El presente perfecto progresivo es un tiempo verbal en el idioma ingls que narra

hechos que ya han ocurrido en un momento especfico o en el pasado pero que siguen
teniendo una relevancia en el presente. En este sentido, contrasta con el pasado
simple, que se usa para referir a acciones que tuvieron lugar en el pasado pero que ya
no tienen, necesariamente, vigencia alguna con el presente, como en los siguientes
ejemplos:

Presente Perfecto: I have been married for two years (Llevo dos aos casado.)
Pasado Simple: I was married for two years (Estuve dos aos casado.)
Aunque corresponde en su estructura con el pretrito perfecto en espaol, es decir, el
verbo se construye con el verbo auxiliar have (has si es en tercera persona singular -
he, she, it), ms el participio del verbo: o sea, sujeto + have/has + verbo en participio
pasado, no siempre corresponde con el espaol en su uso, p. ej., I have been married
for two years. (Llevo casado dos aos.).1

En el sentido del ejemplo anterior, es especialmente importante su uso para conectar

el pasado con el presente, e incluso, con el futuro. De ah, su uso frecuente con
adverbios de tiempo como for, since, etc.2 Editar

Espaol
The perfect progressive present is a verbal tense in the English language that narrates
events that have already occurred at a specific time or in the past but which continue
to have a relevance in the present. In this sense, it contrasts with the simple past,
which is used to refer to actions that took place in the past but which no longer
necessarily have any validity with the present, as in the following examples:

Present Perfect: I have been married for two years.

Simple past: I was married for two years.
Although it corresponds in its structure with the perfect past in Spanish, that is to say,
the verb is constructed with the auxiliary verb have (has if it is in third person singular -
he, she, it), plus the participle of the verb: that is, subject + Have / has + verb in past
participle, does not always correspond with Spanish in its use, p. I have been married
for two years. I've been married for two years.

In the sense of the previous example, it is especially important to use it to connect the
past with the present, and even with the future. Hence, its frequent use with adverbs of
time as for, since, etc.2

Afirmativo[editar]
I have eaten an apple. (Me he comido una manzana.).

He has bought a car. (l ha comprado un coche.).

She has gone to the park. (Ella ha ido al parque.).

Negativo[editar]
I've never been to Salamanca. (Nunca he estado en Salamanca.)

I haven't finished yet. (An no he terminado.)

Interrogativo[editar]
How many times have you seen that film? (Cuantas veces has visto esa
pelcula?)

Have you been to the Prado? (Has estado en el Prado?)

Usos especficos[editar]
Con for o since[editar]
For y since sirven para delimitar el tiempo de la accin del verbo: for tiene el significado de
durante y since, desde.
Afirmativo[editar]

I have been here for four years. (Llevo cuatro aos aqu.)
 I have lived here since 2003 (Vivo aqu desde 2003.)
Negativo[editar]

I have not seen them for a long time. (No les he visto desde hace mucho tiempo.)

I have not been here since I was a kid. (No he estado aqu desde que era un nio.)
Con yet, already o (not) yet[editar]
Mientras for y since establecen una referencia con el tiempo, already y yet establecen
acciones que todava no han acabado. Yet solo se puede usar en negativa e interrogativa
y already solo se puede usar en afirmativa y, aunque no tan frecuente, tambin en
interrogativa, este ltimo para expresar sorpresa:

yet (interrogativa): an, p. ej., Have they answered you yet? (Te han contestado
ya?)

(not) yet: todava no, an, p. ej., I haven't done my homework yet (Todava no he
hecho mis deberes.)

already: ya, p. ej., I have already done my homework (Ya he hecho mis
deberes.); Have you finished already? That was quick! (Has terminado ya? Que
rpido!)
Con just[editar]
just: acabar de, p. ej., I have just done my homework (Yo acabo de hacer mis
deberes.);

Affirmative I have eaten an apple. I have eaten an apple. I have bought a car.
He has bought a car. She has gone to the park. She has gone to the park.
Negative [edit] I've never been to Salamanca. I've never been to Salamanca. I
have not finished yet. (I have not finished.) Interrogative [edit] How many times
have you seen that film? How many times have you seen that movie? Have you
been to the Prado? Have you been to El Prado? Specific uses [edit] Con for the
since [edit] For and since they serve to delimit the time of the action of the verb:
for has the meaning of "during" and since, "since". Affirmative I have been here
for four years. I've been here for four years. I have lived here since 2003. (I live
here since 2003.) Negative [edit] I have not seen them for a long time. (I have
not seen them for a long time.) I have not been here since I was a kid. I have
not been here since I was a kid. With yet, already or (not) yet [edit] While for
and since they establish a reference over time, already and yet they establish
actions that have not yet finished. Yet it can only be used in negative and
interrogative and already can only be used in affirmative and, although not so
frequent, also in interrogative, the latter to express surprise: Yet (interrogative):
yet, p. Have they answered you yet? (Have they already answered you?) (Not)
yet: not yet, yet, p. I have not done my homework yet. Already: ya, p. I have
already done my homework. Have you finished already? That was quick! (Are
you finished already? How fast!) With just [edit] Just: to finish, p. I have just
done my homework.

El presente perfecto equivale ms o menos al pretrito perfecto del espaol.

Veremos las diferencias en la seccin sobre usos. En general, es una mezcla
entre el presente y el pasado. Lo usamos para acciones en el pasado que
tienen importancia en el presente.

Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)

Form (Forma)

Para formar el presente perfecto, se usa el verbo auxiliar to have en el

presente y el participio pasado del verbo. Para verbos regulares, el participio
pasado es la forma simple del pasado. Ver la leccin sobre el pasado
simple para ms informacin sobre como formar el pasado.

The perfect present is more or less equivalent to the perfect past tense of
Spanish. We will see the differences in the section on uses. In general, it is a
mixture between the present and the past. We use it for actions in the past that
have importance in the present. Grammatical Rules Form To form the perfect
present, the auxiliary verb "to have" is used in the present and the past
participle of the verb. For regular verbs, the past participle is the simple form of
the past. See the lesson on the simple past for more information on how to form
the past. Nota: Ten en cuenta que hay muchos participios pasados irregulares
en ingls. A continuacin tienes una lista de unos de los participios pasados
irregulares ms comunes.
Verbo Pasado Simple Participio pasado

be was/were been

do did done

go went gone

make made made

see saw seen

Nota: Ten en cuenta que hay muchos participios pasados irregulares en ingls. A
continuacin tienes una lista de unos de los participios pasados irregulares ms
comunes.

Preposiciones de tiempo

Hay tres preposiciones de tiempo bsicas en ingls: at, in y on. La utilizacin de estas
preposiciones tiene algunas reglas muy sencillas pero de las que los estudiantes no
siempre se acuerdan. Hoy recordaremos las reglas de las preposiciones de tiempo en
ingls y las pocas excepciones que las acompaan.
AT
Se utiliza con expresiones de tiempo que contienen horas.
I usually get up at 7 oclock.

Son horas tambin expresiones como lunch time / midday / midnight.

We normally have lunch at midday.

IN
Se utiliza con expresiones de tiempo que contienen:

Partes del da (in the morning / afternoon / evening)

I usually work in the afternoon.

Excepcin: at night
Meses del ao (in May / December etc.)
In Romania, it snows in December.

Estaciones del ao ( in the spring / summer / autumn / winter)

I like to relax on the beach in the summer. Aos ( in 1989)
We are in 2009.

ON
Se utiliza con expresiones de tiempo que contienen:

Das de la semana (on Monday / Tuesday etc.)

I always do my English homework on Sunday.

Cuando se quiere decir que una situacin ocurre todos los lunes, martes etc., se utiliza
la expresin de tiempo con la marca del plural:

I go swimming on Saturdays.

Si se trata de una expresin compuesta por el da y una parte del da (Monday

morning), la preposicin va en acuerdo con la primera palabra, es decir con el da: on
Monday morning / afternoon / evening / night.
Fechas
The national day of the US is on 4th July.

Excepciones:
1. Cuando hablamos del fin de semana, anque se trata de das de la semana, la
preposicin de tiempo que se utiliza es at (At the weekend)
I dont wake up early at the weekend.

2. Cuando hablamos de fiestas oficiales: at Christmas (Navidad), at Easter (Pascuas).

He always goes skiing at Christmas.

There are three basic prepositions in English: at, in, and on. The use of these
prepositions has some very simple rules but of which students do not always
remember. Today we will remember the rules of time prepositions in English and the
few exceptions that accompany them.

AT

It is used with time expressions that contain hours.

I usually get up at 7 o'clock.

They are also expressions such as lunch time / midday / midnight.

We normally have lunch at midday.

IN

It is used with time expressions that contain:

Parts of the day (in the morning / afternoon / evening)
I usually work in the afternoon.

Exception: at night

Months of the year (in May / December etc.)

In Romania, it snows in December.

Seasons of the year (in the spring / summer / autumn / winter)

I like to relax on the beach in the summer.

Years (in 1989) We are in 2009. ON It is used with time expressions that
contain: Days of the week (on Monday / Tuesday etc.) I always do my English
homework on Sunday. When it is meant that a situation occurs every Monday,
Tuesday, etc., the expression of time is used with the plural mark: I go
swimming on Saturdays. If it is a "compound" expression for the day and a part
of the day (Monday morning), the preposition goes according to the first word,
ie with the day: on Monday morning / afternoon / evening / night. Dates The
national day of the US is on the 4th of July. Exceptions: 1. When we talk about
the weekend, even though it is about days of the week, the preposition of time
that is used is at (At the weekend) I do not wake up early at the weekend. 2.
When we talk about official holidays: at Christmas, at Easter. He always goes
skiing at Christmas.

Past perfect
esson 2.1
Past Perfect
El pluscuamperfecto
Compartir

43

El pasado perfecto en ingls corresponde al pluscuamperfecto de espaol. En

general, lo usamos para acciones que ocurrieron antes de otra accin en el
pasado.

Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)

Form (Forma)
Igual que en el presente perfecto, se forma el pasado perfecto con el verbo
auxiliar to have y el participio pasado. El verbo auxiliar estar en pasado.

Sujeto Verbo Auxiliar Forma Corta Participio Pasado

I, you, he, she, it, we, they had Id, youd, hed, shed, itd, wed, theyd studied, visited, worked

Nota: Ten cuidado porque la contraccin -d tambin se utiliza con el verbo

modal would para formar el condicional. Como tal, la forma corta Id
puede tener dos significados diferentes. Podemos distinguir entre estos dos
significados por la forma del verbo principal que les sigue. Si queremos decir
Id en el sentido de pasado perfecto, el verbo principal est en la forma de
participio pasado, mientras que con el condicional, Id va seguido por el
verbo en infinitivo. Para ms informacin, ver la leccin sobre las frases
condicionales.

Structure (Estructura)

Esson 2.1 Past Perfect The perfect perfect Share Facebook Google Twitter 43
The perfect past in English corresponds to the pluscuamperfecto of Spanish. In
general, we use it for actions that occurred before another action in the past.
Grammatical Rules Form Just as in the present perfect, the perfect past is
formed with the auxiliary verb "to have" and the past participle. The auxiliary
verb will be in the past. Subject I, you, she, she, we, they had, I'd, you'd, he'd,
she'd, it'd, we'd, they'd studied, visited, worked ... Note: Be careful because the
contraction "-'d" is also used with the modal verb "would" to form the
conditional. As such, the short form "I'd" can have two different meanings. We
can distinguish between these two meanings by the form of the main verb that
follows them. If we mean "I'd" in the sense of perfect past, the main verb is in
the form of past participle, while with the conditional, "I'd" is followed by the verb
in infinitive. For more information, see the lesson on conditional sentences.
Structure

Ejemplos:
I had [Id] visited the Louvre before, so I knew where the Mona Lisa
was. (Haba visitado el Museo del Louvre antes, as que saba donde estaba la Mona
Lisa.)
They had [Theyd] studied English before they went to London. (Haban
estudiado ingls antes de irse a Londres.)
Henry changed careers because he had [hed] worked as an accountant
for many years and was bored. (Henry cambi de profesin porque haba trabajado
como contable durante muchos aos y estaba aburrido.)

2. Negative Sentences (Frases negativas)

Sujeto + had + not + participio pasado

Ejemplos:
I had not [hadnt] visited the Louvre before so I didnt know where the
Mona Lisa was. (No haba visitado el Museo del Louvre antes, as que no saba donde
estaba la Mona Lisa.)
They had not [hadnt] studied English before they went to London. (No
haban estudiado ingls antes de irse a Londres.)
Henry changed careers even though he had not [hadnt] worked as an
accountant for long. (Henry cambi de profesin a pesar de que no haba trabajado
como contable durante mucho tiempo.)

3. Interrogative Sentences (Frases interrogativas)

Had + sujeto + participio pasado?

Ejemplos:
How did you know where the Mona Lisa was? Had you visited the Louvre
before? (Cmo sabas dnde estaba la Mona Lisa? Habas visitado el Museo del
Louvre antes?)
Had they studied English before they went to London? (Haban estudiado
ingls antes de irse a Londres?)
Had Henry worked as an accountant for long before he changed
careers? (Henry haba trabajado como contable durante mucho tiempo antes de
cambiar de profesin?)

Uses (Usos)
1. Usamos el pasado perfecto para referirnos a una accin o evento
que comenz en el pasado y que es anterior a otra accin tambin en
el pasado. La accin que ocurri primero es en pasado perfecto y la que sigue
en pasado simple.

Ejemplos:
Id read the book before I saw the movie. (Haba ledo el libro antes de ver la
pelcula.)
Donna had just left when you called. (Donna haba salido justo cuando llamaste.)
Had you ever flown before the trip to France? (Alguna vez habas volado antes
del viaje a Francia?)

2. Se usa para acciones que ocurrieron antes de un tiempo

especfico en el pasado.

Ejemplos:
I had already woken up when the alarm clock rang at 7am. (Ya me haba
despertado cuando son el despertador a las 7.)
He hadnt been to France before the trip in 2008. (No haba estado en Francia
antes del viaje del 2008.)

3. Tambin, como en el presente perfecto, con algunos verbos usamos

el pasado perfecto para situaciones que empezaron en el pasado y
que siguieron hasta un punto especfico en el pasado.

Ejemplos:
She had only owned one car before she bought her new BMW. (Holo haba
tenido un coche antes de que comprara su nuevo BMW.)
Id been depressed for a long time before I changed jobs. (Haba estado
deprimido durante mucho tiempo antes de que cambiara de trabajo.)

Nota: Ver una lista de

Presente perfecto continuos

We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the
past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and
"since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect
Continuous.

Examples:

They have been talking for the last hour.

She has been working at that company for three years.

What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes?

James has been teaching at the university since June.

We have been waiting here for over two hours!

Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three days?

USE 2 Recently, Lately

You can also use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a duration such as
"for two weeks." Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of
"lately." We often use the words "lately" or "recently" to emphasize this
meaning.

Examples:

Recently, I have been feeling really tired.

She has been watching too much television lately.

Have you been exercising lately?

Mary has been feeling a little depressed.

Lisa has not been practicing her English.

What have you been doing?

IMPORTANT
Remember that the Present Perfect Continuous has the meaning of "lately" or
"recently." If you use the Present Perfect Continuous in a question such as
"Have you been feeling alright?", it can suggest that the person looks sick or
unhealthy. A question such as "Have you been smoking?" can suggest that you
smell the smoke on the person. Using this tense in a question suggests you can
see, smell, hear or feel the results of the action. It is possible to insult someone
by using this tense incorrectly.

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any

continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed
Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Perfect
Continuous with these verbs, you must use Present Perfect.

Examples:

Sam has been having his car for two years. Not Correct

Sam has had his car for two years. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as:
always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

You have only been waiting here for one hour.

Have you only been waiting here for one hour?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

Recently, John has been doing the work. Active

Recently, the work has been being done by John. Passive

NOTE: Present Perfect Continuous is less commonly used in its passive form.

More About Active / Passive Forms

Utilizamos el Presente Perfecto Continuo para demostrar que algo comenz en el
pasado y ha continuado hasta ahora. "Durante cinco minutos", "durante dos semanas"
y "desde el martes" son todas las duraciones que se pueden utilizar con el Presente
Perfecto Continuo.

Ejemplos:

Han estado hablando durante la ltima hora.

Ella ha estado trabajando en esa compaa por tres aos.
Qu has estado haciendo durante los ltimos 30 minutos?
James ha estado enseando en la universidad desde junio.
Hemos estado esperando aqu por ms de dos horas!
Por qu Nancy no ha estado tomando su medicina durante los ltimos tres das?
USO 2 Recientemente, ltimamente

Tambin puede usar el Presente Perfecto Continuo SIN una duracin tal como "por dos
semanas". Sin la duracin, el tiempo tiene un significado ms general de
"ltimamente". A menudo usamos las palabras "ltimamente" o "recientemente" para
enfatizar este significado.

Ejemplos:

Recientemente, me he sentido muy cansado.

Ella ha estado viendo demasiada televisin ltimamente.
Has estado haciendo ejercicio ltimamente?
Mara se ha sentido un poco deprimida.
Lisa no ha estado practicando su ingls.
Que has estado haciendo?

IMPORTANTE

Recuerde que el Presente Perfecto Continuo tiene el significado de "ltimamente" o

"recientemente". Si usa el Presente Perfecto Continuo en una pregunta como "Se ha
estado sintiendo bien?", Puede sugerir que la persona se ve enferma o insalubre. Una
pregunta como "Has estado fumando?" Puede sugerir que usted huele el humo en la
persona. Usando este tiempo en una pregunta sugiere que usted puede ver, oler, or o
sentir los resultados de la accin. Es posible insultar a alguien usando este tiempo
incorrectamente.

RECORDAR los verbos no continuos / los verbos mixtos

Es importante recordar que los verbos no continuos no pueden utilizarse en ningn

tiempo continuo. Adems, ciertos significados no continuos para los verbos mixtos no
se pueden utilizar en tiempos continuos. En lugar de usar Present Perfect Continuous
con estos verbos, debes usar Present Perfect.

Ejemplos:

Sam ha estado teniendo su coche por dos aos. Incorrecto

Sam ha tenido su coche durante dos aos. Correcto
COLOCACIN DEL ADVERBIO
Los ejemplos siguientes muestran la colocacin de adverbios gramaticales tales como:
siempre, slo, nunca, nunca, todava, justo, etc.

Ejemplos:

Slo has estado esperando aqu una hora.

Slo has estado esperando aqu una hora?
ACTIVO PASIVO

Ejemplos:

Recientemente, John ha estado haciendo el trabajo. Activo

Recientemente, el trabajo ha sido hecho por John. Pasivo
NOTA: Presente Perfecto Continuo es menos utilizado en su forma pasiva.

Ms acerca de los formularios activos / pasivos

Pasado perfecto continuos

El pasado perfecto continuo en ingls corresponde al pluscuamperfecto de espaol en el que se usa el

indicativo del verbo estar y el gerundio. En general, lo usamos para acciones en proceso de
. Como en el presente
realizacin en el pasado antes de otra accin ocurrida

perfecto continuo, se forma el pasado perfecto continuo

con el verbo auxiliar to have, been y el verbo+ing.
Ejemplos:
I had [Id] been studying English for 2 years when I went to
London. (Haba estado estudiando ingls durante 2 aos cuando fui a Londres.)
Lindsay had been working at the store since 2005 when it closed. (Lindsay
haba estado trabajando en la tienda desde el ao 2005 cuando se cerr.)
They were surprised when the airline lost their baggage as they had
[theyd] been traveling for weeks without a problem. (Se sorprendieron
cuando la aerolnea perdi su equipaje ya que haban estado viajando durante semanas
sin problemas.)

2. Negative Sentences (Frases negativas)

Sujeto + had + not + been + verbo+ing

Ejemplos:
I had not [hadnt] been studying English long when I went to London. (No
haba estado estudiando ingls mucho tiempo cuando fui a Londres.)
Lindsay had not [hadnt] been working at the store for long when it
 closed. (Lindsay no haba estado trabajando en la tienda mucho tiempo cuando se
cerr.)
They had not [hadnt] been traveling long before they had their first
problem. (No haban estado viajando mucho antes de que tuvieran su primer
problema.)

3. Interrogative Sentences (Frases interrogativas)

Had + sujeto + been + verbo+ing?

Ejemplos:
Had you been studying English for a long time before you went to
London? (Habas estado estudiando ingls mucho tiempo antes de que fuiste a
Londres?)
Had Lindsay been working at the store for a long time when it
closed? (Lindsay haba estado trabajando mucho tiempo cuando se cerr?)
Had they been traveling for a long time when the airline lost their
luggage? (Haban estado viajando mucho tiempo cuando la aerolnea perdi su
equipaje?)

Uses (Usos)

1. Usamos el pasado perfecto continuo para referirnos a algo que

habamos estado haciendo (en proceso) cuando otra accin
interrumpi. El pasado perfecto continuo se utiliza para la accin en proceso
y el pasado simple para la accin que interrumpe. Cuando nos referimos a algo
que hemos estado haciendo en un perodo de tiempo, por lo tanto, solemos
usar las preposiciones de tiempo for o since.

Ejemplos:
Id been working for hours when I fell asleep at my desk. (Haba estado
trabajando durante horas cuando me qued dormido en mi escritorio.)
Frank bought a new car. Hed been looking for one since last year. (Frank
compr un nuevo coche. Lo haba estado buscando desde el ao pasado.)
Wed been arguing for days when Elizabeth found a resolution. (Habamos
estado discutiendo durante das cuando Elizabeth encontr una resolucin.)

2. Se utiliza para demostrar causa y efecto en el pasado.

Ejemplos:
She was tired because shed been working too much. (Estaba cansado
porque haba estado trabajando demasiado.)
They were angry because theyd been waiting for me for hours. (Estaban
 enfadados porque haban estado esperndome durante horas.)

The perfect past continuous in English corresponds to the pluscuamperfecto of Spanish

in which the indicative of the verb "to be" and the gerund is used. In general, we use it
for actions in process of realization in the past before another action occurred.

As in the present perfect continuous, the perfect past is formed continuous with
the auxiliary verb "to have", "been" and the verb + ing.

Examples: I had been studying English for 2 years when I went to London. (I
had been studying English for 2 years when I went to London.) Lindsay had
been working at the store since 2005 when it closed. (Lindsay had been
working in the store since 2005 when it was closed.) They were surprised when
the airline lost their baggage as they had been traveling for weeks without a
problem. (They were surprised when the airline lost its luggage since they had
been traveling for weeks without problems.) 2. Negative Sentences Subject +
"had" + "not" + "been" + verb + ing ... Examples: I had not been studying
English long when I went to London. I had not been studying English for a long
time when I went to London. Lindsay had not been working at the store for long
when it closed. (Lindsay had not been working in the store a long time when it
closed.) They had not been traveling before. (They had not been traveling long
before they had their first problem.) 3. Interrogative Sentences

"Had" + subject + "been" + verb + ing? Examples: Have you been studying
English for a long time before you went to London? (Had you been studying
English long before you went to London?) Had Lindsay been working at the
store for a long time when it closed? (Had Lindsay been working long when it
was closed?) Have they been traveling for a long time when the airline lost
their luggage? (Had they been traveling for a long time when the airline lost its
luggage?) Uses (Uses) 1. We use the perfect past continuous to refer to
something we had been doing (in process) when another action interrupted.
The continuous perfect past is used for action in progress and the simple past
for disruptive action. When we refer to something we have been doing in a
period of time, therefore, we usually use the prepositions of "for" or "since" time.
Examples: I've been working for hours when I fell asleep at my desk. (I had
been working for hours when I fell asleep at my desk.) Frank bought a new car.
I have been looking for one since last year. (Frank bought a new car. He had
been looking for it since last year.) We've been arguing for days when
Elizabeth found a resolution. (We had been arguing for days when Elizabeth
found a resolution.) 2. It is used to show cause and effect in the past.
Examples: She was tired because she had been working too much. (I was tired
because I had been working too hard.) They were angry because they'd been
waiting for me for hours. (They were angry because they had been waiting for
me for hours.) Note: As we have seen in the last lessons, there are some verbs
with which we can not use continuous forms. You can consult the lesson on
continuous times and their explanation.