIVERSITY
COIMBATORE - 641 046
MAY 2017
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INTRODUCTION

Sport has a very prominent role in modern society. It is

important to an individual or a group or a nation-indeed the whole

world. Sport has ever reflected developments in society. Sport, indeed

has been a mirror of society. Sport is an institutionalized competitive

activity that involves vigorous physical exertion or the use of relatively

complex physical skills by individuals whose participation is

motivated by a combination of the intrinsic satisfaction associated

with the activity itself and external reward earned through

participation.

Sports have great importance in human life. In this present

day, not much importance was given to sports in the country. But,

now it was realized that sports are very useful. So, every educational

institution of the country provides sports for all. As a matter of fact,

sports are necessary part of education. Sports teach many qualities

for the students. When they take part in sports, they have to obey

some rules. So, sports teach discipline, which is very useful in practical

life.

Modern world is the outcome of many scientific inventions

through centuries. Scientific instruments and machinery have helped

to lead the daily life with ease and comfort. The modern man depends

mostly upon the scientific equipment for his daily routine, involving
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mainly his mental powers to have a comfortable life, resulting in fall

and deterioration in his physical health and capacity.

Physical education is an integral part of education aims at

all round development of man. It is education through physical

activities for the development of the total personality of the child of its

fitness and perfection in body, mind and spirit.

Training has been explained as a programme of exercise

designed to improve the skills and increase the energy capacities of an

athletes for particular event Basketball game is played all over the

world. Over the years this versatile game is played all over the world.

Over the years this versatile game has established an important is due

to its physical and educational values as well as to its tremendous

dynamics.

Court games are unique in the same that they are played

in the relatively small area and involve the handling of a hall or

similar object and often an implement. It requires a high degrees of

running, maneuverability and total body agility in order to gain good

court position and compete with ones opponent on both offensive and

defensive maneuvers. Fast starting, stopping, dodging darting and

acceleration are the fundamental requirements of a good court play.

Silence court games often involve of a vigorous rate a high level

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anaerobic endurance and also good jumping ability is of great

importance.

The attraction of the basketball game lies in the fact that it

is fast moving and played on small court. All the competitive level

basketball demands a high level of technical and tactical skills and

attributes of speed, strength endurance and mobility.

Basketball is a game of movements. Some body once said

when the going got tough the tough get going to avoid a breakdown of

still like missing on easy shot, throwing a bad pass or loosing

opponent competition game conditions.

It is identified that present basketball players perform

mainly the movements such as quick starting, sudden stopping,

change of direction, sudden accumulation of speed quick jumping and

shutting with an without ball. The highly skillful in basketball

fundamental technique are various passes, receiving, dribbling, lay-up

shooting, rebounding inducing faking and fainting. The physical

fitness should be developed and late an combined with the skill which

will giver way to achieve a good sport form. The decrease or increase

in any component of physical fitness can affect the motor co-

ordination.
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The basic of basketball throwing at an elevated target is

very old. According to documents by scientists writers and

historians. The old civilized nations of Central America, the hytects,

mayas and Incas, used to play a game which can be regarded as the

force runner of present day basketball. The field consisted of two

areas marked by different colors and separated by a groove. There

were stone rings in the walls at the narrow ends through which a

rubber ball had to be pushed either with the shoulder, or the knee.

Also with the Normans in Brittany and Normandy some 1,000 years

ago in the ball game houses of the middle ages, and later among the

inhabitants of Florida a game was played where wicket baskets

attached to high pots had to be hit.

Today basketball is the fastest growing sport in the world.

Some of the reasons for the games growth include the following.

1. Basketball is a tremendously popular spectator sport,

particularly on television.

2. The nature of the game keeps people involved, although

basketball was inverted as an indoor sport, it is now played indoors

and outdoors in all seasons.

3. Basketball is for everyone.

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4. Basketball is growing rapidly outside the United States

and international competition is creating even greater excitement and

participation in the sport.

5. Basketball competition is unique because, until other

sports, it can be easily modified.

6. Basketball can be played alone all you need is ball a

basket, a confined space and your imagination to provide a

competitive game like experience that other sports simply cannot

match.

In any sporting situation, especially team games, it is difficult, if

not impossible, for coaches to notice and remember all the key events

occurring within a training session or match, equipped only with their

knowledge of the sport in question and their innate powers of

observation (Coleman, S 1998). Yet analysis based on accurate

observation and recall is a key tool for improving future performance.

Thats where the relatively new discipline of performance

analysis comes in. Established over the last decade and facilitated by

advances in IT and digital photography, performance analysis is now

acknowledged as an aid to performance enhancement at all levels.

Essentially, Performance Analysis is about creating a valid and

reliable record of performance by means of systematic observations

that can be analysed with a view to facilitating change.

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The process relies on two distinct sports science disciplines:

notational/match analysis, which uses means to record aspects

of team performance;

biomechanics, which revolves around the sporting impact of

body movements.

The two disciplines use similar methods to collect data and both

rely on latest techniques for data analysis. But the main thing they

have in common is the use of measured observation during or after an

event to quantify performance in an accurate, reliable and valid way.

Coaches may want to question the need for performance

analysis as a separate activity, given that observation and analysis

clearly form a crucial part of the coaching process. The fact is, though,

that while coaches are expected to be experts at observing and

analyzing performance, research has pointed to severe human

limitations within these processes.

Studies have highlighted memory retention problems, with

coaches able to recall only 30-50% of key performance factors they

had witnessed, even with special training in observation. The coaching

process itself is not necessarily flawed, but it is obvious that the

observation and analysis phases of this process have severe

limitations. Although many great coaches are able to anticipate events

and make appropriate changes to influence performance, even the

best are prone to human error, leading to wrong decisions; hence the
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need for a systematic Performance analysis approach within coaching

practice, using valid and reliable performance data to monitor and

evaluate performers.

Without such an approach, coaches are liable to form biased

opinions of their athletes or players performances, leading to

potentially incorrect substitution decisions or training prescriptions.

Technological advances and declining costs have given coaches

access to laptop computers, digital cameras and analysis software,

making the whole process of performance analysis simpler and less

arduous.

This process can be used to identify and measure a range of

performance indicators that have a real bearing on the outcome of

any given sport, so providing a better understanding of how success

can be achieved at all levels of performance. These include: (1) tactical

indicators (patterns of play); (2) technical indicators

(technique/performance); (3) physiological indicators (intensity

profiles); and (4) psychological indicators (arousal, motivation).

Indicators provide simple information that can be used to

describe and define a particular performance. But it is important to be

careful over how the data is presented since, in isolation, these can

give a distorted impression of performance. For example, if two

football strikers have each scored four goals over four games, it would

be easy to assume that both are performing well. However, if striker A

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has had 16 shots on goal to striker Bs eight shots, the formers

success ratio is 4:1 compared with a much more impressive ratio of

2:1 for the latter.

There are two main methods of coding the observations made

within a sporting situation: live coding and post-play coding. The

former requires a high degree of competency in coding a sporting

situation, with video footage fed directly into a laptop and coded via

the keyboard as events unfold within the training session or game.

With post-play coding, the video footage is again fed into a laptop and

the information coded via the keyboard, with the advantage that the

footage can be slowed down or reviewed more than once to ensure the

observations are accurate.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Winning means scoring more goals than the opposition in ball

games, especially in basketball. In basketball there is a simple

determinant of victory that is, converting more shoots. When a team

wins, a game can rightly claim that the objective has been achieved.

Considerable statistical research has been carried out especially over

the last 20 years to discover if the way a team plays will affect its

chance of winning that is a direct style of play. Notational analysis is

now widely used in other games, the result of influential previous

research, its use by well respected individual within the sport and the

development of affordable technology. Currently most professional

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basketball teams all over the world use some form of video feedback

Video enable researchers and sports performers to share an

understanding of performance. Video is an important tool for analysis.

High quality video equipment and video image are taking fine gain

analysis increasingly possible. Video gives us a chance to record,

observe, reflect and check performance accurately.

Little attention has been focused on the total skill and basic

movement analysis of basketball players. Permanent records by

means of video-tape and film-recording facilitate a more detailed total

skill analysis in football concerning the individual skill analysis, the

locomotion and tactical behaviour of players in matches, training and

studies. It has been therefore possible to obtain information about

techniques or skill frequencies (dribbling, passing and shooting) in

basketball.

The content of basketball game is determined by the diversity of

technical elements and the variety of tactical tasks. The right balance

of tactics and techniques is the factor of success. Ideally the tactical

task arisen in the course of the game must find the solution by the

most suitable technical application. In reality such accordance is met

in much fewer cases than hoped.

The researcher for the purpose of this research identified fifteen

variables in relation with the game of basketball such as speed,

explosive power, leg endurance, agility, cardio respiratory endurance,

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resting pulse rate, anaerobic capacity, vital capacity, height, weight,

arm length, thigh circumference, calf circumference, sports

competition anxiety, achievement motivation and playing ability.

The objectives of this research are, The mode of analysis of data

on the selected independent variables and playing ability among the

players of qualifying teams for the All India Inter University Basketball

Tournament in the South Zone Inter University Basketball

Tournament have been explained in this chapter in two parts.

In part I, relationship and regression equation was found

between playing ability and selected independent variables and in part

II the difference was found among the teams who have qualified for

the All India Inter University Basketball Tournament in South Zone

Inter University Basketball Tournament on selected variables were

discussed.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

It is well known fact that basketball is a complicated team game

where the tactics has the important role to accomplish the tactical

tasks which is tightly connected with the technical elements of the

game. Thus, there are different factors associated with successful

performance of basketball players, which require further closer

scrutiny for feedback, coaching and all round improvements in these

factors.
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The purpose of this study was to analyze the predominance of

physical, physiological, anthropometric, psychological variables

namely speed, explosive power, leg endurance, agility, cardio

respiratory endurance, resting pulse rate, anaerobic capacity, vital

capacity, height, weight, arm length, thigh circumference, calf

circumference, sports competition anxiety, achievement motivation

and overall playing ability among women basketball players.

DELIMITATIONS

The research is delimited to the following aspects:

1. The subjects for this study was restricted to the four university

teams, which qualified for the All India Inter University

Basketball Tournament in the South zone Inter University

Basketball Tournament held at Dr. NTR University of Health

Sciences, Vijayawada Campus during the academic year 2013-

2014.

2. The teams qualified for the All India Inter University Basketball

Tournament in the South zone Inter University Basketball

Tournament were: (1) University of Madras, Chennai, (2)

Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, (3) Kannur University,

Kannur and (4) SRM University, Chennai.

3. The following factors namely physical, physiological,

anthropometric, psychological variables namely speed,

explosive power, leg endurance, agility, cardio respiratory

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endurance, resting pulse rate, anaerobic capacity, vital

capacity, height, weight, arm length, thigh circumference, calf

circumference, sports competition anxiety, achievement

motivation correlated with playing ability of South Zone Inter

University Basketball players were selected as criterion

variables.

4. The subjective rating with three experts in the field of

basketball were utilized the matches and graded the playing

ability of the basketball players.

LIMITATIONS

The following uncontrollable factors were considered as the

limitations of this study:

1. The life style, previous experience, day-to-day activities and

mode of selection of team players were considered as

limitations.

2. The degree of difficulty varies from match to match, and these

variations were not taken into consideration.

3. Changes in atmospheric temperature, geographical conditions,

humidity and such other meteorological factors during the

period of match could not be controlled and their possible

influence on the selected variables was also regarded as

limitation.
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4. The number of substitution made during the match, motivation

of the players, home ground advantages, mode of

encouragement made by spectators were not taken into

consideration.

5. Practice time, previous playing experience, fitness and skill

levels of the players were not considered in this study.

HYPOTHESES

For the purpose of this study, the following hypotheses were

made:

1. It was hypothesized that the regression equation for the

prediction of basketball playing ability in the South Zone Inter

University Basketball Players includes selected namely speed,

agility, cardio respiratory endurance and height.

2. It was hypothesized that there would be significant association

between playing ability and selected criterion variables of South

Zone Inter University Basketball players.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The present investigation has the following significant

contribution to the field of physical education and competitive sports.

1. The results of the study would be helpful for the coaches,

players and sports administrators to assess the winning

capability of a team.
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2. The results of this study would be helpful for the coaches and

others to assess the strength and weakness of a particular

team.

3. The results of this study would highlight the status of different

teams in performing the selected skills and would be helpful to

improve the tactics and technical skills.

4. The results of the study would be helpful for the coaches and

players to plan their strategies against their opponents.

5. The research findings would pave way for further researches in

this area which would in turn help the coaches and players to

improve their performances.

METHODOLOGY

SELECTION OF SUBJECTS

The purpose of the present study was to analyze the

predominant factors such as, physical, physiological,

anthropometrical and psychological variables correlated with playing

ability of South Zone Inter University women Basketball players. To

achieve this purpose of the study, forty eight women basketball

players who have represented the qualifying teams for the All India

Inter University Women Basketball Tournament namely University of

Madras, Chennai, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottaiyam, Kannur

University, Kannur and SRM University, Chennai in the South Zone

Inter University Basketball Tournament held at Dr. NTR Health

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University, Vijayawada Campus during the academic year 2013-2014

were randomly selected as subjects. The age of the subjects were

ranged between 18 to 25 years.

SELECTION OF VARIABLES

Independent Variables

The qualifying teams for the All India Inter University

Basketball Tournament namely University of Madras, Chennai,

Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottaiyam, Kannur University, Kannur

and SRM University, Chennai in the South Zone Inter University

Women Basketball Tournament were selected as an independent

variables.

Dependent Variables

The performance of basketball has been regularly influenced to

a great extent by skills, physical ability, anthropometric variables and

psychological variables. In the modern basketball game, power, agility,

speed, strength and rudiments of game have been over emphasized to

gain ball control in offense and defense at any level of competition.

Each player is necessarily required to be continuously on the move

over a certain period of time. This puts a great deal of demand in

terms of potential physical efforts on the part of each player on the

playing court.
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In basketball dynamic physical adaptation patterns are of

immense importance. The real achievement needs supreme proficiency

level in all ingredients (skills) of the game. The mastery over handling

the ball, passing, dribbling, shooting against opponent and rhythmical

display of all possible elements of the game are determining factors to

win the game in ones own favour. Hence, the following factors namely

physical, physiological, anthropometric, psychological variables

namely speed, explosive power, leg endurance, agility, cardio

respiratory endurance, resting pulse rate, anaerobic capacity, vital

capacity, height, weight, arm length, thigh circumference, calf

circumference, sports competition anxiety, achievement motivation

and playing ability were selected as dependent variables for the study.

SELECTION OF TESTS

The purpose of the present study was to analyze the factors

such as, physical, physiological, anthropometric, psychological

variables namely speed, explosive power, leg endurance, agility, ,

cardio respiratory endurance, resting pulse rate, anaerobic capacity,

vital capacity, height, weight, arm length, thigh circumference, calf

circumference, sports competition anxiety, achievement motivation

correlated with playing ability of South Zone Inter University Women

Basketball players. The details of the test items were presented in

Table I.
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TABLE I
SELECTION OF TESTS

S. Criterion
Test Items
No. Variables
Basketball
1. Subjective Rating
playing ability
2. Speed 50 Mts Run

3. Explosive Power Vertical Jump

4. Leg Endurance Half Squat Jump

5. Agility Shuttle Run

Cardio
6. Respiratory Coopers 9 min Run/Walk Test
Endurance
Resting Pulse
7. Radial Pulse
Rate
Anaerobic
8. Margaria Kalamen Anaerobic Power Test
Capacity
9. Vital Capacity Wet Spirometer

10. Height Stadiometer

11. Weight Weighing Machine

12. Arm Length Flexible Measuring Tape

Thigh
13. Flexible Measuring Tape
Circumference
Calf
14. Flexible Measuring Tape
Circumference
Sports
Rainer Martens Sports Competition Anxiety Test
15. Competition
Questionnaire
Anxiety
Achievement M.L. Kamleshs Achievement Motivation Test
16.
Motivation Questionnaire
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COLLECTION OF THE DATA

The investigator administered the questionnaire and other tests

to measure the criterion variables to forty eight women basketball

players. The investigator collected the data from the subjects before

their matches during their rest time. The purpose of the study was

clearly explained. The investigator explained the subjects about the

uses of the question and meaning of each questions and how to fill the

questionnaire. Care was taken to see that the subjects answered the

entire questions. The filled up questionnaires from respondents were

collected after checking whether all the items were responded and

using the scoring key the total scores obtained by each subjects were

tabulated.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND STATISTICAL PROCEDURES

The random group design was used as experimental design in

which forty eight women basketball players who have qualified for the

All India Inter University Women Basketball Tournament in the South

Zone Inter University Women Basketball Tournament held at Dr. NTR

Health University, Vijaywada Campus during the academic year 2013-

2014 were selected as subjects. To achieve this purpose of the study,

forty eight university women basketball players represented for

University of Madras, Chennai, Mahatma Gandhi University,

Kottaiyam, Kannur University, Kannur and SRM University, Chennai

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India in the year 2013 - 2014 were selected as subjects. The following

physical, physiological, anthropometric, psychological variables

namely speed, explosive power, leg endurance, agility, cardio

respiratory endurance, resting pulse rate, anaerobic capacity, vital

capacity, height, weight, arm length, thigh circumference, calf

circumference, sports competition anxiety, achievement motivation

and playing ability were selected. All the subjects of four universities

were tested on selected criterion variables by using the standardized

test items. The mode of analysis of data on the selected independent

variables and playing ability among the players of different

universities who qualified for the All India Inter University Women

Basketball Tournament in the South Zone Inter University Women

Basketball Tournament have been explained.

Relationship and regression equation was found between

playing ability and selected independent variables and in part II the

difference was found among the University teams who qualified for the

All India Inter University Women Basketball Tournament in the South

Zone Inter University Women Basketball Tournament on selected

variables were discussed.

Data were collected for the fourteen independent variables and

playing ability with the qualified team players in the South Zone Inter

University Women Basketball Tournament. The collected data were

subjected to statistical analysis as explained below.

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To determine the relationship between dependent variable and

independent variables, the pearson product moment correlation was

used. The computation of multiple regression was also used to predict

a criterion variable from a set of predictors. Forward selection method

of multiple regression was used in this study to find out the predictor

variable which has the highest correlation with the criterion variables

was entered into the equation first. The rest variables were entered

into the equation depending on the contribution of each predictor.

And also the one way analysis of variance was used to find out the

significant differences, if any, among the qualified teams for the All

India Inter University Women Basketball Tournament in the South

Zone Inter University Women Basketball Tournament for each

criterion variable separately. The level of significance was set at .05

level of confidence, which was considered as an appropriate for the

present investigation.

CONCLUSIONS

From the analysis of the data, the following conclusions

were drawn.

1. The results of the study showed that there was a significant

relationship between playing ability and speed, playing ability

and explosive power, playing ability and agility, playing ability

and cardio respiratory endurance, playing ability and sports

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competition anxiety and playing ability and achievement

motivation of the qualifying teams for the All India Inter

University Basketball Tournament in South Zone Inter

University Basketball tournament.

2. And also there was no significant relationship between playing

ability and leg endurance, playing ability and resting pulse rate,

playing ability and anaerobic capacity, playing ability and

height, playing ability and weight, playing ability and arm

length, playing ability and thigh circumference and playing

ability and calf circumference of the qualifying teams for the All

India Inter University Basketball Tournament in South Zone

Inter University Basketball tournament.

3. Among all the predictor variables Cardio Respiratory endurance,

speed and agility are the predominant variables in order of

priority influencing the playing ability of All India Inter

University Basketball players.

4. About 85% of the variation in the playing ability was explained

by the regression model with one predictor cardio respiratory

endurance.

5. About 90% of the variation in the playing ability was explained

by the regression model with two predictors, cardio respiratory

endurance and speed. An additional 5% of the variance in the

playing ability is contributed by speed.

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6. About 93% of the variation in the playing ability was explained

by the regression model with three predictors, cardio respiratory

endurance, speed and agility. An additional 3% of the variance

in the playing ability is contributed by agility.

7. The results of the study indicates that all the groups namely

University of Madras, M.G. University, Kottayam, kannur

University and SRM University basketball players had

significant difference on the selected variables namely playing

ability, explosive power, agility, cardio respiratory endurance,

vital capacity, weight, calf circumference, sports competition

anxiety and achievement motivation.

8. It is also found from the results of the study that there was no

significant difference among University of Madras, M.G.

University, Kottayam, kannur University and SRM University

basketball players on speed, leg endurance, resting pulse rate,

anaerobic capacity, height, arm length and thigh circumference.

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RECOMMENDATIONS

The following recommendations were drawn from the

results of the study.

1) It was found that among the qualifying teams for the All India

Inter University Basketball Tournament in the South Zone Inter

University Basketball Tournament cardio respiratory

endurance, speed and agility were the predictor variables.

Hence, it is recommended that the coaches may concentrate the

above mentioned variables for the better playing ability in their

teams.

2) Further studies may be conducted by extending

anthropometrical and psychological variables.

3) Similar studies may be undertaken and its influences on some

other psychological and physiological parameters may be

assessed.

4) Similar studies may be conducted to test the impact of training

on hematological and bio chemical variables.