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Module 8
Directional Drilling
Section 2
Coordinate Systems
& Azimuth Corrections
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Contents
Introduction
The Well Plan / Maps of Well Trajectory
Geographic Coordinates
Projection Maps
Coordinate Systems
UTM Coordinates
Lambert Coordinates
Legal Coordinates
Local Coordinates
Magnetic Declination
Grid Convergence
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Introduction
Well Planning is the first step in the construction of any directional well
from a surface location to a given down hole target.
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps
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8.2. Well Planning & Azimuth Corrections
Maps of Well Trajectory
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Systems of Coordinates
The System of Coordinates is a mathematical development
that allows the location of a given point in the Earth on the flat map.
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Geographical Coordinates
System based on imaginary lines of Latitude and Longitude
drawn on the Earths surface intersecting among them at square angles
to form a grid pattern that allows the location of any position on Earth by
given its distances to the reference lines also known as the pair
(Latitude, Longitude), or Geographical Coordinates
Latitude lines are circles around the Earth globe running parallel
to the Equator, simply known as Parallel lines. They are equally
distanced every grade from the Equator to the North and South poles
Longitude lines are also circles around the Earth globe passing
through both North and South poles and running perpendicular to the
parallels. They are better known as Meridian lines.
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Geographical Coordinates
Every Parallel & Meridian line represents 1 grade. Every grade is further
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divided into 60 minutes and every minute in 60 seconds
8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Geographical Coordinates
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Geographical Coordinates - Limitations
Geographical Coordinates are not accurate enough in reason that
the real distances from one latitude or longitude grade to another depend
on the position of the points under consideration on the Earths surface.
Besides that, the Earth itself is not a perfect sphere but an oblate
spheroid. This means that relative distances in a given well or between
wells cannot be exactly known by using the geographical coordinate
system
For that reason, other systems have been developed to increase
the required grade of accuracy in directional drilling measurements. They
are based on Projection Maps that will be discussed in the following
slides:
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
1. Cylindrical Projection
2. Conical Projection
3. Planar Projection
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Mercator Projections
A. Standard Mercator Map
Earth surface is projected on a tangent
vertical cylinder producing an image that is
distorted toward both poles and close to the
real shape near the Equator.
Grid system is composed of Meridian and
Parallel lines drawn on the Earth surface as
explained above. On the projection the
Meridians are equidistant between them but
not the parallels which seem closer toward
the poles.
The scale is more exact for those areas
close to the Reference Lines (Equator and
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Greenwich)
8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Mercator Projections
B. Transverse Mercator Map, UTM
Earth surface is projected on a tangent
horizontal cylinder producing an image that is
more accurate near the poles and distorted
as approaches to the Equator.
Grid system is composed of Meridian and
Parallel lines drawn on the Earth surface as
explained above. On the projection Meridians
and parallels are not equidistant.
The scale is more exact along the areas
closer to the tangent meridian and to the
Equator
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Mercator Projections
Properties:
Standard Mercator causes
distortion towards the poles
Transverse Mercator minimizes
distortion towards the poles
UTM is preferred in ~ 60 countries
Used in countries/areas that run
primarily North - South
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Conical Projections
C. Lambert Projection.
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Conical Projections
C. Lambert Projection.
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Conical Projections
C. Lambert Projection.
Projection of the earth on to a cone. The cone axis coincides
with the geographic poles axis of the earth.
Introduced by Johann Heinrich Lambert 1772
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Conical Projections
C. Lambert Projection.
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Conical Projections
C. Lambert Projection.
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Conical Projections
C. Lambert Projection for USA mapping
Has been used to map all
mainland USA states
Standard parallels at 33N
and 45N
Scale error of 0.5% and 1%
between 30.5N and 47.5N
Maximum error of 2.5% in
Florida
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Conical Projections
D. Planar Projection
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Conical Projections
D. Planar Projection = Azimuthal Projection
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Ellipsoid and Datum Geodetic
The Ellipsoid of Reference should have a surface close to sea level that
mathematically fits well to the real surface of Earth in a given region.
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Ellipsoid and Datum Geodetic
For map projections, a constant ellipsoidal shape and size is used for
different region
Different reference ellipsoids are used for different regions of the Earth
Over 50 ellipsoids in use today
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Ellipsoid and Datum Geodetic
A geodetic datum is a mathematical surface that closely fits the mean sea
level surface throughout the area of interest. It consists of :
An Ellipsoid of Reference
Orientation of the ellipsoid
Length unit
Region of the earth
Official Name
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Examples of Datum Geodetic
The table below show some of the most commonly used Geodeic
Datum for mapping and reference of well trajectories in Directional
Drilling operations, covering almost all oil & gas regions:
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Projection Models and Grid Systems
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Universal Transverse Mercator System = UTM Coordinates System
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Universal Transverse Mercator System = UTM Coordinates System
Characteristics:
Grid Distance
Scale Factor (F) =
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Universal Transverse Mercator System = UTM Coordinates System
UTM Zones
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Universal Transverse Mercator System = UTM Coordinates System
UTM Zones
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Universal Transverse Mercator System = UTM Coordinates System
UTM Zones
Each zone has its own central meridian which in turn the N-S
Reference Line for the zone.
There is a transverse projection for each zone with the
tangent cylinder in contact with the central meridian of the
specific zone.
As a result, each zone is 6 wide and the whole globe has 60
zones to cover the 360 of the sphere
Projection of polar areas result with high distortion and are
consequently discarded from the UTM model
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Universal Transverse Mercator System = UTM Coordinates System
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Universal Transverse Mercator System = UTM Coordinates System
UTM Zones
UTM Zone
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Universal Transverse Mercator System = UTM Coordinates System
UTM Zones
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Universal Transverse Mercator System = UTM Coordinates System
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Universal Transverse Mercator System = UTM Coordinates System
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Universal Transverse Mercator System = UTM Coordinates System
Northing Points North of Equator
Range from zero at the equator
increasing to the north
Northing Points South of Equator
Just for SH:Range from
10,000,000m at the equator
decreasing to the south
Just for NH:Range from Zero at the
equator increasing to the North
avoids negative numbers similar to
Eastings
UTM zone is cropped at 84N and 80S
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Universal Transverse Mercator System = UTM Coordinates System
Example of Coordinates UTM for a given zone (Easting)
Location A is on Zone 13.
It is 704,250 meters to the East of the reference
line. It is also valid to say that point A is to the East
of central meridian of the zone
Then, the E-W Coordinate for point A or Easting
is 704,250 m, East
5,005,000 meters N
Point B is located above the Equator
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Universal Transverse Mercator System = UTM Coordinates System
Example of Coordinates UTM for a given zone (Northing)
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Lambert Coordinates System
The scale works well inside two
standard lines of latitude. The pole in the
same hemisphere of the Standard
Parallel is one point; the other pole
represents the infinitum
Lambert Coordinates are used in
countries or regions where distances
East West are predominant
In the USA the system has been used
with a maximum error of 5%.
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
LEGAL Coordinates System
Legal Coordinates of a Directional Plan are based on a Legal Coordinate
system defined by a national or regional authority with the objective that all
local or regional coordinates have a unique National Geodetic Datum
The system divides the region or country in zones and can assign different
coordinates systems to the different zones, depending on their N-S or E-W
extension
In the USA some zones with predominant N-S extension use the UTM
system while other rectangular zones with predominant E-W extension use
the Lambert Coordinates system
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
LOCAL Coordinates System
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
LOCAL Coordinates System
The coordinates in a LOCAL system are derived from distances
measured to a point of origin located in the corresponding
Legal Coordinates System of reference
The origin or reference point in the LOCAL system has its own
coordinates in the LEGAL system (x, y)
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Example of Well Plan Proposal with Coordinates System used
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Summary:
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Projection Maps & Coordinates Systems
Summary:
5. The use of a Geodetic Datum allows higher accuracy to the
allocation of a given point on the Earth.
6. The UTM system is widely used in zones with predominant N-S
extensions
7. Lamberts Conical system of Coordinates is preferred in zones
with predominant E-W extensions
8. Legal Coordinates are developed for regional control of maps,
have their own Geodetic Datum and can use different projection /
coordinates systems, depending on the extension predominant
9. Local system is the one used for well planning and is referred to
a Legal system
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Magnetic Declination
Magnetic North and True North Locations
True North Location
Magnetic North Location:
Latitude: 75.5N
Longitude: 100.5W X
X
Location of Magnetic North
changes over time
Location of Magnetic North is
updated often
Can be displayed on maps or
computer databases
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Magnetic Declination
Magnetic North and True North Locations
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Magnetic Declination
Magnetic Survey Corrections
1. The Geographic North of the Earth is also called True North or Grid North
2. All Projection Maps are constructed referred to the Geographic North (axis of
the Earth ellipsoid = True North = Map North)
3. Magnetic North is the axis of the magnetic field of Earth or Compass North
4. Surveys taken with magnetic measuring devices are referred to the Magnetic
North of Earth
5. The separation between the two axis is measured by an angle called
declination magnetic
6. To have the right direction of a well at a given survey station, the azimuth
recorded with magnetic instruments must be corrected and referred to the
True North by adding or subtracting the magnetic declination
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Magnetic Declination
Definition:
1. The angle between True North and Magnetic North as TN
measured going from True North to Magnetic North. MN
-10
The total correction converts
GN the magnetic azimuth into Grid
Azimuth in two steps:
+6 -4
Apply Declination correction to
the magnetic azimuth
Apply Convergence correction
to the corrected azimuth
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Grid North & Convergence
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
UTM Zone Exercise
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Correction to Grid Azimuth
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Magnetic Declination - Exercise
D
D
h
ut
h
ut
im
ATN AMN
Az
im
Az
le
AMN e
ho
ATN hol
re
r e
Bo
Bo
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Magnetic Declination Practical
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Compass Quadrant Direction
The four quadrants are normally expressed as NE, SE, SW and NW.
Originate the reading from north or south; then move toward the east or west in a
positive or increasing angle.
The graphic shows an example quadrant direction of S30E.
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Azimuth Direction
The azimuth system uses directions ranging from 0 to 360. The direction is
reported from 0 in a positive or clockwise direction.
A direction of 0 or 360 refers to north; 90 refers to east; 180 refers to south;
and 270 refers to west.
The graphic shows an example azimuth direction of 150 AZM.
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8.2. Coordinates Systems & Azimuth Corrections
Compass Quadrant and Azimuth Relationships
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