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ANALYTICAL STUDY
Concrete
The model developed by Mander, Priestley & Park 4 is
General description
used to describe the behaviour of confined concrete.
This model is based on the equations suggested by
The computational program developed makes it possible
Popovics 5 (see Fig. 1).
The longitudinal stress in the concrete is given by:
Advances in Engineering Software 0965-9978/92/$05.00
1992 Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd. fc = f ~ e X R / ( R - 1 + X R) (1)
113
114 G.N. Doz, S.M. Soares, P.G. Bignon
~ fe __ U ~oafiued
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f'c
Ea
Fig. 3.
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Esoc
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~c
Strain
a
axle of
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~ re fere~l~e
pl~ne
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,...,.~ ~ - "
- - I
}
~oteel
ototl nI I I~yer
Fig. 2. Stress-strain model for steel proposed by Agrawall. Fig. 4. Actual and idealized cross section.
Behaviour of confined prestressed concrete beams 115
Computer program
dimenoions in ram.
--24.2
3o,.2- I
i ~ -~4.2 !-- 4.2 c/lOOmm 2@6--
i
1
I, I, I, 1, I, b
lilllll!!
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+ 2250 mm
~ ETER I
2,5
CLINOMETER 2
i i
)
Diol J~" "
Gauge "~ '
DEMEC
DISCS
5'~5S'~~ ~o g ~o "~ toi
f
Dial Gau~as
dimensiona in am.
Fig. 7. Instrumentation.
Table 1 Table 3
Beam Distance between Steel Ultimate Yield Modulus of
stirrups (am) strength strength elasticity
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
VE-I 100
VE-2 100 ~ 2"4 1937 1838 1'8 105
VE-3 50 4 4"2 780 750 1.2 x l0 s
VE-4 35 4~ 6 680 610 1.2 x 105
VE-5 25
The steel characteristics are shown in Table 3. The test
Table 2 load was applied by 2 0 0 K N Amsler hydraulic jacks.
The deflection of the beams was measured with dial
Beam Mean strength of
gauges and the rotation in flexure span with a
concrete (MPa)
clinometer. Strain readings were taken with 2 inch and
VE-1 44"8 4 inch D E M E C gauges, as shown in Fig. 7.
VE-2 44"8
In all cases the test began with the application of a
VE-3 40'3
VE-4 40'3 fixed load of 2 K N after which the beam was subjected
VE-5 40.3 to cycles of unloading and reloading until cracking due
to bending at midspan began. After the load reached the
The degree of confinement was varied in these beams. cracking load, strains were carefully monitored. As
Confinement was provided by rectangular stirrups of loading progressed towards failure, the beams exhibited
2.4 m m diameter, as indicated in Table 1. increasing inelasticity, that is: if a constant load was
Figure 6 shows the reinforcement details of the beams. maintained, the beams continued to strain, so that the
In Table 2 the mean strength of concrete used in each readings were taken immediately after the load was
beam is indicated. applied.
Behaviour of confined prestressed concrete beams 117
A rf~ff
? ~ooo.. $~
~i ,i ~I ,i ~
2 l-
,
_ ~ ~ 56.5 mm2
dimensions in ram.
20Oral ~=~1=__-~.
--31. ~ _- ~
~ ~' .~.--'
,,~~ ~,.~.,
Fig. 8. Structure idealization.
P( N) P(KN)
50
I ~
40
f* ~ - - - - - - 1 . . . .
30 .
VE-1
f VE-3
S
VEo 2
20
10
/
(~ (ram) ~ (am)
10 20 30 40 10 ~0 30 40
50 ~0
P(KN) P( KN)
40 J ~ . . . .
40
f- ~.
30 30 J
/
VE-4 ~" VE - 5
2:0 20
f ,
10 10
~ (mini ~(mml
)
10 ~0 30 40 10 ~0 30 40
-I- I=xperimmtol Results
---- Numericol Results occordil~ to Mondlm',
Priesl'ey and Pork'-. Modol
Num~icol Rosull's occ~ding to Blockeloy ond Pork's Mt~del
Idealization of the structure application of external loads It is possible to accurately predict the response of
unbonded prestressed concrete beams knowing the
Since the tested beams were symmetric, the analytical physical characteristics of the materials and considering
model consisted in all cases of half of the units. physical and geometric non-linearities by means of the
proposed model.
One half of a beam was thus divided into four
elements, and the cross section was further divided into A linear model cannot be used to predict the response
of these structures.
11 concrete layers.
The models used to represent the behaviour of
Only vertical displacement was permitted at nodal
materials are considered quite efficient. In fact, a study
points on the midspan cross section.
of convergence requirements showed that the structure
The non-prestressing steels were represented by layers
must be divided in at least seven elements between any
in concordance with their center of gravity.
two supports, although in the case of structures having
The prestressing steel tendons were also divided into
straight tendons and a continuant distribution of non-
four segments corresponding to each element.
prestressing steel, this number might be reduced. On the
The discretization of the structure is shown in Fig. 8.
other hand, the number of concrete layers needed for
The analysis was made in two stages. In the first stage
satisfactory results has to be larger than fifteen.
the structure was subjected to prestressing force and
The computed response shows three stages namely
dead load, in the second stage the external loads were
uncracked elastic, cracked elastic and plastic.
applied.
The algorithm cannot define rupture, consequently
the numerical evaluation of ductility is not yet feasible.
Comparison of experimental and analytical results It is expected that this inconvenience can be overcome
with the incorporation of the two types of rupture
Analytical and experimental results are shown together observed experimentally, i.e. yielding of the tensile non-
for better comparison. Figure 9 illustrates the evolution prestressing steel and buckling of the compressed bars.
of midspan deflection (node 5) with increase of external
load. REFERENCES
Excellent correlation between the numerical and
experimental results for loads up to the peak load can 1. Blakeley, R.W.G. & Park, R. Prestressed concrete sections
be noted, then the two results differ. This is due to the with cyclic flexure, Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE,
way in which the experimental work was realized, i.e. the 99(8), August 1973.
test was compelled to increment the external load 2. Doz, G.N. lnfluen~ia del confinamiento en la respuesta
est~ttica de vigas de hormig6n pretensado sin adherencia,
between two successive stages. It is necessary to
MSc thesis, University of Tucum~.n, Argentina, 1988.
remember that during the tests it was impossible to 3. Kang, J. & Scordelis, A.C. Nonlinear geometric, material
stabilize the readings when the central deflection was and time dependent analysis of reinforced and prestressed
greater than 15 mm. concrete, PhD thesis, University of California, California,
In general, analytical results can be divided into USA, 1977.
4. Mander, J., Priestley, M. & Park, R. Seismic design of
three different stages. The first of them is linear and is bridge piers, Report, 84-2, Department of Civil Engineer-
limited by concrete cracking. Transition from the second ing, University of Canterbury, February 1988.
stage to the following is the result of the yielding of 5. Popovics, S. A numerical approach to the complete stress ~
bonded non-prestressed steel. In the third stage flexural strain curves for concrete, Cement and Concrete Research,
stiffness is very small and it is difficult to predict the 21(5), September 1973.
6. Soares, S.M. Um modelo para an/~lise n~.o-linear de vigas
rupture. em concreto protendido p6s-tracionadas com e sem
Maximal loads obtained numerically and exper- ader~ncia sujeitas a cargas de curta duracfio, MSc thesis,
imentally are the same. University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 1988.