DESIGN OF BOX TYPE CULVERT

1 In side diamentions 2.00 m x 1.50 m

2 Beban Tambahan 12000 N/m 3

3 Beban Langsung 45000 N/m2

4 Berat Jenis Tanah 18500 N/m2
5 Sudut Geser 30 Degree
6 Tutup Selimut Beton 30 mm Nominal cover side 30
6 Mutu Beton M- 25 wt. of concrete 24000
scbc 7 N/m 2
m 13
7 Steel 420 Water side sst 150 N/m2 sst 190
8 Thickess of side wall 300 mm thickness of side wall is OK
Thickness of top slab 300 mm O.K.
Thickness of bottom slab 300 mm
9 Reinforcement
Top slab Main 20 mm F @ 350 mm c/c
Distribution 8 mm F @ 130 mm c/c
At supports 8 mm F @ 200 mm c/c
Bottom slab Main 20 mm F @ 200 mm c/c
Distribution 8 mm F @ 170 mm c/c
At supports 8 mm F @ 0 mm c/c Through out slab at bottom

Side vertical wall Vertical 20 mm F @ 300 mm c/c Both side

Distribution 8 mm F @ 130 mm c/c
20 mm F @ 700 mm c/c
8 mm F @ 200 mm C/C
8 mm F @ 130 mm C/c

300

400 20 mm F @
20 mm F @ 350 mm C/C
300 mm C/C

1.50

8 mm F @
130 mm C/C

20 mm F @
200 mm c/c

300

20 mm F @ 8 mm F @ 8 mm F @
400 mm c/c 200 mm C/C 130 mm C/c
300 2.00 300
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in
 mm
N/m3

N/m2

Through out slab at bottom

O.K.
 DESIGN OF BOX TYPE CULVERT
1 In side diamentions 2 x 1.5 m
2 Beban Tambahan 12000 N/m3
3 Beban Langsung 45000 N/m2
4 Berat Jenis Tanah 18500 N/m2 wt. of water 10000 N/m3
5 Sudut Geser 30 Degree
6 Nominal cover top/bottom 30 mm Nominal cover Side 30 mm
6 Mutu Beton M- 25 wt. of concrete 24000 N/m3
scbc 7 N/m2 m 13
7 Steel Fy 420 Out side sst 190 N/m2
water side side sst 150 N/m2
1 Solution Genral
For the purpose of design , one metre length of the box is considered.
The analysis is done for the following cases.
(I) Live load, dead load and earth prssure acting , with no water pressure from inside.
(II) Live and dead load on top and earth pressure acting from out side, and water pressure acting from inside,
with no live load on sides
(III) Dead load and earth pressure acting from out side and water pressure from in side.

Let the thicness of Horizontal slab 300 mm = 0.3 m

Vertical wall thicness 300 mm = 0.3 m
Effective slab span 2 + 0.3 = 2.3 m
Effective Height of wall 1.5 + 0.3 = 1.8 m

2 Case 1 : Dead and live load from out side of while no water pressure from inside.
Self weight og top slab = 0.3 x 1x 1x 24000 = 7200 N/m2
Live load and dead load = 45000 + 12000 = 57000 N/m2
Total load on top = 64200 N/m2
Weight of side wall = 1.8 x 0.3 x 24000 = 12960 N/m
\ Upward soil reaction at base = ( 64200 x 2.3 )+( 2x 12960 )=
75469.6 N/m2
2.3
1 - sin 30 1- 0.5 0.5 1
Ka = = = = = 0.33
1 + sin 30 1+ 0.5 1.5 3
\ Latral pressure due to dead load and live load = Pv x Ka
p = 57000 x 0.33333 = 19000 N/m2
Latral pressure due to soil Ka x w x h = 0.333 x 18500 h = 6166.6667 h
Hence total pressure = 19000 + 6166.67 h
Latral presure intencity at top = 19000 N/m2
Latral pressure intencity at bottom = 19000 + 6166.67 x 1.8 = 30100 N/m2
w = 64200 N/m2

Fig 1 show the box culvert 19000 19000

frame ABCD, along with the external A E B
loads, Due to symmetry, half of frame
(i.e. AEFD) of box culvert is
considered for moment distribution. h 2.30
Since all the members have uniform 19000 1.80
thickness, and uniform diamentions, 6166.66667 h
the relative stiffness K for AD will be
equal to 1 while the relative stiffness D F C
for AE and DF will be 1/2. 30100 19000 11100
w = 75469.565 N/m 2

Fig 1
 1 1/2
Distribution factore for AD and DA= = 2/3 Distribution factore for AB and DC= =
1+1/2 1+1/2
wL2 64200 x 1.8 2=
Fix end moments will be as under : MFAB= = -17334 N - m
12 12

Mfdc=
wL2 75469.6 x 1.8 2=
+ = 20376.8 N - m
12 12
pL2 WL Where W is the total tringular earth pressure.
MFAD = + +
12 15

MFAD = +
19000 x 1.8 + 11100 x
2
1.8 1.8
x = 6329 N-m
12 2 15
pL2 WL
MFDA = - -
12 15

MFDA = -
19000 x 1.8 2-
- 11100 x 1.8 1.8
x = -5130 -1798 =
12 2 10
The Moment distribution is carried out as illustrate in table
Fixed End Moments
Member DC DA AD AB 11527 64200 11527
20376.783 -6928 6329 -17334 25048

The moment distribution carried out as per table 1 for case 1

Joint D A 57780
Member DC DA AD AB 25048
11527
Distribution factore 0.33 0.67 0.67 0.33 19000
Fix end moment 20376.783 -6928 6329 -17334 A A
Balance -4483 -8966 7337 3668 11527 0.9
Carry over 3668 -4483
-3491
balance -1223 -2446 2989 1494 1.8 m
Carry over 1494 -1223
balance -498 -996 815 408 13959 0.9
Carry over 408 -498 11100 D D
balance -136 -272 332 166 30100 31417
13959
Carry over 166 -136
balance -55 -111 91 45 86790
Carry over 45 -55 31417
balance -15 -30 37 18
Carry over 18 -15 75470
balance -6 -12 10 5 Fig 2
Carry over 5 -6
balance -2 -3 4 2
Final moment 13959 -13959 11527 -11527

For horizontal slab AB, carrying UDL @ 64200 N/m2.

Vertical reactionat a and B = 0.5 x 64200 x 1.8 = 57780 N/m2
Similarly, for the Bottom slab DC carrying U.D.L.loads @ 75469.6 N/m2
Vertical reaction at D and C = 0.5 x 75469.57 x 2.30 = 86790 N
The body diagram for various members, including loading, B.M. And reactions are shown in fig.2
For the vertical member AD, the horizontal reaction at A is found by taking moments at D.Thus
( -ha x 2.30 )+ 11527 - 13959 + 19000 x 2.30 x 2.30 x 1/2
+ 1/2 x 11100 x 2.30 x 2.30 x 1/3
-ha x 2.30 + -2432 + 50255 + 9786.5
From which, ha = 25048
 Hence , hd =( 19000 + 30100 )x 2.30 - 25048 = 31417 N
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in 2
64200 x 2.30 2=
Free B.M. at mid point E = 42453 N-m
8
Net B.M. at E = 42453 - 11527 = 30926 N-m
75469.5652174 x 2.30 = 2
Similarly, free B.M. at F = 49904.25 N -m
8
Net B.M. at F = 49904.25 - 13959 = 35945 N-m
For vertical member AD , Simply supported B.M. At mid span
19000 x 2.30 2+
Simply supporetd at mid sapn = 1/16 x 11100 x 2.30 2= 16234
8
13959 + 11527
Net B.M. = = 12743 - 16234 = -3491
2
3 Case 2 : Dead load and live load from out side and water pressure from inside.
In this case , water pressure having an intensity of zero at A and 10000 x 1.80 = 18000
At D, is acting, in addition to the pressure
considered in case 1. The various pressures are
marked in fig 3 .The vertical walls will thus be w = 64200 N/m2
subjected to a net latral pressure of 19000 19000
Itensity = 19000 N/m2 At the Top A E B 6900

And = 30100 - 18000

= 12100 N/m at the bottom
2
2.30
1.80

D F C
30100 30100
w = 75469.565 N/m 2

Fig 3
wL2 = 64200 x 2.30 2=
Fix end moments will be as under : MFAB= -28301.5 N - m
12 12

Mfdc=
wL2 75469.6 x 2.3 2=
= 33269.5 N - m
12 12
pL2 WL Where W is the total tringular earth pressure.
MFAD = + +
12 10

MFAD = +
12100 x 2.3 2
+ 6900 x 2.3 2.3
x = 7160 N-m
12 2 10
pL2 WL
MFDA = - -
12 15

MFDA = -
12100 x 2.3 2
- 6900 x 2.3 2.3
x = -6551 N -m
12 2 15
The moment distribution is carrired out as illustred in table.
Fixed End Moments
Member DC DA AD AB 17036 64200 17036
33269.5 -6551 7160 -28302 13045

The moment distribution carried out as per table 1 for case 1

Joint D A 57780
Member DC DA AD AB
17036
Distribution factore 0.33 0.67 0.67 0.33 19000 13045
Fix end moment 33269.5 -6551 7160 -28302 A A
Balance -8906 -17812 14094 7047 17036 0.9
Carry over 7047 -8906
12525
 12525
balance -2349 -4698 5937 2969 1.8
Carry over 2969 -2349
balance -990 -1979 1566 783 20610 0.9
Carry over 783 -990 12100 D D
balance -261 -522 660 330 14945
20610
Carry over 330 -261
balance -110 -220 174 87 67923
Carry over 87 -110 14945
balance -29 -58 73 37
Carry over 37 -29 75470
balance -12 -24 19 10 Fig 4
Carry over 10 -12
balance -3 -6 8 4
Final moment 20610 -20610 17036 -17036

For horizontal slab AB, carrying UDL @ 64200 N/m2.

Vertical reactionat a and B = 0.5 x 64200 x 1.8 = 57780 N/m2
Similarly, for the Bottom slab DC carrying U.D.L.loads @ 75470 N/m 2

Vertical reaction at D and C = 0.5 x 75470 x 1.80 = 67922.6087 N

The body diagram for various members, including loading, B.M. And reactions are shown in fig.3
For the vertical member AD, the horizontal reaction at A is found by taking moments at D.Thus
( -ha x 1.80 )+ 17036 - 20610 + 12100 x 1.80 x 1.80 x 1/2
+ 1/2 x 6900 x 1.80 x 1.80 x 2/3
-ha x 1.80 + -3574 + 19602 + 7452
From which, ha = 13045
Hence , hd =( 12100 + 19000 )x 1.80 - 13045 = 14945 N
2
64200 x 1.80 2=
Free B.M. at mid point E = 26001 N-m
8
Net B.M. at E = 26001 - 17036 = 8965 N-m
75470 x 1.80 = 2
Similarly, free B.M. at F = 30565.1739 N -m
8
Net B.M. at F = 30565.173913 - 20610 = 9955 N-m
For vertical member AD , Simply supported B.M. At mid span
12100 x 1.80 2+
Simply supporetd at mid sapn = 1/16 x 6900 x 1.80 2= 6297.8
8
20610 + 17036
Net B.M. = = 18823 - 6298 = 12525
2

4 Case 3 : Dead load and live load on top water pressure from inside no live load on side.
in this case, it is assume that there is no latral oressure due to live load . As before .
The top slab is subjected to a load of '= 64200 N/m2
and the bottom slab is subjected to a load w = 64200 N/m2
Itensity = 75470 N/m 2 4000 4000
Lateral pressure due to dead load = A E B 4000

1/3 x 12000 = 4000 N/m2

Lateral pressure due to soil = 2.30
1/3 x 18500 = 6166.667 N/m 2
1.80
Hence earth pressure at depth h is =
4000 + 6166.7 h D F C
15100 15100
Earth pressure intensity at top = 4000 N/m2 18000 w= 75469.565 N/m218000
Fig 5
Earth pressure intensity at Bottom= 4000 + 6167 x 1.80 = 15100 N/m2
In addition to these, the vertical wall lslab subjectednto water pressure of intensity ZERO at top and
N/m2 at Bottom, acting from inside . The lateral pressure on vertical walls Is shown in fig 5 and 6

wL2 64200 x 2.30 2=

Fix end moments will be as under : MFAB= = -28301.5 N - m
12 12

Mfdc=
wL2 75469.6 x 2.3 2=
= 33269.5 N - m
12 12
pL2 WL Where W is the total tringular earth pressure.
MFAD = + -
12 15

MFAD = +
4000 x 2.3 -
2
6900 x 2.3 2.3
x = 547 N-m
12 2 15
pL2 WL 1763 - 1216.7
MFDA = - +
12 10

MFDA = -
4000 x 2.3 2
- 6900 x 2.3 2.3
x = 62 N -m
12 2 10
The moment distribution is carrired out as illustred in table.
Fixed End Moments
Member DC DA AD AB 13730 64200 13730
33269.5 62 547 -28302 =
The moment distribution carried out as per table 1 for case 1
Joint D A 57780
Member DC DA AD AB
13730
Distribution factore 0.33 0.67 0.67 0.33 4000
Fix end moment 33269.5 62 547 -28302 A A
Balance -11110 -22221 18503 9252 13730 0.9
Carry over 9252 -11110
15153
balance -3084 -6168 7407 3703 1.8
Carry over 3703 -3084
balance -1234 -2469 2056 1028 17304 0.9
Carry over 1028 -1234 0D D
balance -343 -685 823 411 6900
17304
Carry over 411 -343
balance -137 -274 228 114 67923
Carry over 114 -137 456
balance -38 -76 91 46
Carry over 46 -38 75470
balance -15 -30 25 13 Fig 4
Carry over 13 -15
balance -4 -8 10 5
Final moment 17304 -17304 13730 -13730

For horizontal slab AB, carrying UDL @ 64200 N/m2.

Vertical reactionat a and B = 0.5 x 64200 x 1.8 = 57780 N
Similarly, for the Bottom slab DC carrying U.D.L.loads @ 75470 N/m 2

Vertical reaction at D and C = 0.5 x 75470 x 1.80 = 67922.6087 N

The body diagram for various members, including loading, B.M. And reactions are shown in fig.6
For the vertical member AD, the horizontal reaction at A is found by taking moments at D.Thus
( ha x 1.80 )+ 13730 - 17304 + 4000 x 1.80 x 1.80 x 1/2
 - 1/2 x 6900 x 1.80 x 1.80 x 1/3
-ha x 1.80 + -3574 + 6480 - 3726
From which, ha = 456
Hence , hd =( 6900 x 1.80 )- 4000 x 1.80 - 456 = -1446
2
64200 x 2.30 2=
Free B.M. at mid point E = 42453 N-m
8
Net B.M. at E = 42453 - 13730 = 28723 N-m
75470 x 2.30 2=
Similarly, free B.M. at F = 49904.25 N -m
8
Net B.M. at F = 49904.25 - 17304 = 32600 N-m
For vertical member AD , Simply supported B.M. At mid span
4000 x 2.30 2+
Simply supporetd at mid sapn = 1/16 x 6900 x 2.30 2= -363.69
8
17304 + 13730
Net B.M. = = 15517 + -364 = 15153
2

5 Design of top slab :

Mid section
The top slab is subjected to following values of B.M. and direct force
Case B.M. at Center (E) B.M. at ends (A) Direct force (ha)
(i) 30926 11527 25048
(II) 8965 17036 13045
(II) 28723 13730 456

The section will be design for maximum B.M. = 30926 N -m

for water side force
sst = = 150 N/mm2 wt. of concrete = 24000 N/m3
scbc = = 7 N/mm 2
wt of water = 10000 N/mm2
m = 13 for water side force
m*c 13 x 7
k= = = 0.378 K =
m*c+sst 13 x 7 + 150
j=1-k/3 = 1 - 0.378 / 3 = 0.874 J =
R=1/2xc x j x k = 0.5 x 7 x 0.87 x 0.378 = 1.155 R =
Provide over all thickness = 300 mm so effective thicknesss = 270
Mr = R . B .D2 = 1.155 x 1000 x 270 2
= 84216794 > 30926000
30926000 = 874 mm2
Ast = BMx100/sstxjxD=
150 x 0.874 x 270
3.14xdia2 3.14 x 20 x 20
using 20 mm F bars A = = =
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast 314 x 1000 / 874 = 359 say = 350
Hence Provided 20 mm F Bars @ 350 mm c/c
Acual Ast provided 1000 x 314 / 350 = 897 mm2
Bend half bars up near support at distance of L/5 = 2.30 / 5 = 0.50 m
0.1 x( 300 - 100 %
Area of distributionn steel = 0.3 - = 0.24
450 - 100
Ast = 0.24 x 300 x 10 = 729 mm2 area on each face= ###
3.14xdia2 3.14 x 8 x 8
using 8 mm F bars A = = =
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast = 50 x 1000 / 365 = 138 say = 130
Hence Provided 8 mm F Bars @ 130 mm c/c on each face
 Section at supports :-
Maximum B.M.= 17036 N-m. There is direct compression of 25048 N also.
But it effect is not considered because the slab is actually reinforced both at top and bottom .
Since steel is at top sst = 190 N/mm2 concrete M 20
k = 0.3238 J = 0.892 R = 1.0111
17036000
\ Ast = = 373 mm2
190 x 0.892052 x 270
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in
Area available from the bars bentup from the middle section = 897 / 2 = 449
373 < 448.57 Hence these bars will serve the purpose. However, provide 8 mm dia. Additional bars
@ 200 mm c/c
6 Design of bottom slab:
The bottom slab has the following value of B.M. and direct force.
Case B.M. at Center (F) B.M. at ends (D) Direct force (ha)
(i) 35945 13959 31417
(II) 9955 20610 14945
(II) 32600 17304 -1446

The section will be design for maximum B.M. = 35945 N -m

for water side force
sst = = 150 N/mm2 wt. of concrete = 24000 N/m3
scbc = = 7 N/mm2 wt of water = 10000 N/mm2
m = 13 for water side force
m*c 13 x 7
k= = = 0.378 K =
m*c+sst 13 x 7 + 150
j=1-k/3 = 1 - 0.378 / 3 = 0.874 J =
R=1/2xc x j x k = 0.5 x 7 x 0.87 x 0.378 = 1.155 R =
35945250
\ d = = 177 mm D = 207 mm
1000 x 1.155
Provide thickness of bottom slab D= 210 mm so that d = 180 mm
35945250 = 1523 mm2
Ast = BMx100/sstxjxD=
150 x 0.874 x 180
3.14xdia2 3.14 x 20 x 20
using 20 mm bars A = = =
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast 314 x 1000 / 1523 = 206 say = 200
Hence Provided 20 mm F Bars @ 200 mm c/c
Acual Ast provided 1000 x 314 / 200 = 1570 mm2
Bend half bars up near support at distance of L/5 = 2.30 / 5 = 0.50 m
0.1 x( 210 - 100
Area of distributionn steel = 0.3 - = 0.27 %
450 - 100
Ast = 0.27 x 210 x 10 = 564 mm2 area on each face= 282
3.14xdia 2
3.14 x 8 x 8
using 8 mm bars A = = =
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast = 50 x 1000 / 282 = 178 say = 170
Hence Provided 8 mm F Bars @ 170 mm c/c on each face
Section at supports :-
Maximum B.M.= 20610 N-m. There is direct compression of 31417 N also.
But it effect is not considered because the slab is actually reinforced both at top and bottom .
Since steel is at top sst = 190 N/mm2 concrete M 20
k = 0.3238 J = 0.892 R = 1.0111
20610000
\ Ast = = 676 mm2
 \ Ast = = 676 mm2
190 x 0.892052 x 180
Area available from the bars bentup from the middle section = 1570 / 2 = 785
Hence these bars will serve the purpose. However, provide 8 mm dia. Additional bars
676 < 785
@ 200 mm c/c
Additional reinforcemet required = -109 mm2
3.14xdia2 3.14 x 8 x 8
using 8 mm bars A = = =
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast = 50 x 1000 / -109 = -461 say = -460
Hence Provided 8 mm F Bars @ -460 mm c/c throught out the slab, at its bottom.

7 Design of side wall:

The side wall has the following value of B.M. and direct force.
Case B.M. at Center (F) B.M. at ends (D) Direct force (ha)
(i) -3491 13959 86790
(II) 12525 20610 67923
(II) 15153 17304 67923

The section will be design for maximum B.M. = 20610 N -m, and direct force = 86790
20610 x 1000
Eccentricity = = 238 mm
86790
proposed thickness of side wall '= 300 mm \ e/D 238 / 300 = 0.79 <
thickness of side wall is OK
Let us reinforce the section with 20 mm F bars @ 300 mm c/c provided on both faces, as shown
in fig xxx . With cover of 30 mm and D = 300 mm
1000 3.14 x 20 x 20
Asc = Ast = x = 1047 mm2
300 4
The depth of N.A. is computed from following expression:
b n D - dt - n + (m - 1)Asc 1 (n - dc)(D - dt- dc)
3 3 n D
= e+ - dt
b n + (m -1) Asc n - dc D - dt - n 2
- m Ast
n n

1000 n n 1046.67
300 - 30 - + 12 x x n - 30
or 2 3 n
1000 n+ 1046.667 1047
12 x x n - 30 - 13 x x 300 -
2 n n

n -753600
500 n 270 - + n - 30 x
3 n
= 238 +
12560 13606.7
500 n+ x n - 30 - x 270 - n
n n

-22608000
135000 n - 167 n2 + -753600 -
n
= 358
376800 3673800
500 n + 12560 - - + 13607
n n
multiply by n
135000 n2 - 167 n3 + -753600 n - -22608000
= 358
500 n2 + 12560 n- 376800 - 3673800 + 13607 n

135000 n2 - 167 n3 + -753600 n - -22608000

= 0
 = 0
179000 n2 + 9367667 n - 1450114800

-44000 n2 - 8614067 n - -1427506800 = 167 n3

-264 n2 + 51684 n - 8565041 = n3

Solwing this trial and error we get, n = 107.11 mm
12 x 1046.67 13 x
\ c' = ( 500 x 107.11 + ( 107.11 - 30 )-
107.11 107.11
x( 300 - 30 - 107.11 )

or 53557 + 117.2589 x 77.11 - 127.03 x 162.89 = 41907

86790
\ c' = = 2.07 < 7 N/mm2 Stress is less than permissiable
41907
m c' 13 x 2.07
Also stress in steel t = (D-dc-n) = x ( 300 - 30 - 107.11
n 107.11
= 40.942 N/mm2 < 190 N/mm2 O.K.
Stress in steel is less than permissiable Hence section is O.K.
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in
ting from inside,

11100
 1/3

-6928

11527

57780

30926

0.9

0.9

35945

86790
 N-m

N/m2

19000
Net latral pressure diagram

12100

17036

57780

8965

0.9
 0.9

N-m

6900
67923
Net latral pressure diagram
9955
 18000

13730

57780

28723

0.9

0.9

32600

67923
 N-m

for water side force

0.378

0.874
1.155
mm
O.K.

314 mm2

mm

mm2

50 mm2

mm
/c on each face
 N also.

mm2
mm dia. Additional bars

for water side force

0.378

0.874
1.155

314 mm2

mm

282 mm2

50 mm2

mm
/c on each face

N also.
 mm2
mm dia. Additional bars

50 mm2

mm

86790 N

1.5 OK

oth faces, as shown

x -60

30 -n

120

358
 1047
107.11

less than permissiable

)
 Box culverts

20mm F @ 700 mm c/c

8 mm F @ 200 mm C/C
8 mm F @ 130 mm C/c

300

400 20 mm F @
20 mm F @ 350 mm C/C
300 mm C/C

1.50

8 mm F @
130 mm C/C

20 mm F @
200 mm c/c

300

20mm F @ 8 mm F @ 8 mm F @
400 mm c/c 200 mm C/C 130 mm C/c
300 2.00 300
 Table 3.1. Permissible she
Table 1.15. PERMISSIBLE DIRECT TENSILE STRESS
100As
Grade of co M-10 M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40 bd
Tensile < 0.15
stress 1.2 2.0 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4
N/mm2 0.25
0.50
Table 1.16.. Permissible stress in concrete (IS : 456-2000) 0.75
Permission stress in compression (N/mm2) Permissible stress in bond (Average) 1.00
Grade of Bending acbc Direct (acc) for plain bars in tention (N/mm2) 1.25
concrete
(N/mm2) Kg/m2 (N/mm2) Kg/m2 (N/mm2) in kg/m2 1.50
M 10 3.0 300 2.5 250 -- -- 1.75
M 15 5.0 500 4.0 400 0.6 60 2.00
M 20 7.0 700 5.0 500 0.8 80 2.25
M 25 8.5 850 6.0 600 0.9 90 2.50
M 30 10.0 1000 8.0 800 1.0 100 2.75
M 35 11.5 1150 9.0 900 1.1 110 3.00 and above
M 40 13.0 1300 10.0 1000 1.2 120
M 45 14.5 1450 11.0 1100 1.3 130
M 50 16.0 1600 12.0 1200 1.4 140
Over all depth of slab
k
Table 1.18. MODULAR RATIO
Grade of co M-10 M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
Table 3.3. Maximum sh
Modular ra 31 19 13 11 9 8 7
(31.11) (18.67) (13.33) (10.98) (9.33) (8.11) (7.18) Grade of concrete
tc.max
Table 2.1. VALUES OF DESIGN CONSTANTS
Grade of concrete M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40 Table 3.4
Modular Ratio 18.67 13.33 10.98 9.33 8.11 7.18 Grade of concrete M
scbc N/mm2 5 7 8.5 10 11.5 13 tbd (N / mm2
m scbc 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33
kc 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
(a) sst = Table 3.5. De
jc 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867
140
N/mm2 Rc 0.867 1.214 1.474 1.734 1.994 2.254 Grade of
(Fe 250) P (%) concrete
c 0.714 1 1.214 1.429 1.643 1.857
kc 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 M 15
(b) sst = j 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 M 20
c 0.89
190 Rc 0.732 1.025 1.244 1.464 1.684 1.903 M 25
N/mm2
Pc (%) 0.433 0.606 0.736 0.866 0.997 1.127 M 30
kc 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 M 35
(c ) sst =
jc 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904 M 40
230
N/mm2 Rc 0.653 0.914 1.11 1.306 1.502 1.698 M 45
(Fe 415)
(c ) sst =
230
N/mm2
(Fe 415) P (%)
c 0.314 0.44 0.534 0.628 0.722 0.816 M 50

Shear stress tc Reiforcement % Value of angle

100As 100As Degree sin cos tan
M-20 M-20
bd bd 10 0.17 0.98 0.18
0.15 0.18 0.18 0.15 11 0.19 0.98 0.19
0.16 0.18 0.19 0.18 12 0.21 0.98 0.21
0.17 0.18 0.2 0.21 13 0.23 0.97 0.23
0.18 0.19 0.21 0.24 14 0.24 0.97 0.25
0.19 0.19 0.22 0.27 15 0.26 0.97 0.27
0.2 0.19 0.23 0.3 16 0.28 0.96 0.29
0.21 0.2 0.24 0.32 17 0.29 0.96 0.31
0.22 0.2 0.25 0.35 18 0.31 0.95 0.32
0.23 0.2 0.26 0.38 19 0.33 0.95 0.34
0.24 0.21 0.27 0.41 20 0.34 0.94 0.36
0.25 0.21 0.28 0.44 21 0.36 0.93 0.38
0.26 0.21 0.29 0.47 22 0.37 0.93 0.40
0.27 0.22 0.30 0.5 23 0.39 0.92 0.42
0.28 0.22 0.31 0.55 24 0.41 0.92 0.45
0.29 0.22 0.32 0.6 25 0.42 0.91 0.47
0.3 0.23 0.33 0.65 30 0.50 0.87 0.58
0.31 0.23 0.34 0.7 35 0.57 0.82 0.70
0.32 0.24 0.35 0.75 40 0.64 0.77 0.84
0.33 0.24 0.36 0.82 45 0.71 0.71 1.00
0.34 0.24 0.37 0.88 50 0.77 0.64 1.19
0.35 0.25 0.38 0.94 55 0.82 0.57 1.43
0.36 0.25 0.39 1.00 60 0.87 0.50 1.73
0.37 0.25 0.4 1.08 65 0.91 0.42 2.14
0.38 0.26 0.41 1.16
0.39 0.26 0.42 1.25
0.4 0.26 0.43 1.33
0.41 0.27 0.44 1.41
0.42 0.27 0.45 1.50
0.43 0.27 0.46 1.63
0.44 0.28 0.46 1.64
0.45 0.28 0.47 1.75
0.46 0.28 0.48 1.88
0.47 0.29 0.49 2.00
0.48 0.29 0.50 2.13
0.49 0.29 0.51 2.25
0.5 0.30
0.51 0.30
0.52 0.30
0.53 0.30
0.54 0.30
0.55 0.31
0.56 0.31
0.57 0.31
0.58 0.31
0.59 0.31
0.6 0.32
0.61 0.32
0.62 0.32
0.63 0.32
0.64 0.32
0.65 0.33
0.66 0.33
0.67 0.33
0.68 0.33
0.69 0.33
0.7 0.34
0.71 0.34
0.72 0.34
0.73 0.34
0.74 0.34
0.75 0.35
0.76 0.35
0.77 0.35
0.78 0.35
0.79 0.35
0.8 0.35
0.81 0.35
0.82 0.36
0.83 0.36
0.84 0.36
0.85 0.36
0.86 0.36
0.87 0.36
0.88 0.37
0.89 0.37
0.9 0.37
0.91 0.37
0.92 0.37
0.93 0.37
0.94 0.38
0.95 0.38
0.96 0.38
0.97 0.38
0.98 0.38
0.99 0.38
1.00 0.39
1.01 0.39
1.02 0.39
1.03 0.39
1.04 0.39
1.05 0.39
1.06 0.39
1.07 0.39
1.08 0.4
1.09 0.4
1.10 0.4
1.11 0.4
1.12 0.4
1.13 0.4
1.14 0.4
1.15 0.4
1.16 0.41
1.17 0.41
1.18 0.41
1.19 0.41
1.20 0.41
1.21 0.41
1.22 0.41
1.23 0.41
1.24 0.41
1.25 0.42
1.26 0.42
1.27 0.42
1.28 0.42
1.29 0.42
1.30 0.42
1.31 0.42
1.32 0.42
1.33 0.43
1.34 0.43
1.35 0.43
1.36 0.43
1.37 0.43
1.38 0.43
1.39 0.43
1.40 0.43
1.41 0.44
1.42 0.44
1.43 0.44
1.44 0.44
1.45 0.44
1.46 0.44
1.47 0.44
1.48 0.44
1.49 0.44
1.50 0.45
1.51 0.45
1.52 0.45
1.53 0.45
1.54 0.45
1.55 0.45
1.56 0.45
1.57 0.45
1.58 0.45
1.59 0.45
1.60 0.45
1.61 0.45
1.62 0.45
1.63 0.46
1.64 0.46
1.65 0.46
1.66 0.46
1.67 0.46
1.68 0.46
1.69 0.46
1.70 0.46
1.71 0.46
1.72 0.46
1.73 0.46
1.74 0.46
1.75 0.47
1.76 0.47
1.77 0.47
1.78 0.47
1.79 0.47
1.80 0.47
1.81 0.47
1.82 0.47
1.83 0.47
1.84 0.47
1.85 0.47
1.86 0.47
1.87 0.47
1.88 0.48
1.89 0.48
1.90 0.48
1.91 0.48
1.92 0.48
1.93 0.48
1.94 0.48
1.95 0.48
1.96 0.48
1.97 0.48
1.98 0.48
1.99 0.48
2.00 0.49
2.01 0.49
2.02 0.49
2.03 0.49
2.04 0.49
2.05 0.49
2.06 0.49
2.07 0.49
2.08 0.49
2.09 0.49
2.10 0.49
2.11 0.49
2.12 0.49
2.13 0.50
2.14 0.50
2.15 0.50
2.16 0.50
2.17 0.50
2.18 0.50
2.19 0.50
2.20 0.50
2.21 0.50
2.22 0.50
2.23 0.50
2.24 0.50
2.25 0.51
2.26 0.51
2.27 0.51
2.28 0.51
2.29 0.51
2.30 0.51
2.31 0.51
2.32 0.51
2.33 0.51
2.34 0.51
2.35 0.51
2.36 0.51
2.37 0.51
2.38 0.51
2.39 0.51
2.40 0.51
2.41 0.51
2.42 0.51
2.43 0.51
2.44 0.51
2.45 0.51
2.46 0.51
2.47 0.51
2.48 0.51
2.49 0.51
2.50 0.51
2.51 0.51
2.52 0.51
2.53 0.51
2.54 0.51
2.55 0.51
2.56 0.51
2.57 0.51
2.58 0.51
2.59 0.51
2.60 0.51
2.61 0.51
2.62 0.51
2.63 0.51
2.64 0.51
2.65 0.51
2.66 0.51
2.67 0.51
2.68 0.51
2.69 0.51
2.70 0.51
2.71 0.51
2.72 0.51
2.73 0.51
2.74 0.51
2.75 0.51
2.76 0.51
2.77 0.51
2.78 0.51
2.79 0.51
2.80 0.51
2.81 0.51
2.82 0.51
2.83 0.51
2.84 0.51
2.85 0.51
2.86 0.51
2.87 0.51
2.88 0.51
2.89 0.51
2.90 0.51
2.91 0.51
2.92 0.51
2.93 0.51
2.94 0.51
2.95 0.51
2.96 0.51
2.97 0.51
2.98 0.51
2.99 0.51
3.00 0.51
3.01 0.51
3.02 0.51
3.03 0.51
3.04 0.51
3.05 0.51
3.06 0.51
3.07 0.51
3.08 0.51
3.09 0.51
3.10 0.51
3.11 0.51
3.12 0.51
3.13 0.51
3.14 0.51
3.15 0.51
Table 3.1. Permissible shear stress Table t c in concrete (IS : 456-2000)
100As Permissible shear stress in concrete tc N/mm2
bd M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
< 0.15 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.2 0.2
0.25 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
0.50 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.32
0.75 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
1.00 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.42
1.25 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.46
1.50 0.42 0.45 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.49
1.75 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.52
2.00 0.44 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.54 0.55
2.25 0.44 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.57
2.50 0.44 0.51 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.60
2.75 0.44 0.51 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62
3.00 and above 0.44 0.51 0.57 0.6 0.62 0.63

Table 3.2. Factor k

Over all depth of slab 300 or more 275 250 225 200 175 150 or less
k 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30

Table 3.3. Maximum shear stress tc.max in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Grade of concrete M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
tc.max 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.5

Table 3.4. Permissible Bond stress Table t bd in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-- 0.6 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

Table 3.5. Development Length in tension

Plain M.S. Bars H.Y.S.D. Bars
tbd (N / mm2) kd = Ld F tbd (N / mm2) kd = Ld F
0.6 58 0.96 60
0.8 44 1.28 45
0.9 39 1.44 40
1 35 1.6 36
1.1 32 1.76 33
1.2 29 1.92 30
1.3 27 2.08 28
 1.4 25 2.24 26

Value of angle
tan Degree sin cos
0.18 10 0.17 0.98
0.19 11 0.19 0.98
0.21 12 0.21 0.98
0.23 13 0.23 0.97
0.25 14 0.24 0.97
0.27 15 0.26 0.97
0.29 16 0.28 0.96
0.31 17 0.29 0.96
0.32 18 0.31 0.95
0.34 19 0.33 0.95
0.36 20 0.34 0.94
0.38 21 0.36 0.93
0.40 22 0.37 0.93
0.42 23 0.39 0.92
0.45 24 0.41 0.92
0.47 25 0.42 0.91
0.58 30 0.50 0.87
0.70 35 0.57 0.82
0.84 40 0.64 0.77
1.00 45 0.71 0.71
1.19 50 0.77 0.64
1.43 55 0.82 0.57
1.73 60 0.87 0.50
2.14 65 0.91 0.42