AE3CRAFT ENGINES AND SYSTEMS Page 1 of 19 AIRCRAFT ENGINES AND SYSTEMS PRINCIPLES OF GAS TURBINE OPERATION LLO.A1 Explain the rsatonship betwoen static pressure, dynamic presire and ttl presse 1 Total pressures equ tothe static pressure pls the dynamic pressure R1L0.32 State Bernouli’s theorem BERNOULLI'S THEOREM 1 Bernoulli’s theorem states that as any incompressible uid passes through a convergent opening its ‘elocity increases and pressure decreases ELO3.3 Deseribe the behavior of subsonic allow in a nozzle and diffuser. |» A subsonic nozzle is convergent, it increases velocity and decteases pressure ‘= A subsonic diffuser i divergent, t decreases velocity and increases pressure ELO.34 Describe the behavior of supersonic airflow in a nozzle and diffuser. ‘© A supersonic nozzles divergent, it inereases velocity and decreases pressure ‘© A supersonic diffuse is convergent, it decreases velocity and increases pressure ELO35S Identity the three main sections of a gas generator. ‘= A gas generator has a compressor, combustion chamber, and a turbine ELO 34 Deseribe the Brayton Cycle. ‘= The Brayton Cycle consists of four evens accurring simultaneously: intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust ELO.32 Deseribe the basic components and operation of the gas generator. ‘= The gas generator has the Brayton Cycle which aceurs simultaneously throughout the gas turbine engine += Compression takes place in the compressor, combustion inthe combustion chamber, and exhaust through the turbine producing thrust ELO38 Describe how pressure, temperature, and velocity changes through each section ofa gas turbine engine. PRESSURE '= Pressure increases from the inlet, through the compressor into the diffuser, and it decreases from the hhumer through the turbine into the exhaust ‘TEMPERATURE 12 Temperature increases from the inet, through the compressor and the diffuser into the burner, and ‘decreases through the turbine ino the exhaust ‘VELOCITY http://www.navygouge.com/api/basies/ELOsleng html 4/6101AIRCRAFT ENGINES AND SYSTEMS, Page 2 of 19 1 Velocity remains virally constant through the inlet and compressor, nto the diffuser and increases ‘through the bumer and turbine and peaks in the exhaust ELO39 Describe gross thrust and net thrust. GRoss THRUST ‘© Gross thrusts a measurement of thrust ue solely from the velocity ofthe exhaust gases ‘= Equation is given as Gross thrust =m x (V fal) /t NET THRUST = Net thrust is thrust that i corrected forthe effect of inet seflow velocity '= Equation is given as Net thrust = m x (Vinal ~ Vii) /¢ ELO3.10 Deseribe how atmospheric temperature effects thrust ina gas turbine engine. 1 As temperature inreases thrust decreases ELO/3.11 Describe how atmospheric pressure effects thrust in a gas turbine engine. 1 As pressure increases thnust increases ELO 3.12 Describe how altitude effects thrust. ‘© Asalttude increases thrust decreases ELO3.13 Deseribe the effect of airspeed on thrust. '= As itspeed increases thrust decreases ELO3.14 Deseribe the effet of ram effect on thrust. '= Ram effect has a neural effect on thrust low airspeed but a slight increase in thrust at subsonic airspeeds ELO MAS Identify the cockpit instrument that measures thrust in atypical turbojet, turbofan, turboprop, and turbosha 1= The turbine pressure discharge indicator (TPDI) or the engine pressure ratio (EPR) gauge are used to measure thrust fr turbojets and turbofans 1 Propeller or rotor driven aircraft use a torquemeter gauge to indicate power available GAS TURBINE ENGINES ELO 3.16 Describe purpose and the types of inlet ducts. ‘= The inlet duct is designed to provide the proper amount of high pressure, turbulence-free ai 10 the compressor Single-entrance inlet ducts are the simplest and most effective inlet design Has very smooth airflow characterises Engine is mounted midship Divided-entrance inet duets are spit duets that can cause some distortion of air flow Allows piloto sit lower in the fuselage Reduces friction loss due ro length http://www.navygouge.com/api/basics/ELOs/eng.html 4/6/01AIRCRAFT ENGINES AND SYSTEMS. Page 3 of 19 Skin fiction may distort air low ELO 3.17 State the operation and shape of subsonic and supersonic inlet ducts. SUBSONIC INLETS = Subsonic inlets ae divergent 1» Because of the relative incompressibility of subsonic airflow, the shape ofthe subsonic inlet wil increase aieflow pressure while reducing its velocity ‘SUPERSONIC INLETS 1 Supersonic inlets are convergent ~ divergent inet ducts ‘© Supersonic airflow is highly compressible 1» Atsupersonic speeds, sonic shock waves are developed and if these ae not contlled high duct losses will result and could create inlet buze ELO 3,18 State the function ofa variable geometry inlet duct. ‘= The variable geometry inlet duct utilizes mechanical devices such as ramps, wedges, or cones to change ‘the shape of the inlet duct as the airraft speed varies between subsonic and supersonic BLO 3,19 State the function of the compressor section. ‘+ The primary function of the compressor section i o supply enough air to satislythe requirements of the combustion section ‘© Specifically, the compressor increases the pressure ofthe airflow from the air inlet duct and direts ito the burners in the quantity and at the pressures required BLO.3.20 Describe the three types of compressors used in gas turbine engines, including their ‘advantages and disadvantages. (CENTRIFUGAL FLOW COMPRESSOR = Centrifugal flow compressors consist of three main components; an impeller, diffuser, and a manifold ‘= Advantages are good power output over a wide range of RPM's, low cost, ruggedness and it produces the best pressure increase per sage ‘© Disadvantages ace a large frontal are is required and it is impractical for multiple stages AXIAL-FLOW COMPRESSOR '= Axial flow compressors have to main elements; ror blades and stator vanes Advantages are efficient use of multiple stages producing very high overall compression ratios 1 Disadvantages include being susceptible to foreign object damage, and itis very expensive and complex DUAL SPOOL AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSORS ‘© Dus spoo! axial flow compressors ae divided ino two completely independent rotor spools, each driven by its own turbine and drive shal; one isthe high pressure compressor and one isthe low pressure ‘compressor ‘© Advantages are greater flexibility, power, small frontal area reducing drag, high peak efficiencies, straight ‘rough flow, allowing fr high ram efficiency, and increased combustion efficiency ‘= Disadvantages are possible stalls at slow speeds, ram effect may inrease inlet temperatures, 200d efficiencies only possible over a narzow rotational speed, dificult to manufacture and costly, and they have high starting power requirements AXIAL-CENTRIFUGAL FLOW COMPRESSOR http://www. navygouge.com/api/basics/ELOs/eng. html 416/01AIRCRAFT ENGINES AND SYSTEMS Page 4 of 19 "= Axial-centfugal flow compressors utilizes the combination of the centsfugal and axial flow compressors ‘= Advantage is the large pressure inerease yet smal size which is useful on helicopters and small aitcraft ‘= Disadvantage i that itis only capable on small aircraft ELO3221 State the function of the burner section, 1 The bumer section contains the combustion chamber, and provides the means for proper mixing ofthe ful and sir to assure good combustion ELO3.22 Deseribe the three types of combustion chambers used in gas turbine engines their advantages and disadvantages. lading CAN COMBUSTION CHAMBER ‘= The can combustion chamber is sed mainly on older centrifugal compressor engines ‘= Airflow is ducted to individual combustion cans that ae arranged around the cireumierence of the burner ‘= Each can contains its own fuel nozzle, burner line, and casing ‘= Advantages include its strength and durability, combined with the ease of maintenance '= Disadvantages include poor use of space in the chamber, greater pressure loss, and uneven heat listbution tothe turbine section ANNULAR COMBUSTION CHAMBER 1 Annular combustion chambers consist ofa circular, continuous, inner and outer shroud around the ouside ‘of the compressor drive shat 1» Fuel sinroduced through a series of nozzles where iis mixed and ignited with the incoming aie 1 Advantages include providing a uniform heat distribution across the face ofthe turbine section which aids in the prevention of heat warping or turbine blade failure, and for better mixing of air ae fuel along with better se of space ‘© Disadvantages include not being able o be fernaved without compete disessembly ofthe engine from the aircraft, and possible structural problems may arise due tothe large-diameter, thin-wall eylinder required with this type of chamber ‘= Often found in helicopters CAN-ANNULAR TYPE ‘= Can-annular type chambers combine the ease of maintenance ofthe can type with the outstanding thermodynamics ofthe annular type Contains cans at the front where the fuel and air are mixed and bummed 1 Advantages are even temperature distribution, and eliminate the possibility of cold spas by aoczles ‘logging, it also has greater structural stability and lower pressure loss than that ofthe ean type 1» Disadvantage is that ts expensive E1.O3.23 State the function ofthe turbine section. 1» The turbine section drives the compressor and the accessories andi also designed increase airflow velocity ELO 3.24 State the effects of thermal stress on turbine components. ‘= Thermal stress on turbine components causes “creep” o blade elongation, which is caused by excessive temperatures over long periods eausing permanent deformation FLO 3.25 Define "fir tree” and “ereep' FIR TREE '= Free isan attachment method preventing the thin metal blades ftom cracking athe attachments points http://www.navygouge.com/api/basics/ELOs/eng. html 416/01AIRCRAFT ENGINES AND SYSTEMS Page 5 of 19 by allowing them to expand when heated 1 Creep is elongation of blades under extreme heating LO 3.26 Explain how heat and potential energy are converted into mechanical energy in the turbine section. ‘= The increasing turbine inlet temperature results in an increase in spec crease in fuel consumption thrust with a corresponding ELO3.27 State the function ofthe exhaust section. 1 The exhaust section must direct the flow of hot gases rearward to cause a high exit velocity tothe gases while preventing turbulence ELO 3.28 Describe subsonic and supersonic exhaust nozzles. SUBSONIC EXHAUST NOZZLE 1 Subsonic exhaust nozzles are convergent because as the gus velocity inereases, the ability of pressure to push the molecules from behind decreases, SUPERSONIC EXHAUST NOZZLE "Supersonic exhaust nozles are convergent / divergent because the divergent section allows for pressure ‘buildup to propel the gases Forward t supersonic speeds. ELO 3.29 State the function of the afterburner. 1» The afterbumer is usd in turbojets and turbofans to increase maximum thrust available rom an engine by 508 or more ELO330 Describe the components and operation ofthe afterburner. ‘= The aterbumer has four main components; fuel spray bars which introduce fucl to the afterburer, the fame holders which i located downstream of the fuel spray bars and is where turbulent eddies are formed allowing for the proper minture of fuel and air combustion, the screech liner controls screech which i, characterized by loud noise and vibration, and the vatiable exhaust nozzle which can be convergent or divergent and prevents a back pressure which could cause a stall, BLO 331 Name two vector components that make up the relative wind in the compressor. '= Two vector components that make up the relative wind inthe compressor are the compressor rotation (RPM) and the ilet airflow ELO 332 Describe a compressor stall, 1A sull oceurs when the airflow over the airfoil breaks away causing the airflow to los lift due to ‘excessive angle of stack ELO33 Describe the angle of attack of compressor blades und the two factors that determine it http://www navygouge.com/api/basics/ELOs/eng.html 416/01AIRCRAFT ENGINES AND SYSTEMS Page 6 of 19 1 Angle of tack is defined as the angle formed between the chore ofthe aefoil and the airfoils relative wind '# Theangle of attack ofthe compressor blades is changed by changing the rotation speed of the rotors during engine operation and/or changing the velocity ofthe inlet srflow ‘= Allow angle of atack will result in alow compression ratio and the compressor wll be inefficient ‘© Abigh angle of attack will result in a possible stall ELO334 Identify the indications of a compressor stall, ' Indications ofa compressor sal ean range from mild palsation with minimum indications to airraft vibration and loud bangs or noises = With constant PCL / throttle position, indications of a compressor stall include RPM decay, andlor interstage turbine temperature (ITT) rise, along with possible loud noises ELO 3.35 Identify the two main causes of a compressor stall. ‘= Compressor stalls are mainly the result of airflow distortions or mechani ELO.336 Describe how airflow distortions can cause compressor stalls. ‘= Airflow distortions can cause compressor stalls by the breakdown ofthe airflow through a few sages of the compressor ‘= Alrflow distortion wo the compressor can be a result of the aireraft attitude an airspeed ‘The compressor blade angle of atack is affected by the velocity and direction ofthe airflow entering the ‘compressor and the rotational velocity of the compressor rotor blades ‘The insances when airflow distortions may induce compressor stall include: Abrupt changes in aircraft attitude Encountering air turbulence Deficiency of air volume, caused by atmospheric conditions ‘Rapid throtle movement L.O.337 Deseribe the four possible mechanical malfunctions that can lead to compressor stall. ‘VARIABLE INLET GUIDE VANE (GY) AND STATOR VANE FAILURE Failure to change the angle of atack will cause too much oto litle airflow at low engine speeds FUEL CONTROL UNIT (FCU) FAILURE 11 The FCU determines the coreet amount of fuel 1 be inteduced into the combustion chamber ‘© the FCU fails too much or too little fuel could added FOREIGN OBJECT DAMAGE (FOD) ‘= FODis caused when an object damages the delicate blades ofthe compressor VARIABLE EXHAUST NOZZ LE FAILURE 1 [the variable exhaust nozzle fils to open, an excessive back pressure wil be produced which could lead tw acompressor stall, ELO3.38 Describe what a pilot can do to minimize the potential of a compressor stall, 1 Exatic or abrapt power control lever (PCL) movements shouldbe avoided, especially alow airspeeds or high angles of stack ‘= The PCL should be advanced or retarded in a smooth fashion = The pilot should maintain atleast the prescribed minimum airspeed and avoid sbrupt changes in sterft atitude to allow the proper amounts of smooth ar to enter the inlets hup:/www.navygouge.com/api/basics/ELOs/eng. html 416/01AIRCRAFT ENGINES AND SYSTEMS Page 7 of 19 ELO 339 Describe the four components that can be incorporated Into an engine design to minimize the potential of a compressor stall. VARIABLE INLET GUIDES AND STATORS. ‘= Variable inlet guides und variable stator vanes are installed so the angle of stack is changed at low engine speed 1 They are automatically posi ‘control unit 1 This action maintains the velocity ofthe air within acceptable limits for low airflow conditions and ‘ermits high airflow with a minimum of restrictions ned by the stator vane actuator (SVA) using fuel pressure via the fue SPLIT SPOOL, '» Dual spool axial flow compressors may be incorporated which allows the front rotor to turn ata slower RPM than the rear rotor '= Thisllows the fron rotor to turn without being choked by the low aeflow BLEED VALVES 1 Bleed valves ar installed near the middle or rear ofthe compressor to “bleed” ait nto the atmosphere and increase airflow in the front ofthe compressor at low speeds VARIABLE EXHAUST NOZZLE 1 Variable exhaust nozzle is used to unload the pressure during afterbumer operation BLO3.40 State the steps tobe taken if a compressor stall occurs. ‘= The first step ifa stall occurs isto reduce the atitude ofthe aircraft which wil educe the inlets angle of attack ‘© The PCL should be retarded to just below sal threshold t allow the engine to “estch up" with the inet airflow TURBOJET AND TURBOFAN ENGINES ELO-341 Identity the components of turbojet engine 1 The components ofa turbojet engine are the inlet, compressor, burer, bine, ad exhaust LO 342 Define thrust specie ful consumption (TSEC). ‘THRUST SPRCIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION (TSEC) ‘TSEC isthe amount ffl eq to prods one pound of thrst LO 348 Describe the operation of turbojet ‘= The otal energy ofthe airflow within the gas generators altered as it passes trough cach section ‘= Altering the airflow causes an imbalance of forces within the engine which provides the propulsive means to the turbojet engine ELO 3.44 Compare the propulsive efficiencies ofa tuebojet, turbofan, and a turboprop. 1 As spoed increases the turbojet engine becomes increasingly more efficient http://www. navygouge.com/api/basics/ELOs/eng. htm! 4/6101AIRCRAFT ENGINES AND SYSTEMS Page 8 of 19 1 Eificiency of the urboprop increases with speed toa maximum efficiency and decreases efficiency with increasing spceds beyond the maximum efficiency speed 1A turbofan engine increases inefficiency with the increase in speed, but s more efficient tha the turbojet engine al every stage ELO345 Compare TSFC of a turbojet with» turbofan, 1» The TSFC of a turbojet is relatively high at low velocity and low aliude ‘© The TSPC of a turbofan is lower than tha of a turbojet ELO 3.46 Describe the characteristis ofa turbojet engine. Low propulsive efficiency at low forward airspeeds Relatively high TSFC at low altitude and low airspeeds Long takeoff roll required LLightst specific weight (weight per pound of thrust produced) ELO347 Identify the components ofa turbofan engine. ©The components of turbofan engine are a duct-enclosed fan, gas generator, inlet, compressor, burn, turbine, and exhaust ELO 3.48 Describe the basic operation of the turbofan engine. ‘= The ductenclosed fan is driven by the gas generator providing additonal thrust by accelerating a fairly large mass of ait around the gas generator ‘= The increased airflow helps to coo! the engine without altering the percentages forthe secondary aitflow inthe combustion chamber FLO 3.49 Describe the characteristics of a turbofan engine. Higher thes at low airspeeds Lower TSEC due to less fuel to produce the same thrust, ‘Considerable noise reduction Heavier takeofT weights und shorter takeoff distances Increased performance at operational altiucles when compared tothe turbojet ELO.0 State the average percentage of total thrust produced by the fan, = The fan produces 301060 percent ofthe total dust ofa turbofan engine ELO35I State the average percentage of total thrust produced by the exhaust gases of the gas ‘generator on a turbofan engine. 1» Te gas generator produces hetween 40 and 70 percent ofthe total taut BLO 3.82 Explain how the fan is driven by the turbine section. = The fanis driven by a fre or power turbine, whichis a turbine aft ofthe gas generator turbines and isnot connected tothe gas gnerator ‘= Another way to drive the fan i withthe gas generator turbine which is done by ataching the fan directly to the compressor ELO3.53 Define bypass rat, BYPASS RATIO ‘= Bypass ratio i ratio of the amount of i that bypasses the gas generator in comparison with the amount http://www.navygouge.com/api/basics/ELOs/eng.html 4/6/01AIRCRAFT ENGINES AND SYSTEMS Page 9 of 19 of sr that passes through the gas generator ELO 354 Explain how bypass ratio effects a turbofan engine's TSEC. "A higher bypass ratio results a higher TSEC asthe efficiency of the engine is increased ‘TURBOPROP AND TURBOSHAFT ENGINES [ELO 355 Describe the basic construction of turboprop engine, ‘= Thocurboprop engine couples a gas generator with a propeller which is driven by the tarbine section ELO3.56 Explain how a turboprop produces thrust '= Aturboprop uses propeller to provide the majority of the thrust and imparts small amount of acceleration to a large mass of aie ELO.357 Define the major components of the propeller assembly. BLADES '= The blades are installed into the hub 1 ‘The hub is the barel assembly and is then attached tothe propeller shaft PITCH CHANGE/DOME ASSEMBLY 1 The itch changetdome assembly isthe mechanism that changes the blade angle ofthe propeller ELO.58 Describe the purpose and operation of the reduction gear box used ona turboprop, engine. ‘=| The reduction gear box is located between the propeller assembly and the gas generator and is basicaly a fone sped transmission ‘= This assembly prevents the propeller blades from reaching supersonic speeds f= Iconverts the high RPM and low torque ofthe gas wnerator to low RPM, hgh torque necessary for efficent propeller operation ELO 3.59 Describe the major components and their operation of the torquemeter assembly. '= ‘The torquemeter assembly isa set of shafts (the torque shaft and the reference shaft) located between the sg generator and reduction gear box '= Ibis used on some turboprop engines to transmit and measure the power output from the gas generator the reduction gear box = The torquemeter operates on the principle of accurately measuring the torsional deflection that occurs in any power transmitting shaft, commonly called the torque shaft ELO.360 State the two main ways the propeller assembly may be connected to the gas generator. 1» The propeller assembly may be connected to the gas generator by being attached 10 the front ofthe ‘compressor drive shaft o attached tothe free/power turbine ELO.3.61 Deseribe the operation and characteristics of a turboprop engine. ‘aup://www.navygouge.com/api/basies/ELOs/eng. htm! 416/01AIRCRAFT ENGINES AND SYSTEMS Page 10 of 19 ‘© The turboprop accelerates large amount of ai oa moderate speed ‘= The propeller assembly maintains the propeller ata constant 100 percent RPM 1 The propeller adjusts the angle of its blades to aecommadate the Muctuations of fue flow resulting in Increased and decreased power in order to maintain constant propeller RPM ELO362 Deseribe the alpha range and beta range operations ofthe propeller. ALPHA RANGE 1 Inthe alpha range, also known as the flight range, the PCL canbe positioned feom flight ie to fi 11 The PCL send signals tothe FCU for fuel flow 1» The FCU works with the prop governor to maintain constant propeller RPM by adjusting the blade angle power BETA RANGE ‘The beta range is only used during ground operations This range is from fight ile to max reverse Allows the pilot direct control of blade angle Reversing blade angle results in decreased landing distances and greater ground mobility ELO 343 Describe the construction ofa turboshaft engine. '= The turboshaft engine consist ofa gas generator anda fre/power turbine section ELO 3.64 Describe the operation of the free/power turbine section. ‘= The fee/power turbine section is mechanically independent from the gas generator 1» Exhaust gases from the gas generator turbine drive the power turbine ELO 3465 Explain how the turboshaft produces thrust. |= Inthe turboshat the propulsive energy fom the exhaust is negligible, that is all of the remaining energy is extracted by the free or power turbine to drive the rotor assembly Inthe turboshaft engine, virwally all ofthe pressure energy is converted into shaft horsepower HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS ELO 3.66 Explain Pascal's Law. ‘= Pascal’ Law states that pressure applies toa confined liquid is transmitted equally in ll directions without the loss of pessuce and acts with equal force on equal surfaces 1» The shape ofthe container has no effet on the pressure or force relationships ELO367 Define foree, pressure, and area. FORCE = Forces simply a push or pal PRESSURE © Pressures the amount of force per unit area AREA hitp://www.navygouge.com/api/basics/ELOs/eng. html 4/6/01AIRCRAFT ENGINES AND SYSTEMS Page L1 of 19 1 Area, for hydraulic systems, i given in square inches ELO3.68 Explain how force, pressure, and area relate to the hydraulic theory. 1 Pressure is equal tothe amount of force per unit area ‘= Equations given as F=P/A ELO 3469 Explain the relationship between linear displacement and the change of force between the input and output pistons of a closed hydraulic system. 1 Linear displacement or distance traveled is exchanged for the change in force ‘= Lincar displacement is proportional to the multiplied force -ELO 3.70 Explain why hydraulic systems are required on aircraft. 1 Hygraulic systems are required on ateraft because they are used to operate flight controls as well as upto ‘dozen athe sysiems on the aircraft ELO3.11 Describe the function of the basic hydraulic components used on aircraft. RESERVOIR 1» The reservoir functions a a storage tank forthe hydraulic fluid required in the sytem 1 Italso serves as an overflow basin for excess hydraulic Muid forced out of the system by thermal ‘expansion, heat dissipation, allow ar bubbles to be purged, and separate some foreign matter rom the systern Pressurized reservoirs exist on high altitude aircraft, PUMPS ‘© Hand pomps are used in hydraulic systems wo supply uid under pressure to subsystems Such a landing ear, laps, eanopy, cargo doors, hom bay dors, and to charge brake accumulators ‘= Hand pomp systems are refered tos emergency systems ‘= Power pumps are normally driven by the engine but may be elesric-motor driven = They displace a constant oa variable amount of fluid PRESSURE REGULATOR / UNLOADER VALVE, '= The pressure regulator or unlosder valve always works in conjunction withthe constant displacement pump 1 Pressure regulator maintains a set pressure inthe system ‘= Tho unloading valve divers all pump flow back tothe reservoir when the preset system pressure is mot (CHECK VALVE, = "The check valve allows for one way flow in a hydralie system = Allows free flow from the pumps but prevents back Mow ACCUMULATOR 1» The accumulator serves as a cushion or shock absorber by absorbing pressure surges in the system ‘= Supplements the pump’s output when the pump is under peak load by storing energy in the form of fluid ‘under pressure FILTERS. 1» Fillers ensure delivery of contaminant fee hydraulic Nid by preventing dust rit, and undesirable imparts from entering the system ttp:/Avww.navygouge.com/api/basics/ELOs/eng. htm! 4/6101AIRCRAFT ENGINES AND SYSTEMS Page 12 of 19 RELIEF VALVES 1 Relief valves are simply a pressure limiting device 1» The valves prevent seals from bursting or becoming damaged duc to pressure build-up PRESSURE GAUGE 1 The pressure gauge indicates the amount of pressure in the hydraulic system PRESSURE SWITCHES. 1» Pressure switches are used to indicate a hydraulic drop that falls below allowable limits ‘= Located in the lines leading from the pump HYDRAULIC FUSES 12 Hydraulic fuses are safety devices that are installed at strategic locations throughout a ydraulic system 1» They are designed to detector gauge ruptures, fale fitings, or other leak-producing failures or damage SELECTOR CONTROL VALVES 1 Selector control valves are used ina hydraulic system to diceet the flow of uid '= Directs fluid under pressure tothe desired working port ofan actuating unit = Atte same time it dzecs the return fui from the opposite working port ofthe actuator tothe reservoir ACTUATORS ‘= Actuators convert uid under pressure into linear or reciprocating mechanical mation ‘= Usually installed withthe piston shaft end attached to the mechanism and the other end tothe aircraft strueture ELO 3,72 Deseribe the operation of a basic aireraft hydraulic system. * Fluid is pumped out of the reservoir through the check valve past the pressure regulator Pressure is then released 1 the actuating cylinder allowing function ofthe piston ‘= Fluid is returned through the sclector valve andthe filter tthe reservoit ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS ELO.3.73 Deseribe the two forms of electricity. ac = ACisaform of electricity that reverses is direction ‘= ACs used in our homes = DCis.a form of electricity that only lows in one direction ‘= DCis used in our boats, cars and even small electical devices such as watches ELO 3.74 Explain why AC electrical systems are preferred over DC systems. ‘= DC units are heavy compared to their power output capabilities http:/Avww.navy gouge.com/api/basics/ELOs/eng. htm! 4/6101AIRCRAFT ENGINES AND SYSTEMS Page 13 of 19 ELO35 Explain the functi GENERATORS INVERTER DC units are often not reliable and they increase maintenance DC units also use an inverter for conversion to alternating eurrent for AC powered equipment AC power requires less current because of higher voltage ad a ground neutral system ‘AC components ae lightweight, simple, and reliable jon of several aircraft electrical system components. ‘Generators ate often used asthe main source for AC and DC power [DC generators are called generators while AC generators are called alternators Generators require a constant rotational input speed regardless of engine RPM, ‘A constant speed drive isa hydo-mechanical linkage between the engine and the generator f= Aminvertr isan electo-mechanical device that transforms direct curent into aerating current = On DCelectrcal systems, inverters are used to power AC equipment ‘TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER (TR) BATTERY ‘= A transformer rectifier isan electrical device which transforms AC power into DC power ‘= The rectifier’s DC curtent capability is high and is largely dependent onthe cooling ability of its fan f= The batery provides direct current power f= This DC voltage is primarily used asa soure of emergency power should the generators fll and also for starting the sireraf’s engines [Nickel cadmium isthe preferred battery over the lead-acid battery [Nickel cadmium batteries rechegge in a short amount of time ‘They hold charge for long periods ‘Wom cals ean be replaced Delivers a large amount of power FLO 3.76 Deseribe the electrical distribution network. ‘= Theclectrical distribution network in an aircraft provide the varius electrical components with their power requirements though several buses ‘The essential bus routes power to equipment required for fight safery ‘The primary bus routs power to equipment devoted to the aircraft's intended mission “The monitor or secondary bus routes power to convenience circuits ‘The starter bus routes power to start the aircrafts engine(s) Manual or automatic control over the flow of electrical power comes from fuses, switches, and circuit ‘breakers ELO 3.77 Describe the operation ofa basic aircraft electrical system. ‘= The main generators are powered from the sitraft engine's accessory dive section via the constant sped drive 1» Waring lights are designed to alert the rew to any system malfunction 1A series of buses is incorporated to provide the electrical distribution based on equipment type and current required 1» Emergency power is available to energize the essential busses in the event of generator falure 1 Electrical power forthe starter bus is obtained from either an external source, the battery, or the auxiliary power unit (APU) http://www navygouge.com/api/basies/ELOs/eng.html 4/6101AIRCRAFT ENGINES AND SYSTEMS Page 14 of 19 FUEL SYSTEMS LO. Define volatility and Mashpoint, VOLATILITY 1 Volts the measurement of gis bility fo conver to a vaporous sate FLASHPOINT 1» Flash point isthe lowest temperature ofa combustible substance that would ignite wth a momentarily application ofa flame ELO3,79 Deseribe the relationship between temperature, volatility, and lashpoint. 4 A fuels Mashpoint and volatility rating are inversely related ‘= Asthe fash point increases, the temperature at which fuel would ignite decreases ELO 3.0 State the characteristics of common military aviation fuels. JP-4 (NATO CODE F-49) = JP-4is 2 wide cut blend of Kerosene with some naphtha fractions and gasoline ‘© Highly volatile with a Mashpoint of ~35 degrees farenheight 1» Easier stantng, slower acceleration, lower operating temperatures, higher tendency to vapor lock, ad shorter range compared to JP-S IPS (NATO CODE F-44) ‘The Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guards primary jt fuet JP-5 is heavy kerosene tobe blended with gasoline “Thermally stable witha high heat content per gallon Low volatility anda flashpoint of 140 degrees farenheight permits storage aboard ships JP-#(NATO CODE R39 + Simao 3-5 except forthe stoi, which s 100 degrees fare nd penis storage aboard Ace's 1 Advmge nl fe lng operons sity LOI Desriethe function ofthe areraft fol system components FUEL TANK f= The fue tank ste starting pont for fuel f= The tank isa reservoir, or holding cll, forthe et propellant BOOST PUMP ‘= The boost pump is an integral unit composed ofa centrifugal pump and electric motor "= Submerged in fu! tanks, they insure adsquate supply of fet to the engine-driven fuel pump '= A critical function ofthe boost pump isto prevent aeration ofthe ful supply which may result from a ‘rapid pressure change ineured during a elim (CROSSFEED http://www navygouge.com/api/basics/ELOs/eng html 416101AIRCRAFT ENGINES AND SYSTEMS Page 15 of 19 ‘= Used to regulate stability of the fuel load by transferring fuel to even out the load EMERGENCY SHUTOFF VALVE, ‘= When the pilot pulls the emergency handle, the emergency shutofT valve shuts off uel to the engine lectrically ae mechanically, FUEL PRESSURE GAUGE, "= Located in the cockpit the fuel pressure gauge rossives signals froma pressure sensor a the boost pump. outlet LOW PRESSURE FUEL FILTER 1 The low pressure foe filter is usually a paper catidge type filter, located downstream of the boost pump to strain impurities from the fuel 1» The minute openings make this typeof filter susceptible to clogging, therefore, a bypass valve is a necessary safety factor to ensute a positive supply of fuel tothe engine ENGINE-DRIVEN PUMP, |= The engine-dtiven pump is high pressure pump designed to deliver fucl to the control unit in excess amounts FUEL CONTROL UNIT (FCU) = The fet contol unit isthe “brain” ofthe engine fuel systom ‘The FCU is « hydromechanical or electrical device that consists of fuel computing and fuel metering systems ‘To ensure prope fel flow the system incorporates various PCL postion — inputs from the aviator ‘Compressor inlet temperature (CIT) ~ measures ambient air density RPM's - compressor speed ‘Turbine temperature — prevent turbine damage ts 0 include: E1L0.382 Describe the three types of thrust ratings. NORMAL RATED THRUST (NRT) ‘= NRT the thrust produced atthe maximum continuous turbine temperature with no time limitation f= This rating is for cruising MILITARY RATED THRUST (MRT) f= MRT isthe thrust produced at the maximum turbine temperature for limited time, normally 30 minutes = The maximum temperature for MRT is higher than for NRT, however, the ime constraints ensure biades are not damaged ‘This rating is for takeofT or when addtional thrust is needed COMBAT RELATED THRUST (CRT) = CRTs thrust produced with the afterbumer in operation, and is not based on turbine temperature limitations ‘ELO 3.83 Explain the operation ofan afterburner fuel system. "= ‘The fel transfer valve, which is mounted onthe body of the engine driven fuel pump, supplies fuel tothe afterburner fuel cont http://www navygouge.com/api/basies/ELOs/eng. html 416101AIRCRAFT ENGINES AND SYSTEMS Page 16 of 19 LO 3.84 Explain the operation of an afterburner fuel control unit. ‘© Theafterbumer fuel control unit meters fuel to the afterbunmer spray bars and excess fuel is returned to the fuel pump inlet LUBRICANTS AND LUBRICATION SYSTEMS. ELO3A5 Describe the characteristics of synthetic lubricants. ‘= Synthetic Ibricans are less volatile, has a stronger chemical stability, anda lower tendency to leave cooking deposits ‘= Multiple synthetics may not be derived from the same base and therefore cannot be mixed ‘= Synthetic oils are never to be mixed with petroleum based lubricants ELO 3.86 Define viscosity. viscosiry 1» Viscosity isthe property ofa fluid that resists the force tending to cause the Mud to flow 1 Viscosity is inversely elated to temperature LOST Describe the functions of lubricants. LUBRICATION ils should have the following characteristics to Inbricate properly must below enough viscosity to ow, yet high enough to protect ‘Must no break down under high heat or pressure Must flow readily when starting under extremely low temperatures Must have a high flashpoint soit does not burn or vaporize ‘Should not form or deposit excessive amounts of gum, carbon, or varnish COOLING ‘= Lutricants mast coo] moving pats by carrying heat away from geats and bearings ‘= Temperatures in excess of 1700 degrees farenhght so this is important ‘© Lubricants must camry dit, metal, and carbon away from moving pats to the filter f= Thisisa vital function ELO 3.88 Describe the operation of a basic aireraft lubrication system. ‘= The lubrication system pumps ol around moving parts of the engine ‘= As the oil is pumped through the engine it removes heat, drt, carbon, and metal from moving parts while lubricating athe same time ELO389 Describe the Functions ofthe three subsystems ofthe airerft lubrication system. WET SUMP SYSTEM f= The wet sump system is used on areraft that require a limited supply of oil and limited cooling 1 Oil is stored in a sump which limits the amount of oll carried "= Oils dificult to coo! inthis system and it snot adaptable fr unusual fight attitudes for extended http://www.navygouge.comv/api/basics/ELOs/eng.html 416/01AIRCRAFT ENGINES AND SYSTEMS Page 17 of 19 periods of time DRY SUMP SYSTEM. Oils cartied ina dry sump mounted to the engine or in the airframe “More oil can be stored and temperature is ready controlled ‘Three subsystems of the dry sump system are: Pressure subsystem supplies lubricating il from the tank tothe main engine bearings and the accessory dives 1» Scavenge subsystem removes the oil from the main bearings and accessory drives though the oil coolers and returns it the tank, completing the flow cycle 1 ‘The breather pressurizing subsystem connects the individual bearing components and the oil tank with the ‘breather pressurizing valve to help minimize oi leakage PRESSURE SUBSYSTEM 1 Pressure subsystems normally employ an engine driven, gear type, pressure pump Gil is sprayed at a constant pressure despite engine speed ELO 390 Describe the function of basic lubrication system components used on aircraft. onl PUMP. ‘© The oil pump supplies oll under pressure tothe parts oF the engine that must have lubrication GAUGES. ‘The oil pressure gauge displays oil pump discharge pressure 1» The il temperature gauge displays the temperature ofthe oil prior to entering the engine bearing compartments FILTERS ‘= Filters remove any foreign particles that may be present in the oil ‘© The filter bypass valve allows oil to flow around the filter in the event the filter gets clogged 1» The magnetic-chip detectors a motal plug with magnetized contacs, and is placed in the scavenged oil path '= The ol pressure relief valve isthe pressure ol line to limit dhe maximum pressure within the system, 12 The cli valve is pest to relieve pressure by bypassing oil back to the pump inlet whenever the pressure exceeds safe limits 'SCAVENGE SUBSYSTEM ‘= The scavenge subsystem removes oll from the main bearing compartments and accessory gear drives BREATHER PRESSURIZING SUBSYSTEM 1» The breather pressurizing subsystem provides the following functions ‘= Minimizes internal ol leakage by encasng the ol sumps f= Ensues proper spray pattems of ol across the bearing by mixing pressurized air with the ol to form @ fine oil mist forthe bearings ACCESSORY, STARTER AND IGNITION SYSTEMS ELO 3.91 Describe the types of accessories used on aircraft. http://www navygouge.convapi/basics/ELOs/eng.html 4/6/01AIRCRAFT ENGINES AND SYSTEMS Page 18 of 19 1 Accessories for gas turbine engines can be divided into two categories: those criven by bleed at and those driven mechanically ELO392 Deseribe how the accessories are driven. BLEED AIR-DRIVEN ‘= Compressor discharge ar at high pressure is bled from the engine through ports or valves at intervals along the compressor case and atthe end ofthe diffuser + Itis used as a source of power for operating airconditioning units, cockpit pressurization, and engine anti- icing to name a few MECHANICALLY-DRIVEN 1» Driven by a geared drive taken directly from the main shaft connecting the turbine to the compressor This is used fortachometers, hydraulic pumps, generators, alternators and other accessories LO 398 Define interstage bleed air. INTERSTAGE BLEED AIR 1 Interstage bleed aris required to maintain and ensue compressor Sabilty ELO394 Describe the starting sequence fora gas turbine, ‘= As soon asthe sturter has accelerated the compressor sufficiently to establish airflow through the engine, the ignition is activated and then the fuel is added 1.0395 Deseribe the four types of abdominal tarts, HOT START 1» A ot stan is defined as excooing the maximum allowable temperature forthe turbine seston during start HUNG START ‘= A hung start describes situation where the temperature within the turbine section continues to rise, and the compressor RPM stabilizes below normal FALSE START 1» A false stat occurs when compressor RPM stabilizes below normal, and the turbine temperature remains ‘within mits WET START ‘= Awet star is a situation in which the fuel-ai mixture does nt light off initially, but has the capability to fanite 1» The wet start isan ignition problem and is the most dangerous abdominal start LO 3,96 Describe a DC Electric starter. '= The electri starter is mechanically connected to the compressor and js mounted on ether the engine accessory gear box or the front frame of the engine '= A battery auiliary power unit or extemal electrical source may be used to supply electric current tothe hitp://www.navygouge.conVapi/basics/ELOs/eng. htm! 416101AIRCRAFT ENGINES AND SYSTEMS Page 19 of 19 ELO397 Describe an Air Turbine Starter. ‘© Anairturbine starter isa smal, geared, ar turbine motor attached tothe engine f= Airis directed to the air turbine which accelerates the compressor ‘ELO 398 Deseribe a basic aircraft ignition system. ‘= A basi aircraft ignition system is a high energy, capacitr-type ignition system that provides both high voltage and an exceptionally hot spark which gives an excellent chance of lighting the fuel-air mixture at reasonably high altitudes ELO 3.99 Describe the two types ofignitors, ANNULAR-GAP. 4 The annular-ga pug proudes lpi imo the combustion chamber inet provide an eetve spark CONSTRAINED-GAP ‘© The constrained-gap does not closely follow the face ofthe plug, it jumps in an are which carries it beyond the face ofthe chamber liner hitp://www.navygouge.com/api/basics/ELOs/eng html 4/6101