11/26/2016 Construction

Search

Home Knowledge
Miscellaneous
Construction
HullConstruction
Transversallystiffened
Thisstructureisnowvirtuallyobsoleteandmaynotbeusedonhullsgreaterthan
120minlength

http://www.marineengineering.org.uk/page81.html 1/23
11/26/2016 Construction

Thehullrequiresaplatefloorevery3.05mandaframeevery1m.Hencethereare3
framesforeveryplatefloor.Thetwoframesareattachedtothefloorangleiron
transverse.
Fortheaftframingoftheaftpeaktankorthefor'dframingofthefor'dcollision
bulkheadthemaximumframingpitchis0.61m.Alsoforthefor'd0.2loftheshipthe
maximumspacingoftheframeis700mm(thishelpstopreventdamagedueto
slamming).
Underneaththeengineseatingaplatefloorisrequiredeveryframe.
Thekeelplateismadefromheaviersectionofplateandhasitsendstaperedtoallowit
tobeweldedontothenormalhullplating

Ductkeelconstructionfortransverselyframedhull

http://www.marineengineering.org.uk/page81.html 2/23
11/26/2016 Construction

Longitudinallyframedhull(tanker)

Thelongitudinalframingismuchbetterabletoresistbucklingwhenthehullishogging

http://www.marineengineering.org.uk/page81.html 3/23
11/26/2016 Construction

Longitudinalframing(DryCargo)

http://www.marineengineering.org.uk/page81.html 4/23
11/26/2016 Construction

http://www.marineengineering.org.uk/page81.html 5/23
11/26/2016 Construction

http://www.marineengineering.org.uk/page81.html 6/23
11/26/2016 Construction

Spectaclepropshaftsupports
Theadvantagesofmountingdriveshaftsexternallyare
Reduced'bladepassing'hullvibrationandnoise
Increasepropellerefficiencyashullinclearerwater
Allowsfinersternhullformincreasinghullefficiencyandreducing
materialrequirements
Somedisadvantagesare
Propshaftismoreopentodamage,erosionandcorrosion,forsome
designstheextendedlengthoftheshaftisshrouded.
Increasehulldrag

Castconstruction

http://www.marineengineering.org.uk/page81.html 7/23
11/26/2016 Construction

Weldedconstruction

http://www.marineengineering.org.uk/page81.html 8/23
11/26/2016 Construction

EngineSeating
FlatBedPlate

http://www.marineengineering.org.uk/page81.html 9/23
11/26/2016 Construction

Therearetransverseplatefloorsateachframe.Thethicknessoftheengineseating
isgovernedbythepower,weight,andlengthoftheunit

SmallDropraisedSeat

LargeDropraisedseat

http://www.marineengineering.org.uk/page81.html 10/23
11/26/2016 Construction

Historicallytheengineboltsattheafterendoftheenginewerefittedboltsto
taketheshearofthethrustandthemorefor'dboltswereloosefitboltsallowing
forexpansion.
Thismethodhasprovedunreliableandthemoremodernpracticeistoweldlugs
onthebedplateandhavebracketsandfittedchocks

Bedplatelocation

http://www.marineengineering.org.uk/page81.html 11/23
11/26/2016 Construction

http://www.marineengineering.org.uk/page81.html 12/23
11/26/2016 Construction

Theholdingdownarrangementshouldbearrangedtobeaboveanybilgewater
leveltoallowforeasyaccessandinspection

EngineMountingforseparatethrustblock

Wherethethrustistakeninthegearboxcasingitisnecessarythentohavethe
mountsforthecasingascloseaspossibletothecentrelineoftheshaftsoasto
ensurelittleornobendingmomentonthecasing.Themountingsshouldbe
suitablyextendedinasimilarfashiontothethrustblockarrangementshown
above

Bulkheads
Therearethreebasictypesofbulkhead,watertight,nonwatertightandtank.
Differenttypesofbulkheadsaredesignedtocarryoutdifferentfunctions.
Thewatertightbulkheadseveralimportantones
1.Itdividestheshipintowatertightcompartmentsgivinga
buoyancyreserveintheeventofhullbeingbreached.The
numberofcompartmentsisgovernedbyregulationandtypeof
vessel
2.cargoseparation
3.Theyrestrictthepassageofflame
4.Increasedtransversestrength,ineffecttheyactlikeendsofa
box
5.Longitudinaldeckgirdersanddecklongitudinalaresupportedby
transversewatertightbulkheadswhichactaspillars

http://www.marineengineering.org.uk/page81.html 13/23
11/26/2016 Construction

Numberofbulkheads
(cargoship)
Lengthofship(m) Numberofbulkheads
Above Notexceeding Machinerymidships MachineryAft
90 105 5 5
105 115 6 5
115 125 6 6
125 145 7 6
145 165 8 7
165 190 9 8
190 Tobeconsideredindividually

Thenumberofbulkheadsdependsuponthelengthoftheshipandthepositionof
themachinery.Theremustbeacollisionbulkheadpositionedatleast1/20thofthe
distancefromtheforwardperpendicular.Thismustbecontinuoustotheuppermost
continuousdeck.

Thesterntubemustbeenclosedinawatertightcompartmentformedbythestern
frameandtheafterpeakbulkheadwhichmayterminateatthefirstcontinuous

deckabovethewaterline.Theengineroommustbecontainedbetweentwo
http://www.marineengineering.org.uk/page81.html 14/23
11/26/2016 Construction

deckabovethewaterline.Theengineroommustbecontainedbetweentwo
watertightbulkheadsoneofwhichmaybetheafterpeakbulkhead.
Eachmainholdwatertightbulkheadmustextendtotheuppermostcontinuousdeck
unlessthefreeboardismeasuredfromtheseconddeckinwhichcasethebulkhead
canextendtotheseconddeck.

Awatertightbulkheadisformedfromplatesattachedtotheshell,deckandtank
topbymeansofwelding.Thebulkheadsaredesignedtowithstandafullhead
waterpressureandbecauseofthisthethicknessoftheplatingatthebottomofthe
bulkheadmaybegreaterthanthatatthetop.Verticalstiffenersarepositioned
760mmapartexceptwerecorrugatedbulkheadsareused.

Watertightbulkheadsmustbetestedwithahoseatapressureof200Kn/m2.The
testbeingcarriedoutfromthesideonwhichthestiffenersarefittedandthe
bulkheadmustremainwatertight.
Watertightbulkheadswhicharepenetratedbypipes,cablesetc.mustbeprovided
withsuitableglandswhichpreventthepassageofwater.
Watertightdoors

Verticallymountedwatertightdoor

http://www.marineengineering.org.uk/page81.html 15/23
11/26/2016 Construction

Toallowthepassageforpersonnelwatertightdoorsarefitted,openingsmustbe
cutonlywereessentialandtheyshouldbeassmallaspossible.1.4mhigh,0.7m
widebeingtheusual.Doorsshouldbeofmildsteelorcaststeel,andtheymaybe
arrangedtocloseverticallyorhorizontally.
Theclosingactionmustbepositivei.e.itmustnotrelyongravity.Hingedwater
tightdoorsmaybeallowedinpassengershipsandinwatertightbulkheadsabove
deckswhichareplaced2.2mormoreabovethewaterline.Similardoorsmaybe
fittedinweatherdecksopeningsincargoships.

HingedWatertightdoors

http://www.marineengineering.org.uk/page81.html 16/23
11/26/2016 Construction

Hingedwatertightdoorsconsistofaheavysectiondoorwhichwhenclosedseals
onaresilientpackingmountedinchannelbarweldedtothedoorframe.

Thedoorisheldfirmlyinthedoorframewhenclosedbythedoggingarrangements
shownwhichallowthedoorstobeopenedfromeitherside.Normallysixofthese
dogsarespreadequallyaroundtheperiphery.

Automaticwatertightoperatinggear

http://www.marineengineering.org.uk/page81.html 17/23
11/26/2016 Construction

Automaticoperatinggearallowstheremoteoperationofwatertightdoors.Theseare
fittedonmanyvesselsincludingpassengerships.
Intheeventoffireorflooding,operationofswitchesfrombridge/firecontrolarea
sendsasignaltoanoildivertervalve.Oilfromapressurisedhydraulicsystemissent
toarammovingthedoor.
Thedoormayalsobeoperatedlocallybyamanualdivertervalve.Inaddition,inthe
eventoflossofsystempressurethedoormaybeoperatedbyalocalmanualhand
pump
remotedoorpositionindicatorsarefittedaswellaswereappropriatealarmsto
indicateoperation.
Bulkheaddefinitions
ClassA
Aredivisionsformingbulkheadsanddecksthat
Constructedofsteelorequivalent
suitablystiffened
Preventpassageofsmokeandflametotheendofonehourstandardfire
test
Insulatedusingnoncombustiblematerialsothataveragetemperatureon
exposedsidedoesnotriseabove140oCandpointtemperatureabove
180oC.Thetimethebulkheadcomplieswiththisgovernsitsclass
A6060min
A3030Min
A1515Min
A00Min
ClassB
Thesearedivisionsformedbybulkheads,decks,ceilingsandlining
Preventpassageofflameforfirsthalfhourofstandardfiretest
Insulatedsoaverageexposedsidetemperaturedoesnotrisemorethan
139oCaboveoriginalandnosinglepointrisesmorethan225oCabove
originalThetimethebulkheadcomplieswiththisgovernsitsclass
B1515Min
B00Min
Constructedofnoncombustiblematerialandallmaterialsenteringthe
constructionaresimilarlynoncombustibleexceptwherepermitted

ClassC
http://www.marineengineering.org.uk/page81.html 18/23
11/26/2016 Construction

ClassC
Thesearedivisionsconstructedofapprovednoncombustiblematerials.Combustible
veneersareallowedweretheymeetothercriteria
MainverticalzonesDividedbyClassAbulkheadsandnotexceeding40minlength

SternFrame

Asternframemaybecastorfabricatedanditsshapeisinfluencedbythetypeof
rudderbeingusedandtheprofileofthestern.Sternframesalsodifferbetweentwin
andsinglescrewships,thesinglescrewsternframehavingabossforthepropeller
shaft.Adequateclearanceisessentialbetweenpropellerbladetipsandsternframein
ordertominimisetheriskofvibration.Asbladesrotatewaterimmediatelyaheadof
thebladesiscompressedandatthebladetipsthiscompressioncanbetransmitted
tothehullintheformofaseriesofpulseswhichsetupvibration.Adequate
clearanceisnecessaryoralternativelyconstantclearance,thisbeingprovidedwith
ductedpropellerssuchastheKortnozzle.Arotatingpropellerexertsavaryingforce
onthesternframebossandthiscanresultinthetransmissionofvibration.Rigid
constructionisnecessarytoavoidthis.Thesternpost,ofsubstantialsection,is
carriedupinsidethehullandopenedintoapalmendwhichconnectstoafloorplate,
Thissternpostisoftenreferredtoasthevibrationpostasitsaimistoimpart
http://www.marineengineering.org.uk/page81.html 19/23
11/26/2016 Construction

Thissternpostisoftenreferredtoasthevibrationpostasitsaimistoimpart
rigidityandsominimisetheriskofvibration.Sideplatingisgenerallyprovidedwitha
Rabbetorrecessinorderthattheplatingmaybefittedflush.Theaftermostkeel
platewhichconnectswiththisregionthestructureodtheshipservesnouseful
purposeanditisknownasthe'deadwood'.Thismayberemovedwithoutilleffecton
stabilityorperformanceandsomesternframesaredesignedsuchthatthedeadwood
isnotpresent.

TankInspections
Thefollowingdescribesafewofthecommondefectsfoundinvarioushull
constructions

http://www.marineengineering.org.uk/page81.html 20/23
11/26/2016 Construction

http://www.marineengineering.org.uk/page81.html 21/23
11/26/2016 Construction

http://www.marineengineering.org.uk/page81.html 22/23
11/26/2016 Construction

http://www.marineengineering.org.uk/page81.html 23/23