Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
(BDA 31302)
Chapter 1:
HEALTH, SAFETY AND
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Compiled by:
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Musli Mohammad, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sh Salleh Sh Ahmad
and Dr. Mohd Nasrull bin Abdol Rahman
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)
DISCLAIMER
The information contained in this document is compiled from various sources and provided on an "AS IS" basis for teaching and learning purposes only
without any representations, conditions or warranties whether express or implied, including any implied warranties of satisfactory quality, completeness,
accuracy or fitness for a particular purpose.
Sub topics
1
1.1 Introduction to Occupational Safety and Health
(OSH)
Safety is the state of being "safe", the condition of being
protected against physical, social, spiritual, financial,
political, emotional, occupational, psychological,
educational or other types or consequences of failure,
damage, error, accidents, harm or any other event
which could be considered non-desirable.
2
1.1 Introduction to Occupational Safety and Health
(OSH)
Indirect costs may include costs of replacement for
injured workers and costs arising from loss of
commitment and motivation of workers involved in the
accidents.
If a safe and conducive environment is created by
implementing safety and health at work, there will be
an indirect cost saving as the workers efficiency and
productivity will be enhanced under such favorable
environment [1].
3
1.1 Introduction to Occupational Safety and Health
(OSH)
Obviously the safety and health aspects involving
the workers cannot be disregarded as the law
requires the employers to implement safety and health
at work.
The duty has been imposed by the law and the breach
of the duties shall invite legal sanctions. The statute
makes it an offence for an employer who fails to
discharge their statutory duties prescribed under it.
4
1.2 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
1994 Act 514 [2]
A piece of Malaysian legislation which was gazetted on
the 25th February 1994 by the Malaysian Parliament.
An Act to make further provision for securing that
safety, health and welfare of persons at work, for
protecting others against risks to safety or health in
connection with the activities of persons at work, to
establish the National Council for Occupational Safety
and Health and for matters connected therewith.
Scope: Person at work in all economic activities
including public and statutory authorities, except on
board ships or the Armed Forces.
Divided into 15 parts and 67 Sections [2].
5
1.2 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
1994 Act 514
Part 4: General Duties of Employers and PART 5: General Duties of Designers,
Self-Employed Persons Manufacturers and Suppliers
Section 15. General duties of employers Section 20. General duties of manufacturers,
and self-employed persons to their etc., as regards plant for use at work.
employees. Section 21. General duties of manufacturers,
Section 16. Duty to formulate safety and etc., as regards substances for use at work.
health policy. Section 22. Explanations to sections 20 and 21.
Section 17. General duties of employers Section 23. Penalty for an offence under
and self-employed persons to persons section 20 or 21.
other than their employees.
Section 18. Duties of an occupier of a
place of work to persons other than his
employees.
Section 19. Penalty for an offence under
section 15, 16, 17 or 18.
6
1.2 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
1994 Act 514
PART 11 - ENFORCEMENT AND INVESTIGATION
PART 9: Prohibition against Use of Plant or
Section 39. Powers of entry, inspection,
Substance
examination, seizure, etc.
Section 35. Power to prohibit the use of
Section 40. Entry into premises with search
plant or substance.
warrant and power of seizure.
Section 36. Aggrieved person may appeal.
Section 41. Entry into premises without search
warrant and power of seizure.
Section 42. Power of forceful entry and service
on occupier of signed copy of list of things
PART 10 - INDUSTRY CODES OF PRACTICE seized from premises.
Section 37. Approval of industry codes of Section 43. Further provisions in relation to
practice. inspection.
Section 38. Use of industry codes of Section 44. Power of investigation.
practice in proceedings. Section 45. Power to examine witnesses.
Section 46. Employer, etc., to assist officer.
Section 47. Offences in relation to inspection.
Section 48. Improvement notice and
prohibition notice.
Section 49. Penalty for failure to comply with
notice.
Section 50. Aggrieved person may appeal.
7
1.2 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
1994 Act 514
Objectives of Acts:
To secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at
work
To protect person (other than person at work) at a place
of work against hazard
To promote the occupational environment adaptable to
the persons physiological and psychological needs
To provide the means towards a legislative system
based on regulations and industry codes of practice in
combination with the provisions of the Act.
8
1.2 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
1994 Act 514
General duties of employers and self-employed persons:
provide and maintain plant and system of work
make arrangements for the safe use, operation,
handling, storage and transportation of substances and
plant
provide information, instruction, training and
supervision
provide and maintain place of work and means of
access to and egress from any place of work
provide and maintain working environment that is safe
and without health risk and adequate welfare facilities.
9
1.2 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
1994 Act 514
General duties of designers, manufacturers and suppliers
(plant and substance):
to ensure plant/substance is designed and constructed
to be safe and without risk to health when properly
used
arrange for carrying out testing and examination
adequate information
arrange for research to eliminate or minimize hazards
safe erection and installation.
10
1.2 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
1994 Act 514
11
1.2 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
1994 Act 514
Qualifications (to be registered as a Safety and Health
Officer):
Holds a diploma in OSH or equivalent;
Successfully completed a course of training in OSH and
passed any examination for that course or equivalent;
Has been working in the area of OSH at least for a
period of ten years; or
Holds such other qualification or has received such
training as prescribed from time to time by the Minister
pursuant to subsection 29(4) of the Act
12
1.2 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
1994 Act 514
A safety and health committee shall consist of :
(a) a chairman (employer or his authorized manager)
(b) a secretary
(c) representatives of employer (management)
(d) representative of employees (workers)
CHAIRMAN
SECRETARY
MANAGEMENT WORKERS
REPRESENTATIVES REPRESENTATIVES
MANAGEMENT WORKERS
REPRESENTATIVES REPRESENTATIVES
13
1.2 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
1994 Act 514
Chairman :
Employer or his authorised
manager
Secretary :
Safety & Health Officer
Management Representatives:
Manager/Director/Supervisors
Workers Representatives:
From section or process
Appointment
Chairman
Employer or Authorized Manager shall be
chairman.
Secretary
Person employed as Safety & Health Officer
If no SHO, chairman may appoint another
person
or SHC may appoint by ballots from
members.
14
1.2 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
1994 Act 514
Appointment
Management Representatives :
Appointed by Employer
Min 2 persons ( < 100 employees )
Min 4 persons ( > 100 employees )
Workers Representatives :
Selected by workers
Appointed by employer
Min 2 persons ( < 100 employees )
Min 4 persons ( > 100 employees )
Appointment
Employees Representatives
Nominated from employees
If number exceeded the vacancies. ballot
If no representatives, employer shall appoint
Shall represent various section of work place
Any vacancy shall be replaced in the same manner
as the previous member.
Do not penalise workers who absent due to their
duties as SHC members
15
1.2 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
1994 Act 514
Removal of Committee member
Fail to attend 3 consecutive meetings
Unsound mind
Bankrupt
No longer employed (employee rep)
Convicted on a charge of:
Fraud, dishonesty or moral turpitude
offence under law relating to OSH
Other criminal offence
Incapable to carry duty as member
16
1.2 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
1994 Act 514
The Health and Safety Committee should be established
for the following purposes (cont):
To provide an opportunity for the free discussion of
health and safety problems and possible solutions.
To inform and educate employees and supervisors
about health and safety issues, new standards, research
findings, etc.
To help reduce the risk of workplace injuries and
illnesses.
To help insure compliance with federal and state health
and safety standards
17
1.2 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
1994 Act 514
18
Group Activity
19
1.2 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
1994 Act 514
Enforcement and investigation:
Director General of OSH
OSH officers
Certificate of authorization
Power of DOSH Officer (Enter and inspect any place of
work; Enter with equipment and authorized persons;
Take photos, measurements and samples; Require
medical examinations if risk of prescribed disease;
Question any person if necessary)
20
1.2 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
1994 Act 514
Table 1.1: OSHA liabilities
Offence Penalty
Duty of employers and self employed Maximum RM50,000 or 2 years imprisonment
Duty of occupier to non employees Maximum RM50,000 and/or 2 years imprisonment
Duty of designer / manufacturers Maximum RM20,000 and/or 2 years imprisonment
Failure to comply to notice Maximum RM50,000; daily fine of RM500; or 5
years imprisonment
Duty of employee (general) Maximum RM1,000 and/or 3 months imprisonment
Duty of employee (interference/misuse) Maximum RM20,000 and/or 2 years imprisonment
Discrimination towards workers and Maximum RM10,000 or 1 year imprisonment
others
Offence Penalty
Related to inspection Maximum RM10,000 or 1 year imprisonment
Medical surveillance regulation Maximum RM5,000 and/or 6 months
imprisonment
Duty of occupier to employ SHO Maximum RM5,000 or 6 months
imprisonment
Duty of employer to create/consult Maximum RM5,000 and/or 6 months
SHC imprisonment
Disclosure of business secret Maximum RM20,000 and/or 2 years
imprisonment
Failure to comply with any other part Maximum RM10,000; RM1,000 day after
of the Act or any of the regulation conviction; and/or 1 year imprisonment
21
1.2 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
1994 Act 514
Regulations Under Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514) [3]:
1. Occupational Safety and Health (Classification, Labeling and Safety Data Sheet of
Hazardous Chemicals) Regulations 2013
2. Occupational Safety and Health (Notification of Accident, Dangerous
Occurrence, Occupational Poisoning and Occupational Disease) Regulations 2004
3. Occupational Safety and Health (Use and Standards of Exposure of Chemicals
Hazardous to Health) Regulations 2000
4. Occupational Safety and Health (Safety and Health Officer) Regulations 1997
5. Occupational Safety and Health (Classification, Packaging and Labeling of
Hazardous' Chemicals) Regulations 1997 (Revoked)
6. Occupational Safety and Health (Safety and Health Committee) Regulations 1996
7. Occupational Safety and Health (Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards)
Regulations 1996
8. Occupational Safety and Health (Employers' Safety and Health General Policy
Statements) (Exception) Regulations 1995
22
1.3 Factories and Machinery Act (FMA) 1967
Act 139
23
1.3 Factories and Machinery Act (FMA) 1967
Act 139
24
1.3 Factories and Machinery Act (FMA) 1967
Act 139
The three (3) schedules are as follows:
FIRST SCHEDULE: Dangerous Occurrence
SECOND SCHEDULE: Serious Bodily Injury
THIRD SCHEDULE: Notifiable Industrial Diseases
25
1.3 Factories and Machinery Act (FMA) 1967
Act 139
Regulations Under Factories and Machinery Act 1967 (Act 139) [5]:
9. Factories and Machinery (Notification of Fitness and Inspections)
Regulations
10. Factories and Machinery (Certificates of Competency Examinations)
Regulations, 1970
11. Factories and Machinery (Administration) Regulations, 1970
12. Factories and Machinery (Electric Passenger and Goods Lift)
Regulations, 1970
13. Factories and Machinery (Fencing of Machinery and Safety)
Regulations, 1970
14. Factories and Machinery (Person in Charge) Regulations, 1970
15. Factories and Machinery (Safety, Health and Welfare) Regulations,
1970
16. Factories and Machinery (Steam Boiler and Unfired Pressure
Vessel) Regulations, 1970
Source:
Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Act 127),
Regulations, Rules & Orders (As at 5th February
2015)
26
1.4 EQA, 1974 BOTTOM LINE
REGULATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL
The Department of
ISSUES & SAFETY
Standards Malaysia CONSIDERATIONS
(Standards Malaysia) is the
national standardisation Purpose (Environmental
and accreditation body. Issues) : to identify the
environmental hot spots
The main function; of the process.
- to foster and promote That means it should draw
standards, standardisation attention to those
& accreditation, promoting materials or process steps
industrial efficiency and that cause most of the
development, benefiting potential environment
the health and safety of burden.
the public, protecting the
consumers, facilitating Purpose (Safety
domestic and international Consideration) : prevention
trade and furthering of working accidents,
international cooperation occupational diseases, or
in relation to standards work caused dangers to
and standardisation. health.
Safety
REGULATIONS
Environment
27
1.4 EQA, 1974
REGULATIONS
The Department of Environment (DOE) under the
Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment has been
given the onus of monitoring and enforcing environmental
standards in Malaysia.
5.The right to impose a research cess on wastes to finance research into any aspect of
pollution or prevention (EQA (1974) Act 127, Part VA, section 36A).
28
1.4 EQA, 1974
REGULATIONS
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION
Air
Wastewater
Facility and
Operation
Hazardous/Solid Waste
29
1.4 EQA, 1974
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION
Air
Wastewater
Facility and
Operation
Hazardous/Solid Waste
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION
30
1.4 EQA, 1974
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION
Wastewater
Table 1 - Receiving Water Quality (from Interim Water Quality Standard, INWQS)
Classes
Parameters (Units)
l llA llB lll lV V
DO mg/l 7 5-7 5-7 3-5 <3 <1
COD mg/l 10 25 25 50 100 > 100
BOD mg/l 1 3 3 6 12 > 12
Total Dissolved
mg/l 500 1000 - - 4000 -
Solids
Total Suspended
mg/l 25 50 50 150 300 > 300
Solids
Faecal Caliform counts/100ml 10 100 400 5000 5000 -
>50000
Total Coliform counts/100ml 100 5000 5000 5000 5000
31
1.4 EQA, 1974
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION
Wastewater cont
Discharge Quality Standard
The effluent quality of any discharge from a sewage treatment process to an inland water
(that is, other than one having an ocean outlet) shall meet the minimum requirements of
the Environmental Quality Act 1974 and the limits set down by the Environmental Quality
(Sewage Industrial Effluent Regulations, 1979 which are presented in Table 2.
Note:
Standard A criteria applies only to catchments areas
located upstream of drinking water supply off-takes.
32
1.4 EQA, 1974
Hazardous/Solid Waste
33
1.4 EQA, 1974
34
1.4 EQA, 1974
Is It A Hazardous Waste?
35
1.4 EQA, 1974INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION PROCESS EXAMPLE cont
36
1.4 EQA, 1974
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION PROCESS EXAMPLE cont
37
1.4 EQA, 1974
ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES & SAFETY
CONSIDERATIONS
ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES
38
1.4 EQA, 1974 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES & SAFETY
CONSIDERATIONS
39
1.4 EQA, 1974 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES & SAFETY
CONSIDERATIONS
40
1.4 EQA, 1974
Safety CONSIDERATIONS
Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals
41
1.4 EQA, 1974 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES & SAFETY
CONSIDERATIONS
42
1.4 EQA, 1974 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES & SAFETY
CONSIDERATIONS
43
1.5.1 Overview of Management system
According to Hellriegel et. al. [8], management is
about planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the
people working in an organization and the on-going set
of tasks and activities they perform.
44
1.5.1 Overview of Management system
The interrelationships among objectives, processes and
resources can be explained using a simple graphical
model of a system [12], as illustrated in Figure 1.1.
45
1.5.1 Overview of Management system
In the era of globalization, complying with management
systems is vital for the companies to gain
competitiveness and enter the free trade markets.
Normally, the management systems are operated
independently by different departments in the same
company.
46
1.5.2 Occupational Health and Safety Management
System (OHSMS)
Organizations of all kinds are increasingly concerned
with achieving and demonstrating sound occupational
health and safety (OH&S) performance by controlling
their OH&S risks, consistent with their OH&S policy and
objectives.
Many organizations have undertaken OH&S reviews
or audits to assess their OH&S performance.
On their own, however, these reviews and audits
may not be sufficient to provide an organization with
the assurance that its performance not only meets, but
will continue to meet, its legal and policy requirements.
47
1.5.2 Occupational Health and Safety Management
System (OHSMS)
The OHSAS Standards covering OH&S management are
intended to provide organizations with the elements of
an effective OH&S management system that can be
integrated with other management requirements and
help organizations achieve OH&S and economic
objectives.
These standards, like other International Standards, are
not intended to be used to create non-tariff trade
barriers or to increase or change an organizations legal
obligations [14].
48
1.5.2 Occupational Health and Safety Management
System (OHSMS)
49
1.5.2 Occupational Health and Safety Management
System (OHSMS)
The worldwide standard for OHSMS is OHSAS 18001. It
has been first published in 1999 and has been
developed using the principles of BS 8800 [6].
The overall aim of this OHSAS Standard is to support
and promote good OH&S practices, in balance with
socio-economic needs.
It should be noted that many of the requirements can
be addressed concurrently or revisited at any time.
50
1.5.2 Occupational Health and Safety Management
System (OHSMS)
There is an important distinction between this OHSAS
Standard, which describes the requirements for an
organizations OH&S management system and can be
used for certification/registration and/or self-
declaration of an organizations OH&S management
system, and a non-certifiable guideline intended to
provide generic assistance to an organization for
establishing, implementing or improving an OH&S
management system.
51
1.5.2 Occupational Health and Safety Management
System (OHSMS)
Many organizations manage their operations via the
application of a system of processes and their
interactions, which can be referred to as the process
approach.
ISO 9001 promotes the use of the process approach.
Since PDCA can be applied to all processes, the two
methodologies are considered to be compatible [14].
52
1.5.2 Occupational Health and Safety Management
System (OHSMS)
This guideline is to provide direction and assistance in
implementing OSHMS that can contribute to the
protection of employees from hazards and its
associated risks, the elimination of work-related
injuries, disabilities, ill health, diseases, near misses and
fatalities [16].
This guideline is intended to [16]:
- interpret the requirement MS1722:2011
- assist compliance to legal requirements
- ensure continual improvement in OSH performance
- cultivate OSH culture in organization
53
1.5.2 Occupational Health and Safety Management
System (OHSMS)
As shown in Figure 1.5, the OHSMS consists of five major
elements [16]:
Policy: Include activities related to the development of
the organizations OSH policy statement and structures
and practices that insure active and meaningful
worker participation in OSH arrangement.
Organizing: Addresses the establishment of OSH
responsibilities and accountabilities structures, a
training system, competency definitions,
documentation practices and a communication system.
54
1.5.2 Occupational Health and Safety Management
System (OHSMS)
Action for Improvement: Addresses issues associated
with preventive/corrective actions and continual
improvement. With the information obtained from
performance monitoring and measurement,
investigations, audits, and management review,
appropriate prevention/corrective and continual
improvement actions can be taken
55
1.5.2 Occupational Health and Safety Management
System (OHSMS)
56
1.5.3 Environmental Management System (EMS)
57
What benefits will it bring
to my business or organization?
Users of the standard have reported that ISO 14001:2015 helps:
58
1.6 Safety, Health and Environment Culture
Department of Commerce
Safety Culture
APOSHO 26 Australasian Safety Conference 2011
Ian Munns, Director Policy and Education WorkSafe WA
Source : http://www.powershow.com/view4/534fa0
ZTExN/Safety_Culture_powerpoint_ppt_presentation
59
1.6 Safety, Health and Environment Culture
Safety Culture
We use the term culture in many
varied contexts -
Society Groups
Sporting Teams
Organisations
Historic period
Others
Culture
60
1.6 Safety, Health and Environment Culture
Safety Culture
Attitudes Environment
Systems
61
1.6 Safety, Health and Environment Culture
62
1.6 Safety, Health and Environment Culture
63
1.6 Safety, Health and Environment Culture
64
1.6 Safety, Health and Environment Culture
Discussion
65
References
References
66
12. Willborn, W.O. and Cheng, T.C.E. (1994). Global Management of Quality Assurance
Systems. New York: McGraw-Hill.
13. Karapetrovic, S. and Willborn, W. (1998). Integration of quality and environmental
management systems. TQM Magazines, 10 (3), pp. 204-213.
14. OHSAS Project Group (2007). OHSAS 18001:2007 Occupational health and safety
management systems Requirements. London: OHSAS Secretariat.
15. Matias, J.C.D.O. and Coelho, D.A. (2002). The integration of the standards systems of
quality management, environmental management and occupational health and safety
management. International Journal of Production Research, 40 (15), pp. 3857-3866.
16. Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) (2011). Guidelines on
occupational safety and health management systems. Cheras: DOSH.
17. Jorgensen, T.H., Remmen, A., Mellado, M.D. (2005). Integrated management systems
three different levels of integration. Journal of Cleaner Production, pp. 1-10.
18. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (2004). ISO 14001:2004
Environmental Management Systems Requirements with guidance for use.
Switzerland: ISO
19. Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Act 127), Regulations, Rules & Orders
20. Munns, I., Safety Culture, http://www.powershow.com/view4/534fa0
ZTExN/Safety_Culture_powerpoint_ppt_presentation
21. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (2015)
http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/management-standards/iso14000.htm
67