Structure of Thesis

Chapter 1: Introduction

Motivation behind the work

Outline of the thesis

Chapter 2: Literature Review

Primary Batteries
1. Zinc-Carbon Batteries
2. Alkaline Batteries
3. Zinc-Air Batteries
4. Aluminum-Air Batteries
Secondary Batteries
1. Lead-Acid Automotive Batteries
2. Non-Automotive Lead-Acid Batteries
3. Lithium Batteries
4. Ni-Cd Batteries
5. Ni-MH Batteries
6. Ni-Zn Batteries
Reserve Batteries
Fuel Cell
Zinc-Carbon Batteries
1. Structure of Zn-C Batteries
2. Chemistry of Zn-C Batteries
3. Application of Zn-C Batteries
Environmental Hazard of Household Batteries
Necessity of Recycling
1. Battery Reprocessing
Previous Works
1. Battery Characterization
2. Pyro-metallurgical Route for Resource Recovery
3. Hydro-metallurgical Route for Resource Recovery
4. Bio hydro-metallurgical Route for Resource Recover
5. Precipitation Studies
6. Solvent Extraction Studies
7. Electro-deposition Studies
Pyro-metallurgical Studies
Hydro-metallurgical Studies
1. Leaching
2. Leaching Kinetics
3. Determination of Activation Energy
4. Design of Experiments
Purification of Leached Liquor
1. Ion-Exchange
 2. Solvent Extraction
3. Precipitation Reactions
4. Cementation

Chapter 3: Experimental Studies

Battery Collection and Primary Separation

Battery Characterization
1. Weight Measurement of new and spent batteries
2. Identification of components
3. Moisture content of electrolyte paste
4. Analysis of Zinc Casing (Anode)
5. X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis
Hydro-metallurgical Treatment of the Electrolyte Paste
1. Neutral Leaching of electrolyte paste
2. Acid Leaching with Sulfuric Acid
3. Reductive Acid Leaching
a. With Dextrose as Reducing Agent
b. With Lactose as Reducing Agent
c. With Oxalic Acid as Reducing Agent
4. Leaching Variables
a. Effect of Acid Concentration
b. Effect of Reducing Agent Concentration
c. Effect of Temperature
d. Effect of Solid-Liquid Ratio
5. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Determination of Zn and Mn
6. Zn and Mn recovery from leached liquor

Chapter 4: Results and Discussions

Analysis of Separated Parts in New and Spent Zn-C Dry Cells

1. Identification of Structural Component
2. Moisture content in electrolyte paste
Characterization of Battery Components
1. Characterization of Zn Anode
2. Characterization of electrolyte paste
Hydro-metallurgical Route for Resource Recovery
1. Neutral Leaching of electrolyte paste
2. Reductive-Acid Leaching
3. Recovery of Zn and Mn from leached liquor
4. Determination of Optimum Leaching Conditions
5. Analysis of effect of different leaching parameters with ANOVA
6. Comparison with Previous Work

Chapter 5: Conclusion

Recommendation for future work